Technology Devices for Eldercare

Karen C. Olufokunbi

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Keywords: Health, Caring, Eldercare, Assistive Technology Devices, Smart Homes.

Abstract: The discourse of this paper is to examine some of the various devices used for Eldercare. In the literature,

there exist assistive devices, assistive technology devices, smart homes projects and systems that cater for

older people. These can be used to enhance graceful aging and sound health to solve the problem of the

elderly living productive, fulfilled and longer lives. The process of rehabilitation is also important and these

devices play a major role in prolonging life. Health Buddy and AlereNet systems are useful in heart failure

management. A unique smart home facility, TigerPlace, utilizes university staff and students for Eldercare.

The role of technologies in the ultimate care of the elderly is very important and will continue to be in the

limelight in the future.

1 INTRODUCTION

The main aim of secure and healthy people is to

increase their lifespan with emphasis on health and

not just longevity. It is also important to close the

gaps in health status and health outcome and achieve

access to preventive services for various age groups

(Fajemilehin, 2009).

Mankind are living longer and more fulfilled

lives and they desire to live as independently as

possible. But inherent health risks are associated

with independent lifestyles. To address these issues,

researchers are developing Assistive Technology

Devices (ATDs) and smart homes technologies to

help older adults (elders 60 years and above) remain

independent at home or elsewhere while controlling

costs.

The aim of this paper is to discuss some key

health terms, some of the assistive devices, ATDs,

eldercare technology projects and eldercare

technology systems and how they promote Eldercare

in various parts of the world.

2 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

OF TERMS

In this section, the operational definition of terms

used herein is provided. The terms that are discussed

are health, caring, Eldercare, assistive devices (AD),

assistive technology devices (ATDs) and smart

homes. Defining these terms will provide a better

understanding to what this research is all about in

promoting eldercare.

“Health”, as defined by the Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary, is the condition of a person’s

body or mind. Health may be defined as the absence

of disease. However, health is defined in the World

Health Organization (WHO) constitution as a state

of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The adage “health is wealth!” is important and is

essential to the well-being of mankind and especially

the elderly. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary defines “caring” as kind, helpful and

showing that you care about other people. From a

nursing perceptive, caring can be referred to as the

level of emotional involvement between the care

givers and the client through seeking the client out,

spending quality time with him, providing emotional

support or ensuring manipulative therapeutic actions

(Fajemilehin, 1999). Caring is essential for the

elderly as they advance in age.

Eldercare is the care of the elderly who are

unable to look after themselves. Eldercare refers to

how governments, social service organizations and

even individuals and families are turning to

technology solutions to aid in care for the elderly.

An assistive device is any device that helps

someone to do something that they might not

otherwise be able to do well or at all. This term is

Olufokunbi, K.

Technology Devices for Eldercare.

DOI: 10.5220/0006820902990306

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2018), pages 299-306

ISBN: 978-989-758-299-8

299

used for devices that help people overcome a

handicap such as mobility, vision, mental, hand

skills or hearing loss. The elderly make up the

world’s largest group of AD users (Garcon et al.,

2016).

Assistive Technology Device (ATD) are any

item, piece of equipment, or product system whether

acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or

customized, that is used to increase, maintain or

improve functional capacities of an individual with a

disability. The majority of these devices are used in

Eldercare or care of senior citizens.

Smart homes as homes equipped with lighting,

heating and electronic devices that can be remotely

controlled by a smart phone or a computer. These

devices and technologies that are discussed enhance

restoring someone to health or normal lives.

Table 1: Examples of Assistive Devices per Area of Functioning and Environment.

Area

Examples of Assistive Devices

Mobility

Walking stick, crutch, walking frame, manual and powered wheelchair, tricycle

Artificial leg or hand, caliper, hand splint, drop foot brace

Chair leg extenders, special seat, standing frame

Adapted cutlery and cooking utensil, dressing stick, shower seat, toilet seat, toilet frame, feeding

robot, pickup stick, book stand, grip tool, nonslip pad, trolley

Vision

Eyeglasses, magnifier, magnifying software for computer

White cane, GPS-based navigation device

Braille system for reading and writing, screen reader for computer, talking book player, audio recorder

and player

Headphone, hearing aid

Amplified telephone

Speech

Communication cards with texts, communication board with letters

Electronic communication device with recorded or synthetic speech

Mental

Task list, picture schedule and calendar, picture-based instruction

Timer, manual or automatic reminder, smart phone with adapted task list, schedule, calendar, and

audio recorder

Communication board with symbols or pictures, screen reader for computer

Stove guard, automatic night light, smart home system

Environment

Ramp, wide door, handle, accessible toilet and bathroom

Tactile map, Braille buttons

Hearing loop

Simple signs

Source: Garcon et al., (2016)

Table 2: Top 12 Best Assistive Devices for the Elderly.

Model

Brand

Purpose

Rotating Reacher

Grabber

Vive

Used if one suffers from back pain, knee, or hip pain when bending or reaching.

Medical Alert System

Touch “N Talk

Used if falls or accidents occur to contact loved ones or emergency services.

Universal Stand Assist

Able Life

Used to get out of low chairs or sofas.

Bed Ladder Assist

Vive

Used for sitting up in bed or getting out of bed.

Leg Lifter Strap

Vive

Used to reposition weak or injured legs.

Sock Assist

Vive

Used for injury or limited mobility

Bottom buddy

Vive

Used for back and joint pain and helps in the bathroom.

Dressing Stick

Vive

Used after knee or hip surgery or for back pain or arthritis.

Button Hook

Vive

Used if arthritis disallows doing up buttons.

Handy bar

Stander

Used to help with standing and sitting. Includes seat-belt, cutter and window

breaker.

Bed Safety Rail

Vive

Used to provide peace of mind when sleeping and helps one get out of bed.

Foam Tubing

Vive

Used for poor dexterity and helps in gripping items.

Source: (vivehealth.com/blogs/resources/assistive-devices-for-elderly).

HSP 2018 - Special Session on Healthy and Secure People

300

3 ASSISTIVE DEVICES

Research indicates five major areas of functioning

and the environment in which ADs provide essential

support for older adults (WHO, 2014). Examples of

each major area and ADS that aid rehabilitation and

activities of daily living are provided in Table 1.

Some of the best assistive devices for elderly

adults which have been adjudged the top twelve

devices by Vive Health are given in Table 2. The

model of these devices, their brand and the purpose

of their use are given in the table.

4 ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY

DEVICES

Miskelly (2001) indicated a variety of assistive

technology devices that can be used for the elderly

care. For example, the community alarms have been

available in the United Kingdom for almost 60

years. They are used to alert the warden who is able

to respond to calls of the tenant. If the warden is

offsite, the alarm sends a message to the telephone

system which will alert appropriate authorities of the

mishap that has taken place. Other ATDs are also

discussed along with some of the top technology

devices as given by Orlov (2012). Price (2017) also

indicated some ATDs for home-based elders from

TELETASK which is a home automation system. A

few of these will be discussed in this section.

4.1 Video-monitoring

Developments in communication processor design,

network protocols, video and audio compression

algorithms can provide colour audio-video

communications in real-time. It makes use of

ordinary telephone lines or smart phones or other

devices.

An example of the video-monitoring device is

the GrandCare System. This system logs into the

device website to send communications to their

loved ones, view activity and tele-wellness sensor

information and customize caregiver alerts to their

clients. Family members can send messages,

pictures, emails and reminders, play games, listen to

music, watch family videos or films, view news and

weather reports on the GrandCare system. This

system can be seen in Figure 1.

Also the Claris Companion is a tablet computer,

digital picture frame, mobile phone and remote

monitoring system all-in-one. It can be used to make

video calls, reply to emails and SMS messages,

browse the web and play videos. It can also provide

medication reminders according to Price (2017).

Figure 1: The GrandCare System (Source: Orlov, 2012).

Telkin is also one of the top ten technology

devices for the elderly. It is a easy-to-use family

computer that combines video chat, photo sharing,

email facility and other features into a sleek, touch

screen device (Orlov, 2012).

4.2 Health Monitor/Movement

Detector

Some health monitors are the same size and shape of

a wrist watch and are worn on the wrist. They

monitor pulse, skin temperature and movement of

the individual. These devices develop a pattern for

the user and are designed to detect falls, blackouts or

any events which affect the monitored variables.

GreatCall Responder and MobileHelp are

wireless, mobile devices that have a help button.

They allow one to summon help anytime, anywhere.

Trained certified response agents can identify the

user and their location, conference in family or

friends and dispatch 911 emergency services. These

devices are small and portable.

Another device called Liftware is used for

muscle tremors which become problematic and

when it becomes difficult to carry out basic tasks

among the elderly. Liftware uses advanced sensors

and motion technology, allowing cutlery to shake 70

percent less than a user’s hand. It ensures that

nothing falls off the cutlery.

BeClose is an aging in place technology which

can allow the elderly, their families and caregivers to

communicate with each other using discrete

wireless, battery operated sensors placed in the

home. BeClose tracts the elderly person’s daily

routine and if there is any disruption to this routine,

remote caregivers are alerted by phone, email, or

text messages. The BeClose device can be seen in

Figure 2.

Technology Devices for Eldercare

301

Figure 2: BeClose (Source: Orlov, 2012).

Another ATD device considered is FitBit. FitBit

Ultra Wireless Activity tracker displays real-time

activity statistics and tracks steps taken, stairs

climbed, distance travelled, activity level, calories

burnt and sleeps quality. Another model tracks

individual’s weight body fat percentage and body

mass index (BMI) overtime.

4.3 Fall Detectors

The fall detector is a small bleep-sized device

designed to be worn around the waist or the upper

chest according to Miskelly (2001). It detects an

impact greater than a particular threshold and the

wearer’s orientation.

For home-based elders, Bed and Chair Fallguard

is used when an elder with mobility concerns leaves

his bed or chair. His caregiver receives an alert. This

is to prevent a possible fall before it happens (Price,

2017).

Hip protectors are specially designed underwear

with polypropylene shields sewn inside the

underwear. If a person falls when wearing it, the

impact of the fall should be diverted away from the

hip, preventing it from fracturing (Miskelly, 2001).

A pressure mat is an electro-mechanical device

which detects a person’s fall from a bed or a chair. It

provides an automatic communication link between

the user and his caregiver.

4.4 Other Assistive Technology

Equipment for the Elderly

Other technology equipment for the elderly include

magnifiers, door alerts, dawn/dusk lights, smoke

alarms, fire alarms, cooker control alerts and

electronic calendar/speaking clocks.

An example of a magnifier for the elderly is USB

Dolphin Super Nova Magnifier. This was viewed to

be the world’s best magnifier according to Price

(2017). This app magnifies on-screen text up to 64

times and shows roughly three lines of text on the

entire screen. All the world’s most common

languages are supported using this equipment.

An example of a door alert is Ring Video

Doorbell Pro. This door alert is seen in Figure 3 and

is used for the elderly with hearing loss. The

doorbell includes a video feature. It allows users to

talk to anyone who comes to the door in real-time.

The bell has a motion sensor to indicate if someone

is prowling around without ringing the doorbell. It

also has infrared LEDs to allow the user to see the

porch clearly at night.

Figure 3: Ring Video Doorbell Pro (Source: Price, 2017).

An example of a speaking clock is Reminder

Rosie. This is a senior-oriented voice-controlled

clock. Caregivers can record up to 2 different

messages and set them to be broadcasted at different

times a day. These are gentle reminders and can be

heard up to 100 feet away (Price, 2017).

Another technology device is the TabSafe

medication management system which reminds,

dispenses, alerts and posts information on

compliance, inventory and other health information

that is accessible from any internet device.

This section also describes a robot technology

device. Roomba is a robot vacuum cleaner. It allows

for multi-room navigation, a three-stage cleaning

process and a filter for allergies and other dirt. It is

very portable and effective.

This section has indicated just a few of the

assistive technology devices in the literature.

Hundreds of more devices exist especially when the

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are considered.

These devices will be for another discussion beyond

the scope of this paper.

5 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES IN

PLACE FOR THE ELDERLY

Some eldercare technology (smart home) projects

and eldercare technology systems and how they

promote rehabilitation and eldercare in various parts

of the world are discussed in this section. The smart

home projects discussed are TigerPlace, University

of Missouri-Columbia, USA (Rantz, 2005; 2017);

HSP 2018 - Special Session on Healthy and Secure People

302

SmartBo, Sweden (Elger, 1998); Smart Home (Berte

et al., 2014); and Aware Home, Georgia Tech, USA

(Kidd, 1999). The Eldercare technology systems

described are Digital Family Portrait (Abowd,

2002); home-based monitor (Goldberg, 2003); and

Health Buddy (LaPramboise, 2003)

5.1 TigerPlace

A concept for a unique eldercare facility near

University of Missouri-Columbia called TigerPlace

which promotes elders living independently in smart

homes allow them to remain healthier and active

longer by providing ongoing assessments, early

illness recognition and health promotion activites

within well-designed apartments.

The Sinclair School of Nursing at the University

of Missouri-Columbia has developed licensed home

health agency, Senior Care, to provide the care

needed for the elderly residents of TigerPlace.

Collaboration between Nursing, Computer

Engineering and Health Informatics faculty and

research students using technology has the potential

to address common health problems encountered by

older adults related to functional decline. The

collaboration effort will help to improve the quality

of life of the elder population (Rantz et al., 2005).

The author of this paper was opportune to work on a

three month fellowship with other researchers at

TigerPlace.

Students who worked on this project who were

undergraduate engineering students designed and

constructed a microprocessor system to read and

store time data at which medicines were taken from

a standard 28-bin medication box. This allowed the

Senior Care nurses to download the data into their

laptops, refill the medications and reset the

medication assessment system during their weekly

visits to the clients. Nurses were able to detect when

the elders had difficulty taking medication according

to their plan which was one of the most common

challenges encountered in the care of elders (Rantz

et al., 2005). The GrandCare system and the Claris

Companion discussed in subsection 4.1 could be

used in this facility for medication reminders. Proper

taking of medication can enhance rehabilitation and

recovery in eldercare.

Rantz et al. (2017) also highlighted that another

device developed by students who worked at

TigerPlace was a walker with automatic breaks.

Also an in-home monitoring system consisting of a

set of wireless motion sensors, a stove temperature

sensor and a pneumatic bed sensor is also being used

in some clients’ apartments at TigerPlace. These are

similar to the BeClose technology device discussed

in subsection 4.2.

A secured web-based interface was developed to

display sensor data in a user-friendly, easy to use

and clinically meaning manner for health-care

providers, researchers and residents. It showed

sensor data of motion, breathing pulse and

restlessness via histograms, pie charts and line

graphs. This can be compared with the FitBit Ultra

Wireless Activity Tracker and the GrandCare system

discussed in Section 4.

5.2 SmartBo

The Swedish Handicap Institute conducted a three

year project in the late 1990s which showed how

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

and a computer-based demonstration home might

help elderly and disabled people achieve a richer and

more independent lifestyle (Elger, 1998).

Some of the technology devices used were a

video-door phone for motor-impaired people and a

special door phone for death-blind people. A home

bus system, the EIB ( Europe Installlation Bus), was

chosen to monitor and control functions in the home

such as practically all lighting, most electrical power

outlets, motorized lock of entrance door and door

opener and motorized blinds/curtains/window

opener. The system can be controlled via the

computer, speech recognition devices and other

devices. Elders and others enjoyed a full and

independent life at reduced costs to the society in

this facility.

5.3 PROSAFE Project

The PROSAFE project utilized a set of infrared

motion sensors connected to either a wireless or

wired network to support automatic recognition of

resident activity to accommodate patients with

Alzheimer’s disease. PROSAFE is a multisensory

remote monitoring system for the elderly or

handicapped. It also features a human presence data

collecting system and the related data processing

software providing synthetic information or warning

caregivers and a machine-man interface (Chan et al.,

1999). It detects restlessness in bed, immobility and

run away patients.

5.4 Smart Home Project

The Smart Home Project was done in Finland where

a house with ten flats for elders was renovated to

provide assistive technology for daily living. The

Technology Devices for Eldercare

303

elders had lived in these apartments for over forty

years and did not want to leave them. Two flats on

the ground floor were converted to a doctor’s office

and a nursing and service station which operated 24

hours a day and 7 days a week.

This project implemented an intelligent system to

monitor the house and provided help to residents if

need be. A environmental monitoring and control

system measured room temperature and made

adjustments if it became too cold or too warm.

Detection sensors were used to check entry and exit

from the house to message service desk. Automated

window/window blinds were controlled by remote

control. The house has a communication and home

control system which is accessed via an intercom

system.

Cameras with interpreting software can be used

for detecting falls. A portable wireless

communication system can be used to make video

calls and perform other functions. A shower chair

was needed for people using a wheelchair. An

adjustable toilet seat was used for elders who are

handicapped. An adjustable bed was used by

residents who had trouble getting in and out of bed.

Some of the ATDs used in the Smart Home are

compared later in this paper.

5.5 Aware Home

The Aware Home Research Initiative at Georgia

Institute of Technology aimed to enhance the quality

of life of elders and help them maintain independent

lifestyles while staying at home (Kidd, 1999).

A digital family portrait which is like a family

portrait was designed to represent the well-being of

the elderly resident. This is discussed more in

subsection 5.6. An unobtrusive camera was also

installed on the first floor in the ceiling tiles to

provide occupancy information of known residents

in the house.

All of the smart home technologies in different

parts of the world; Finland, France, Sweden and the

United States; are suitable for eldercare and more

smart homes will be available in future to cater for

the increasing elder population and others.

5.6 Digital Family Portrait

One of the goals of the Aware Home Research

Initiative at Georgia was to support awareness of the

long-term health activity and social well-being of

elders living alone. They designed the Digital

Family Portrait which was to be hung on a wall or

propped on a mantle (Kidd, 1999). It should blend

with other household decorations. In the interface,

the well-being of the family member was

represented by icons, based on sensing data from

their homes (Abowd, 2002). Each icon represented a

day with the current day being a white butterfly icon

with time moving clockwise. The size of the icon

represented the resident’s activity level in the home.

By touching a particular icon, the viewer obtained

information about that day with activity based on

room-to-room movement in 15 minute increments.

A graph displayed room transitions throughout the

day. Current weather and temperature conditions

were included in the interface.

5.7 Home-based Monitor

Data to support daily weight monitoring for patients

with heart failure is lacking according to Goldberg et

al. (2003). Using a technology-based heart failure

monitoring system, AlereNet system (from Alere

Medical, Reno, Nevada), was used to determine

whether daily reporting of weight and symptoms in

patients with advanced heart failure would reduce

rehospitalisation and mortality rates despite

aggressive guideline-driven heart failure care.

The result of the Weight Monitoring in Heart

Failure (WHARF) trial indicated that 138 patients

received the AlereNet system and 142 patients

received standard care of a sample of 280 patients

from heart failure centers across the United States.

The findings reported that there was a 56.2 percent

reduction in mortality for patients randomized to the

AlereNet group. There was no difference in the

primary end point of rehospitalisation rates despite

specialized and aggressive heart failure care in both

groups.

5.8 Health Buddy

LaFramboise et al. did a pilot study to determine the

feasibility of providing a heart failure disease

management program through an in-home telehealth

communication device (Health Buddy). They were

also to compare the effectiveness of Health Buddy

with traditional home visits and telephone calls in

achieving selected patient outcomes such as

depression, functional status and health-related

quality of life.

The results of a mixed model ANOVA revealed

that of the ninety participants in the study, those who

received telephone disease management experienced

decreased confidence in their ability to manage heart

failure whereas other groups experienced increased

confidence. Further ANOVA analysis showed

HSP 2018 - Special Session on Healthy and Secure People

304

improvement over time with no group difference in

the selected patient outcomes mentioned.

The findings of this research suggested that

delivering a disease management program through a

telehealth communication device (Health Buddy) is

feasible and may be a good as traditional methods.

Each of these technologies promotes Eldercare to

ensure that elders are active, rehabilitated and enjoy

longer, healthier lives while aging in place.

6 COMPARISON OF

TECHNOLOGY DEVICES FOR

ELDERCARE

This section compares some of the technology

devices discussed in this paper. Some other ATDs

not previously discussed are also indicated. Most of

the information that has not been previously

discussed in this paper was provided by Berte et al.

(2014) in the following subsections when they made

a comparison of different technologies.

6.1 Comparison of Communication

and Home Control Systems

A comparison for the Communication and Home

Control system is initially given. Claris Companion

is an all-in-one system to make video calls, reply

emails and SMS messages, browse the web, play

videos and provide medication reminders. It is

portable and needs to be charged. It can be installed

on the wall. It cannot control windows/window

blinds. It is not connected with a door camera.

Compared with Digital Family Portrait, Claris

Companion can also be mounted on a wall and is

also a digital picture frame. It is more versatile; it

has more capabilities and does not just indicate the

activity level of the home resident.

BeClose is similar to the Digital Family Portrait

in that both technologies tracks the resident’s daily

routine but the Digital Family Portrait supplies more

information such as weather and room temperatures.

Each of the technologies is beneficial in their

own way in enhancing eldercare.

6.2 Comparison of Home Adjustment

Technology Devices

One of the home adjustment technology devices is

the shower chair which is needed for people who use

a wheelchair. One model of the shower chair is the

Pressalit Care Shower Chair 310. It is moveable and

attached to a wall. Its height can be adjusted by

moving it. Another model which is preferable is the

Swift Shower Chair because it is more lightweight

and the height is adjustable. Its armrests and

backrests are removable. It has rubber foot pegs that

do not slip.

Another device to consider is the adjustable

toilet. There are two options. First there exist the

high-tech toilets from Japan. These have a heated

seat, water sprayer and air dryer. They also play

music and sounds to cover toilet noise of a person.

While this toilet is sophisticated and costly, another

option is the normal toilets that are height adjustable.

A person can elevate the seat to the right height, sit

down and afterwards, lower the seat by using two

buttons. This can be attached to a normal toilet and

is a more viable option.

Another necessity is having a bed. An adjustable

bed would be perfect for residents who have trouble

getting in and out of bed. The Saga-bed is moveable,

remote controlled and adjustable but looks more like

a hospital bed. The Hepburn height adjustable bed is

similar to the Saga-bed but is better looking. It is

however big and looks heavy. Another model is the

Ateliers du haut forez Bed Corail which has the

same features of other beds but is nice, simple and

has every necessary feature that one would want in a

bed. This model is the preferable option.

There also exist two of the best assistive devices

for the elderly that are used when getting out of bed.

Bed Ladder Assist is used for sitting up in bed or

getting out of bed. Bed Safety Rail helps one get out

of bed and keeps one from falling out of bed. Each

of these ADs has its merits.

For responding to possible falls of the elderly or

others, the assistive device Medical Alert System is

useful to contact loved ones or emergency services.

MobileHelp can also be used if one falls to summon

emergency help anytime, anywhere. Bed and Chair

Fallguard can also be used to alert a caregiver in

case of a fall. Hip protectors can be worn to divert

the impact of a fall. Pressure mats detect falls and

provide an automatic communication link between

user and his caregiver. BeClose and Digital Family

Portrait can also be used to track a resident’s

movement and send an alert if a fall occurs. All of

these technologies are helpful in alerting caregivers

or family members if one falls.

Health Buddy and AlereNet are useful

technology systems in heart failure management.

They each have their own peculiarities in helping to

reduce mortality.

Technology Devices for Eldercare

305

7 CONCLUSIONS

This paper has discussed various technology devices

that have been used for eldercare in the 20

and 21

centuries. It describes different assistive devices,

assistive technology devices, eldercare technology

projects and eldercare technology systems. As

technology keeps advancing, and medical science

and engineering comes up with new devices, smart

homes and new technologies and equipment will be

available in the future to help elders live longer,

active, independent and fulfilled lives while they age

in place.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The National Science Foundation, USA is hereby

acknowledged for the author’s sponsorship for a

three month fellowship at the University of

Missouri-Colombia, USA in 2005.

REFERENCES

Abowd, G.D., Bobick, A.F., Irfan, A., Essa, A., Mynatt,

E.D. and Rogers, W.A. 2002. AWARE HOME: A

living laboratory for technologies for successful aging.

AAAI Technical Report WS-02-02.

Berte, F., Branzei, I., Meulen, M., Moens, J., Saloranta, E.,

and Willer, C. 2014. Smart Home Project. Retrieved

from https//www.jamk.fi/globalassets/koolutug—

education/tekniikan-ala/smart_home/report_team3.pdf

Chan, M., Bocquet, H., Campo, E., Val, T. And Pous, J.

1999. Alarm communication network to help careers

of the elderly for safety purposes: a survey of a

project. Int J Rehab Res. 22:131-136.

Elger, G. And Furugren, B. 1998. SmartBo-an ICT and

computer-based demonstration home for disabled

people. Proceedings 3

TIDE Congress: Technology

for Inclusive Design and Equality Improving the

Quality of Life for the European Citizen. Helskinki,

Finland.

Fajemilehin, B.R. 2009. Caring, Health and Longevity.

Inaugural Lecture Series 221, Obafemi Awolowo

University Press Limited, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Garcon, L., Khansnabisi, C., Walker, L., Nakatani, Y.,

Lapitan, J., Borg, J., Ross, A., and Berumen, A. V.

2016. Medical and assistive Health Technology:

Meeting the Needs of Aging Populations.

Gerontologist, 2016, Vol 6, No. S2, S293-S302.

Hornsby, A. S., 2004. Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary of Current English, Oxford University

Press, Oxford, New York.

Kidd, C.D., Orr, R.J., Abowd, G.D., Atkeson, C.G., Essa,

I.A., Macintyre, B. Et al. 1999. The aware home: a

living laboratory for ubiquitous computing research.

In: the Proceedings of the Second International

Workshop on Cooperative Buildings, CoBuild.

Miskelly, F.G., 2001. Age and Ageing 2001: 30: 455-458

Orlov, L.M. 2012. Top 10 Technology Devices for

Seniors. Retrieved from http://homecaremag.com/

top-10--technology-devices-seniors. (Accessed:

January 15, 2018).

Price, D., 2017. Assistive Technology Devices for Seniors

Living at Home. Retrieved from http://

makeuseof.com/tag/assistive-technology-devices-

seniors. (Accessed: January 15, 2018).

Rantz, M.J., Marek, K.D., Aud, M., Tyrer, H.W., Skubic,

M., Demeris, G. and Hussam, A. 2005. A technology

and nursing collaboration to help older adults age in

place. Nursing Outlook. January-February 2005,

Volume 53, Number 1, pages 1-9.

Rantz, M., Aud, M., Alexander, G., Oliver, D., Minner,

D., Skubic, M., Keller, J., et al. 2017. TigerPlace: An

Innovative Educational and Research Environment.

PDFLEGEND. Retrieved from pdflegend.com/

download/tigerplace-an-innovative-educational-and-

research-environment-59f9c9dad64ab23ff069c83d-

pdf. (Accessed: January, 2018).

Vive Health. Retrieved from http://vivehealth.com/blogs/

resources/assistive-devices-for-elderly. (Accessed:

January 15, 2018)

World Health Organization. 2014. Survey of needs of

assistive and medical devices for older people in six

countries of the WHO Western Pacific Region.

Retrieved from http://www.who.int/Kobe-Centre/

ageing/ADMD-Survey_Report.pdf. (Accessed:

January 15, 2018).

HSP 2018 - Special Session on Healthy and Secure People

306