Study on Synchronization of Brain Waves and Injection Technology

Naohisa Kishida, Atsushi Ishigame and Yukie Majima

Osaka Prefecture University, Graduate School of Engineering, 1-1, Naka-ku gakuencho, Sakai-shi, Osaka, Japan

Keywords: Synchronization, α Wave Band Content, Mean Power Frequency.

Abstract: In recent years, the inheritance to the next generation the skills and know-how which the skilled technician

has have become problems. In this paper, we focused the inheritance of technology that nurse injected into

the patient among that problems. Compared to rookie nurses, it is often said that a skilled nurse’s injection

is less degree of pain. It is thought that the reason is that a skilled nurse make a patient relaxed state and

reduces the pain of injection. In order to relax the patient state, the authors believe that nurses make

themselves relaxed and synchronize their states to the patients. In this paper, we stated the relationship

between synchronous and relaxed state in between nurse-patient. In particular, we paid attention to the alpha

waves of brain waves to evaluate the state of relaxation, and discussed synchronization of brain waves.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the difficulty of inheriting the skills

trained technician has to the next generation become

a problem. We focused on the fact that when rookie

nurses and skilled nurses give an injection to

patients in clinical setting, skilled nurses can give an

injection with less degree of pain (

Jung, 2012

). Then

we have regarded the skill as tacit knowledge and

done a study on how to inherit the skill to rookie

nurses (Murase, 2000). Figure 1 and 2 show that the

conceptual diagrams of failure and success in

injection.

The authors believe that there is an effect that the

state of relaxation during the injection can relieve

pain. Patient’s relaxed state could be brought by the

state that nurses being relaxed themselves. However,

sufficient verification whether a relaxed state can

reduce pain or not has not been made.

Also, we are thinking that not only brain wave

synchronization phenomena but also α wave is

important. For example, if the speaker and the hearer

Figure 1: Conceptual diagram (failure).

talk with face-to-face in conversation, the former

can occur synchronization will be occurred by

attracting of the breathing of each other compared

with non-face-to-face and communication will

become smoothly in many cases (Watanabe, 1998)

(Shimizu, 2007).

When the nurses give an injection to the patients,

it is inferred that, injection is smoothly done without

the pain in that state which the synchronization

phenomenon of brain waves, so-called breath-

matched occurs. In other words, skilled nurses

attract α wave to the patients by giving α wave

themselves and using the synchronization

phenomena. So we consider “α wave and

synchronization phenomena can reduce the pain of

injection”.

Therefore, it is considered that (1) To clarify the

relationship of α waves and synchronization

phenomena and pain, (2) To review of technology

inheritance technique are necessary to inherit the

injection technology.

Figure 2: Conceptual diagram (success).

592

Kishida N., Ishigame A. and Majima Y..

Study on Synchronization of Brain Waves and Injection Technology.

DOI: 10.5220/0005279605920597

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics (HEALTHINF-2015), pages 592-597

ISBN: 978-989-758-068-0

 2015 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)

For the purpose of conducting the verification of

(1), we analysed with experiments on brain wave

synchronization and injection in this paper.

2 SYNCHRONIZATION

PHENOMENA

Human society is made up to take the

communication people who had the personality

involved in complex. In the communication, such as

the rhythm of speech and behavior of each person is

unsynchronized in the same way as personality, but

gesture or nod during a conversation evokes

"synchronization" which attracts each other

unconsciously. Previous psychological studies have

shown that this synchronization can improve the

efficiency of the collaborative work and increase

empathy with others (

Shiga, 2004

). However it is not

clear that the mechanism which causes the

synchronization and the synchronization is specific

between people communication (or bio together). On

the other hand, as well as the synchronization of the

visible behavioral rhythm such as gestures, in order

to realize the cognitive functions such as thinking

and memory, the human brain has also been active

in synchronization with a rhythm of a certain nerve

cell population. These synchronizations are detected

as a brain wave rhythm. In recent years, advances in

measurement technology of brain wave rhythm, the

study of social related to communication is also

progressing. But to analyze the brain activity of one

individual is still the main research issue. What

synchronization of the brain between individuals of

more than one brain is and mostly the relationship

actually remains unknown.

In this paper, we focused on synchronization in

power system. In the power system defining

synchronizations that multiple synchronous

generator kept at a constant value of the frequency

of the alternating electric, and they are running with

maintaining the synchronization. We thought the

idea of synchronization of the power system can be

applied for the synchronization of the multiple

brains of human beings. Therefore, about the

synchronization between individuals of multiple

human brains we regarded a brain wave’s rhythm as

a synchronous generator. And we defined the

synchronization of brain wave rhythm as the

consistency of the value of the frequency values

shown in Chapter 3.

3 VERIFICATION EXPERIMENT

OF THE SYNCHRONIZATION

OF BRAIN WAVES

3.1 Experimental Outline

As described in the previous section, the authors

believe that there are two points involved in the

difference of failure and success in injection. That is,

a synchronization of brain waves and relaxed state.

Also, we believe this synchronization to be

implemented in a relaxed state. To verify the

hypothesis, a pseudo clinical setting and three

subjects who obtained their consent to the

experiment are provided. However, a practice arm

model was used on a desk, instead of the actual arm,

for ethical issues. And the injection was carried out

at the model. At that time, the patients were

indicated to look at the model as their arm. Thus,

classification wasn’t done by pain but the success or

failure of injection. Here success means that the

needle is properly inserted into a blood vessel of the

model. Failure means that a case it is not. And we

measured changes in the brain waves both of nurse

and patient with setting the electrode of

electroencephalogram measurement system on their

occiput in two places and both earlobe when they

perform the procedure of the injection. We show a

conceptual diagram of the experiments in Figure 3.

3.2 Used Equipment and Measuring

Method

The used instruments were as follows.

-Electroencephalogram measurement system

-Syringe

-Practice arm model

We were decided that two of the three persons of

the subject were the nurses, and made a combination

of three sets in the patient part and nurses. Then we

conducted an experiment for this combination to do

injection into the practice arm model. The procedure

was performed for 5 times for each combination.

Figure 3: Conceptual diagram of the experiments.

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593

Then it was analyzed by the method described

below for the measured brain waves.

-α wave band content (Kawakami, 2008)

To evaluate the relaxed state of the subject, we

determined the content of the α wave band. The

brain waves are different in each frequency of brain

waves. α wave band (8 ~ 13Hz) content is a

percentage of component of α wave of brain wave.

-MPF(Mean Power Frequency) method (Matsuda,

1997)

We broke down the measured brain waves into

frequency components with performing a Fast

Fourier Transform (FFT) to 25 (Hz) in the 1 (Hz)

distance. At that time, a value obtained by averaging

the spectra of each frequency is called Mean Power

Frequency. In this paper, we represented the state of

the brain and brain wave frequency value which is

determined by this equation.

The equation of MPF was shown in the

following.

MPF 

∑

∗





∑







(1)

Here, fl, fh represents the frequency analysis section

and fl is minimum interval, fh is maximum interval,

p represents the power spectrum.

4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

2 nurses is as N-1, N-2 , 3 patients is as P-1, P-2, P-3,

we show the measurement results for each

combination (N-1:P-1 、 N-1:P-2 、 N-2:P-3). We

show the results of the injection and combination of

nurses and patients in Table 1.

Table 1: The results and combination.

N-1:P-1 N-1:P-2 N-2:P-3

1st Failure Success Success

2nd Failure Failure Success

3rd Failure Failure Failure

4th Success Success Success

5th Success Success Success

4.1 Case N-1: P-1

In the procedures of five times trial, it succeeded

twice, failed three times in the combination of N-

1:P-1. We show an example of the time change of

MPF below during the procedure of each of the

success and failure at the time. In addition, we show

the average value of α wave content in each of the

case.

4.1.1 Injection Success

Figure 4 shows an example of a time change of the

MPF of the brain waves when the procedures of

injection were successful in combination N-1: P-1.

Red line represents the P-1, blue line represents N-1

in the figure.

4.1.2 Injection Failure

Figure 5 shows an example of a time change of the

MPF of the brain waves when the procedures of

injection were failure in combination N-1: P-1. Red

line represents the P-1; blue line represents N-1 in

the figure.

4.1.3 Α Wave Band Content

Figure 6 and 7 show the average value of α wave

band content of N-1 and P-1 during the procedure of

injection in twice succeeded attempts and three

failed attempts.

4.2 Case N-1: P-2

In the procedures of five times, succeeded three

times, failed twice in the combination of N-1:P-2.

We show an example of the time change of MPF

during the procedure of each of the success and

failure at the time below. In addition, we show the

average value of α wave content in each of the case.

4.2.1 Injection Success

Figure 8 shows an example of a time change of the

MPF of the brain waves when the procedures of

injection were successful in combination N-1: P-2.

Red line represents the P-2; blue line represents N-1

in the figure.

4.2.2 Injection Failure

Figure 9 shows an example of a time change of the

MPF of the brain waves when the procedures of

injection were failure in combination N-1: P-2. Red

line represents the P-2, blue line represents N-1 in

the figure.

4.2.3 Α Wave Band Content

Figure 10 and 11 show the average value of α wave

band content of N-1 and P-2 during the procedure of

injection in three times succeeded attempts and

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twice failed attempts.

4.3 Case N-2: P-3

In the procedures of five times, succeeded four times,

failed once in the combination of N-2: P-3. We show

an example of the time change of MPF during the

procedure of each of the success and failure at the

time below. In addition, we show the average value

of α wave content in the each of the case.

4.3.1 Injection Success

Figure 12 shows an example of a time change of the

MPF of the brain waves when the procedures of

injection were successful in combination N-2: P-3.

Red line represents the P-3, blue line represents N-2

in the figure.

4.3.2 Injection Failure

Figure 13 shows an example of a time change of the

MPF of the brain waves when the procedures of

injection were failure in combination N-2: P-3. Red

line represents the P-3, blue line represents N-2 in

the figure.

4.3.3 Α Wave Band Content

Figure 14 and 15 show the average value of α wave

band content of N-2 and P-3 during the procedure of

injection in four times succeeded attempts and once

failed attempts.

Figure 4: Time transition of MPF (N-1: P-1: success).

Figure 5: Time transition of MPF (N-1: P-1: failure).

Figure 6: Average value of α wave band content (N-1).

Figure 7: Average value of α wave band content (P-1).

Figure 8: Time transition of MPF (N-1: P-2: success).

Figure 9: Time transition of MPF (N-1: P-2: failure).

4.4 Discussion

We showed the time change of MPF of the brain

wave of nurses and patients in the success and

failure of the injection in Figure 4 and 5, 8 and 9, 12

12345678910111213141516

Frequency(Hz)

Time(s)

123456789101112

Frequency(Hz)

Time(s)

36,5

37,5

Failure Success

α wave band

content(%)

Failure Success

α wave band

content(%)

1 5 9 131721252933374145495357

Frequency(Hz)

Time(s)

1 4 7 101316192225283134374043

Frequency(Hz)

Time(s)

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595

Figure 10: Average value of α wave band content (N-1).

Figure 11: Average value of α wave band content (P-2).

Figure 12: Time transition of MPF (N-2: P-3: success).

Figure 13: Time transition of MPF (N-2: P-3: failure).

and 13. However, a regular trend such as the

consistency of the value (definition of

synchronization in this paper) was not seen at the

time of the success and failure. That is, it is

considered that synchronization phenomenon wasn’t

going in the case where it has been successful since

the value of MPF didn’t change with the value

Figure 14: Average value of α wave band content (N-2).

Figure 15: Average value of α wave band content (P-3).

matching between nurses and patients. Two points

are considered as the reason. The first is that because

the definition of synchronization in human brain

wave is different from the definition of

synchronization in power system. In this experiment,

we have defined synchronization between brain

waves referring to the power system, but we thought

that there is a need to consider the definition of

synchronization to suit the characteristics of the

human brain waves. The second is that the

synchronization between brain waves has not

occurred in the successful injection. In this paper,

we conducted the experiment assumed that the

success or failure is related to the synchronization of

brain waves. However, it is considered that the

synchronization of brain waves is not always related

to the success or failure of injection. As the reason,

it is considered that the procedure was carried out at

the arm model instead of the actual patient’s arm.

Therefore, less influence of the patient’s feelings

didn’t bring synchronization phenomenon. For the

same reason, regular trend of patients wasn’t seen in

this experiment. Next, α wave band content of

subjects are shown in Figure 6 and 7, Figure 10 and

11, Figure 14 and 15. When the procedure is

successful, a trend that α wave band content of

nurses are higher is seen compared to the failure.

From this result, it is considered that nurses can give

injection successful when they are relaxed and the

success or failure of the injection is affected by the

mental state of the nurses.

Failure Success

α wave band

content(%)

35,5

36,5

37,5

Failure Success

α wave band

content(%)

1 5 9 131721252933374145495357

Frequency(Hz)

Time(s)

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37

Frequency(Hz)

Time(s)

Failure Success

α wave band

content(%)

35,5

36,5

Failure Success

α wave band

content(%)

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5 CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we examined the relationship

synchronization of brain waves and injection

technology. Experiments were performed for the

injection to the arm model, and we defined the

synchronization of brain waves by reference to

synchronization of power system. Then we analyzed

for the α wave band content and synchronization of

brain waves. As a result, we found that the nurses

those who had high α wave band content leads to the

success of the injection. So we will establish the

definition of the synchronization of brain waves

considering the characteristics of the brain waves of

humans and explore the trend of brain waves for a

patient upon injection in the future.

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