Using Virtual Reality Techniques to Study Cognitive Processes in Car Driving Activity

Emmanuelle Ménétrier, Paul Richard, Vincent Boucher, Christophe Boujon

2017

Abstract

A central question in cognitive sciences is how behaviors adapted to the situations encountered are produced. This question can be addressed in different ways and often requires the researcher to choose between highly controlled and standardized laboratory situations (commonly referred to as artificial settings) and studies undertaken in natural settings which may be more realistic, but cannot be controlled as required by a rigorous scientific approach. Using car driving as an example, our study will show how virtual reality (VR) offers a compromise between these two alternatives. Indeed, VR can simulate controlled immersive environments that offer different levels of realism. Moreover, VR makes it possible to implement different devices. For instance, VR enables researchers to analyze oculomotor behavior, which is fundamental in the field of car driving and is considered an indicator of attentional deployment. The work presented in this paper is based on a car driving simulator currently under development and aimed at studying the cognitive processes involved in car driving such as attentional processes and anticipatory mechanisms.

References

  1. Ahlstrom, C., Victor, T., Wege, C., and Steinmetz, E. (2012). Processing of eye/head tracking data in largescale naturalistic driving data sets. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 13(2):553-564.
  2. Aoki, H., Nakayasu, H., Kondo, N., and Miyoshi, T. (2010). Cognitive study on drivers behavior by vehicle trajectory and eye movement in virtual environment. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, pages 6768- 6777.
  3. Artz, B., Cathey, L., Grant, P., Houston, D., and Greenberg, J. (2001). The design and construction of the visual subsystem for virttex, the driving simulator at the ford research laboratories. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 69-79.
  4. Auberlet, J., Pacaux, M., Anceaux, F., Plainchault, P., and Rosey, F. (2010). The impact of perceptual treatments on lateral control: A study using fixed-base and motion-base driving simulators. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(1):166-173.
  5. Bian, D., Wade, J., Swanson, A., Warren, Z., and Sarkar, N. (2015). Physiology-based affect recognition during driving in virtual environment for autism intervention. In Proceedings of the 2Nd International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems, PhyCS 2015, pages 137-145, Portugal. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Lda.
  6. Bian, D., Wade, J. W., Zhang, L., Bekele, E., Swanson, A., Crittendon, J. A., Sarkar, M., Warren, Z., and Sarkar, N. (2013). A novel virtual reality driving environment for autism intervention. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: User and Context Diversity - Volume 2, UAHCI'13, pages 474-483, Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag.
  7. Blana, E. and Golias, J. (2002). Differences between vehicle lateral displacement on the road and in a fixed-base simulator. Human Factors, 44:303-313.
  8. Blättler, C., Ferrari, V., Didierjean, A., and Marmèche, E. (2012). Role of expertise and action in motion extrapolation from real road scenes. Visual Cognition, 20(9):988 - 1011.
  9. Breidenbach, C. and Tomaske, W. (2004). The use of driving simulators in simulating the on-road drive of wheeled vehicles. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 333-341.
  10. Burnham, B. R., Sabia, M., and Langan, C. (2014). Components of working memory and visual selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(1):391-403.
  11. Crundall, D., Chapman, P., and Underwood, G. (2003). Eye movements and hazard perception in police pursuit and emergency response driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9:163-174.
  12. Freyd, J. J. and Finke, R. A. (1984). Representational momentum. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 10:126 - 132.
  13. Galpin, A., Underwood, G., and Crundall, D. (2009). Change blindness in driving scenes. Transportation Research (Part F), 12:179-185.
  14. Grabe, V., Pretto, P., Giordano, P. R., and Bultho, H. H. (2010). Infuence of display type on drivers performance in a motion based driving simulator. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 81- 88.
  15. Graydon, F. X., Young, R., Benton, M. D., Genik, R., Posse, S., Hsieh, L., and Green, C. (2004). Visual event detection during simulated driving: Identifying the neural correlates with functional neuroimaging. Transportation Research (Part F), 7:271-286.
  16. Greenberg, J., Curry, R., Blommer, M., Kozak, K., Artz, B., Cathey, L., and Kao, B. (2006). The validity of lastsecond braking and steering judgments in advanced driving simulators. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 143-153.
  17. Haines, A. (2011). The carrs-q advanced driving simulator. In Road Safety Forum 2011: Directions in Road Safety Research.
  18. Hale, R. G., Brown, J., and McDunn, B. A. (2016). Increasing task demand by obstructing object recognition increases boundary extension. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23:1497-1503.
  19. Holmqvist, K., Nystrom, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., and van de Weijer, J. (2011). Eye Tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United-Kingdom.
  20. Intraub, H. and Richardson, M. (1989). Wide-angle memories of close-up scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15:179- 196.
  21. Jacob, R. (1991). The use of eye movements in humancomputer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 9(2):152-169.
  22. Lavie, N. (2010). Attention, distraction and cognitive control under load. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 19(3):143-148.
  23. Lavie, N. and Fockert, J. D. (2005). The role of working memory in attentional capture. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12:669674.
  24. Lavie, N., Hirst, A., Fockert, J. D., and Viding, E. (2004). Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133:339354.
  25. Lee, W. S., Sung, D. H., Lee, J. Y., Kim, Y. S., and Cho, J. H. (2007). Driving simulation for evaluation of driver assistance systems and driving management systems. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference North America, pages 153 - 161.
  26. Lei, M., Meng, G., Zhang, W., Wade, J., and Sarkar, N. (2016). Brain gamma oscillations of healthy people during simulated driving. In Proceedings, Part II, of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications - Volume 9835, ICIRA 2016, pages 453-458, New York, NY, USA. SpringerVerlag New York, Inc.
  27. Lemonnier, S., Brémond, R., and Baccino, T. (2014). Discriminating cognitive processes with eye movements in a decision-making driving task. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7(4):1-14.
  28. Lemonnier, S., Brémond, R., and Baccino, T. (2015). Gaze behavior when approaching an intersection: Dwell time distribution and comparison with a quantitative prediction. Transportation Research (Part F): Trac Psychology and Behaviour, 35:60-74.
  29. Marberger, C. (2008). Absolute and perceived validity of the fraunhofer iao immersive driving simulator. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 195 - 203.
  30. Mayrhofer, M., Schlusselberger, J. S. R., Wentink, M., and Bles, W. (2009). Optimal motion control of next generation simulator motion platform desdemona for car driving application. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 173-199.
  31. Ménétrier, E. and Didierjean, A. (2013). Can car driving expertise modulate boundary extension? L'année Psychologique :Topics in Cognitive Psychology, 113:523 - 545.
  32. Mori, M., Nakayasu, H., and Miyoshi, T. (2013). Synchronized analyses of eye movement of driver and vehicle trajectories using driving simulator and eye tracking system. Transaction of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering (Series C), 79(803):2408-2423.
  33. Mourant, R. R. and Rockwell, T. H. (1972). Strategies of visual search by novice and experienced drivers. Human Factors, 14:325-335.
  34. Nordmark, S., Jansson, H., Palmkvist, G., and Sehammar, H. (2004). The new vti driving simulator, multipurpose moving base with high performance linear motion. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 45-55.
  35. Reingold, E., Charness, N., Schultetus, R., and Stampe, D. (2001). Perceptual automaticity in expert chess players: Parallel encoding of chess relations. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8:504 - 510.
  36. Reymond, G. and Kemeny, A. (2000). Motion cueing in the renault driving simulator. Vehicle System Dynamics, 34:249-259.
  37. Rizzo, M. (2002). An abstract virtual environment tool to assess decision-making in impaired drivers. In Proceedings of the Second International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design. J. D. Lee, M. Rizzo & D. V. McGehee (Eds.).
  38. Sivak, M. (1996). The information that drivers use: Is it indeed 90% visual? Perception, 25(9):1081 - 1089.
  39. Snowden, R. J., Thompson, P., and Troscianko, T. (2006). Basic vision: An introduction to visual perception. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United-Kingdom.
  40. Sodhi, M., Reimer, B., and Llamazares, I. (2002). Glance analysis of driver eye movements to evaluate distraction. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(4):529-538.
  41. Torrieri, V., D'Apuzzo, M., Galante, F., Pernetti, M., Ganieux, D., Troale, A., and Gallée, G. (2008). Effects of road pavement profilles on driver behaviour in the test driving simulator. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 147-159.
  42. Underwood, G., P, . C., Brocklehurst, N., Underwood, J., and Crundall, D. (2003). Visual attention while driving: Sequences of eye fixations made by experienced and novice drivers. Ergonomics, 46:629 - 646.
  43. Wierwille., W. W. (1993). An initial model of visual sampling of in-car displays and controls. Vision in vehicles, 4:271-282.
  44. Younsi, K., Floris, J., Rajaonah, B., Simon, P., Loslever, P., and Popieul, J.-C. (2009). Study of driver's behavior during overtaking situations. In Proceedings of International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation, Paris, France.
  45. Zeeb, E. (2010). Daimler's new full-scale high-dynamic driving simulator - a technical overview. In Proceedings of Driving Simulation Conference, pages 157- 165.
  46. Zhang, L., Wade, J., Swanson, A., Weitlauf, A., Warren, Z., and Sarkar, N. (2015). Cognitive state measurement from eye gaze analysis in an intelligent virtual reality driving system for autism intervention. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII), ACII'15, pages 532-538, Washington, DC, USA. IEEE Computer Society.
Download


Paper Citation


in Harvard Style

Ménétrier E., Richard P., Boucher V. and Boujon C. (2017). Using Virtual Reality Techniques to Study Cognitive Processes in Car Driving Activity . In Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 2: HUCAPP, (VISIGRAPP 2017) ISBN 978-989-758-229-5, pages 138-145. DOI: 10.5220/0006230901380145


in Bibtex Style

@conference{hucapp17,
author={Emmanuelle Ménétrier and Paul Richard and Vincent Boucher and Christophe Boujon},
title={Using Virtual Reality Techniques to Study Cognitive Processes in Car Driving Activity},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 2: HUCAPP, (VISIGRAPP 2017)},
year={2017},
pages={138-145},
publisher={SciTePress},
organization={INSTICC},
doi={10.5220/0006230901380145},
isbn={978-989-758-229-5},
}


in EndNote Style

TY - CONF
JO - Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 2: HUCAPP, (VISIGRAPP 2017)
TI - Using Virtual Reality Techniques to Study Cognitive Processes in Car Driving Activity
SN - 978-989-758-229-5
AU - Ménétrier E.
AU - Richard P.
AU - Boucher V.
AU - Boujon C.
PY - 2017
SP - 138
EP - 145
DO - 10.5220/0006230901380145