Fighting Corruption in Ukraine as an Element of Achieving

Sustainable Development Goals

Yuliia Lomzhets

and Kateryna Datsko

Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding, 54025, Ukraine

State University of Economics and Technology, 50005, Ukraine

Keywords: Corruption, Sustainable Development Goals, Leadership, Anti-Corruption Infrastructure, Integrity.

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the essence of corruption as a negative social phenomenon and its impact

on the goals of sustainable development. The negative impact on various spheres of the country's activity and

the historical experience of combating corruption in Ukraine and the world have been identified. The

experience of foreign countries in the field of preventing and detecting corruption has been studied. Ways to

fight corruption, as well as the activities of major anti-corruption institutions in Ukraine are considered.

1 INTRODUCTION

The entire history of the development of society

aimed at achieving the goals of sustainable

development, security, and orderliness of relations.

For most contemporaries, all these aspects are

associated with the concept of "state" and institutions

derived from it. However, like any social

phenomenon, the state is only a component of the

political system of society, now serving as one of the

leading in the entire system. A state-organized

society, according to official historiography,

comprises six to five thousand years of human

history. In different historical periods, virtually all

states faced manifestations of corruption, tried to

counteract it or, on the contrary, support it (as an

example, the Moscow state of the XIV-XVII

centuries, the so-called institution of "feeding", which

was abolished only in 1556), the concept could be

endowed with different time with opposite

characteristics, once again actualize the problematics

itself.

Just like five thousand years ago, we raise the

problem of corruption and its impact on social

processes. In recent decades, scientific interest in the

phenomenon of "corruption" has grown significantly

and there is a need to develop mechanisms to counter

the manifestations of the latter.

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2 THE MAIN PART

2.1 Historical Aspects of the

Emergence and Counteraction of

Corruption

The world has long understood that corruption is a

ruthless phenomenon for all spheres of the country's

activity, because no goal of sustainable development

can be achieved if the public and private sectors of the

economy are corrupt.

Here are some examples where corruption is not a

direct cause of deteriorating social conditions, but a

factor in negative phenomena in the process of

achieving sustainable development goals.

Consequences in the social sphere.

In 2017, a high-profile bribery case in Nigeria,

involving the international oil company Shell,

deprived the Nigerian people of more than $ 1.1

billion because the money went to corrupt officials

and not to the national budget (Global Witness,

2017).

Meanwhile, according to the World Bank (2019),

more than 50% of the population of an oil-rich

country lives in extreme poverty.

This example shows that because political and

economic systems are corrupt, wealth redistributed

among the least needy sources. In the face of

Lomzhets, Y. and Datsko, K.

Fighting Corruption in Ukraine as an Element of Achieving Sustainable Development Goals.

DOI: 10.5220/0011353800003350

In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientiﬁc Congress Society of Ambient Intelligence (ISC SAI 2022) - Sustainable Development and Global Climate Change, pages 291-299

ISBN: 978-989-758-600-2

291

corruption, funding for education, health care, and the

fight against poverty can be a source of personal

enrichment for party officials, bureaucrats, and

contractors. Accordingly, social guarantees suffer.

Implications for infrastructure.

2018 - The collapse of the bridge connecting Italy

and France, which killed at least 39 people, has

considered many possible causes. Corruption was not

the most obvious, but further investigations revealed

that the mafia-controlled construction company

appeared to have used "weakened cement" in the

construction process. The construction industry is a

valuable source of income and a channel for mafia

money laundering operations. Supervision and

competition undermined both in industries and in

companies suffering from organized corruption.

Historical and legal studies of the phenomenon of

corruption and the activities of the state in fighting the

latter are just beginning to appear in modern science.

There are fragmentary studies of individual nuances

or periods. So, A. Gavrilenko notes: "The issue of the

spread of corruption in the states of the Ancient

World and the legal basis for fighting them have not

yet been the subject of special research by historians

of law" (Gavrilenko, 2016).

Other researchers also analyzed corruption as an

element of government in such ancient civilizations

as India, China, Babylon, Egypt (Nonik, 2016). The

authors come to absolutely logical and close to our

position conclusions about the phenomenon itself and

the activities of the state to counteract these factors.

III millennium BC they consider as the beginning

of the development and implementation of the state

anti-corruption policy.

A. Gavrilenko in his article analyzes the

administrative and legal mechanisms of combating

corruption from positions close to our problematics.

The author analyzes and proves that all sources of law

of the Ancient East known to the legal community

contained norms that laid the foundations for

combating corruption. From among such sources, we

determine the Laws of King Hammurabi, dating from

the XVIII century BC., Laws of Manu II century BC,

Arthashastra (dedicated to section 26) (Gavrilenko,

2016).

On the territory of modern Ukraine, starting from

the 7th century BC, the formation of statehood is

taking place, which in turn actualizes the issues of

corruption. The formation of the Scythian country

and the Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea

region took place almost immediately. And since

there is not enough reliable data on the anti-

corruption policy of the Scythians, Greek sources are

of particular importance within the framework of our

problems. On the territory of modern Ukraine, it was

in the 7th-5th centuries BC, more than several dozen

currently known city-states were founded, which later

played a significant role in the history of Ukraine,

namely, in the formation of its pro-European vector

of development over the past three millennia.

Already in the last third of the 1st millennium BC,

in the ancient states that existed in the south of

modern Ukraine – Olbia, Panticapaeum,

Chersonesos, Tire, Kerch, Feodosia – citizens

understood the urgent need to combat corruption.

During this period, the law defined certain elements

of crime – bribery, bribery – «dekasmo». For the

prevention and detection of the facts of committing

corruption acts in certain policies of the Northern

Black Sea region (in particular, in Chersonesos), a

special elective magistracy of «nomophilaks» was

introduced, their activities were largely aimed

precisely at preventing manifestations of corruption

and their eradication, the danger of which they

understood.

The scientific literature describes the different

periods of the development of corruption in Ukraine

as a phenomenon, however, we can offer the optimal

periodization of its development during the existence

of a state-organized society. We distinguish nine

main stages:

1) Antique period. This is the period of the

existence of the states of the Cimmerians, Scythians,

Sarmatians and Greek city-states in the Northern

Black Sea region - VII century BC - VII AD – the

main models of social management and the system of

law have been formed, the influence of which we feel

to this day, and the stay of these cities under the rule

of Rome approved the operation of Roman law with

the classical division into public and private;

2) the period of Kievan Rus IX - mid. XIII century

with a feudal model of social management,

fragmentation, domination of customary law;

3) Galicia-Volyn principality end of XII - first half

of XIV century;

4) the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

XIV - XVI century – originally the reception of the

law of Kievan Rus, later three Lithuanian statutes

were adopted in the 16th century, which vividly

demonstrated the belonging of the Ukrainian system

of law to the common European system of values;

5) the period of the Polish-Lithuanian

Commonwealth (1569 - 1795) – again a symbiosis of

the operation of a huge range of norms from the point

of view of the sovereign formation of it (Poland,

Muscovy, Crimean Khanate, Cossack law,

customary, canon law, etc.), however, to deny the

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main the influence for the formation of the law is

quite difficult;

6) the period of the two empires Russian and

Austro-Hungarian also testifies to the operation of the

norms of European legal systems. The special

influence of the continental legal family in the 19th

century was shown through the prism of the legal

systems of the two empires. Although it should be

noted that the level and nature of corruption in both

empires was different, this is explained by the factors

that were mentioned earlier: different models of

social management, approaches to legal thinking, etc.

In our opinion, the level of corruption in Russia was

higher, although we did not find such comparative

data, however, we note the traditional susceptibility

of Russian society to corruption;

7) the period of the national revolution at the

beginning of the twentieth century. All state

formations of this period (UPR, ZUNR, Ukrainian

state) were aimed at Western traditions and standards

in the field of law, although not only effective, but

also any comprehensive anti-corruption policy was

not formed, but was determined within the framework

of general state policy, as a negative factor, requiring

opposition;

8) The Soviet period of development of state and

law influenced the formation of nomenclature

corruption, and in the future its spread to virtually all

spheres of life and activities of society, although it

was this legal system that became the starting point

for modern Ukraine;

9) the current stage of development of the national

legal system is a period of convergence with the

European legal system, as a result of which the

system of sources of national law has been enriched

under the influence of the European legal system,

especially in matters of combating corruption.

At the same time, most scientists are inclined to

believe that none of the socio-political and economic

systems had and does not have full immunity from

corruption – only its volumes and manifestations

change, as well as its capabilities, determined by the

attitude of the state and society towards it. Historical

and legal studies provide reliable evidence that

corruption has always existed in society since the

emergence of the state, and, consequently, the

formation of the state apparatus for managing society.

It should be noted that there are theories that deny

the historical aspect of corruption. These theories are

based on ideological principles and assess corruption

as a phenomenon inherent only in certain socio-

economic formations. Corruption in Ukraine is a

historical legacy of the development of society and

each individual state, including Ukrainian society and

the Ukrainian state (Dekhtyareva, 2008).

Consequently, the formation of the state became

the basis for endowing individuals with state-power

functions, which created corruption risks. Especially

after state administration became a professional

function of a certain part of society. The formation of

the administrative apparatus and the apparatus of

coercion took place in accordance with socio-political

needs, the level of economic development, natural

and geographical conditions, etc.

2.2 Corruption as a Phenomenon

Using the concept of «corruption», it is necessary to

characterize it in order to have a clear vision. It should

be noted that there is no single definition of this term,

since everyone formulates a concept based either on

his own experience, or in accordance with the realities

taking place in the state.

It is even possible to single out different areas

(social science, law, industry sciences) in the

approaches to the definition of the concept of

«corruption». However, even within the framework

of jurisprudence there is a fairly wide range. Within

the framework of the Ukrainian system of the law of

existence, we have eight alternative formulations of

the basic concept.

According to the head of the department for law

enforcement and national security of the Ministry of

Justice of Ukraine A.M. Sobovoy, corruption is a

multifaceted socio-economic, political, legal and

moral phenomenon, consisting of a whole complex of

illegal actions and unethical actions. In his analytical

article, the official forms his own vision of the

problems and mechanisms of fighting corruption; in

addition, he demonstrates foreign experience in this

area.

Among the researchers who have raised various

aspects of the problem of corruption in their works in

recent years, one should single out: E.

Nevmerzhitskiy, A. Gavrilenko, Dekhtyareva, V.

Suprun, V. Topchiy, V. Shkelebey, T. Fesenko, etc.

However, the significant interest in the selected

issues is confirmed by the data published in the

bibliographic reference book on preventing and

combating corruption (Topchiy, 2016).

Both as an object of research and as a real sphere

of legal regulation, the state anti-corruption policy

have all the signs of a systemic phenomenon, with its

inherent principles, clearly defined goals and

objectives, and mechanisms for its implementation.

Systemic phenomena are characterized by divisibility

into elements, their hierarchy (or structuredness),

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interconnectedness and interaction of elements. In

addition, we note that not only the concepts of legal

thinking determine the nature of legal regulation, but

also the models of anti-corruption policy, developed

in practice over five thousand years. That is, we can

state that the system of anti-corruption institutions is

chronologically one of the most ancient and stable in

the state apparatus.

Paradoxical as it sounds, we can assume that the

possibility of obtaining illegal profit, and the desire to

preserve this state of affairs, stimulated the

transformation from a tribal society into a state-

organized society, in which it would be possible to

legitimize one's power by fixing it in the rule of law.

According to V.M. Suprun, corruption as a

phenomenon has become a catalyst or even a factor in

the formation of a certain model of social

management, mainly through the creation of a state,

and the legitimization of such a model. Through the

models of anti-corruption policy and the nature of the

fight against corruption, one can trace the features of

the formation of the state and its form. And the

struggle for power, change in the forms of

government and forms of the state regime is the

confrontation of various corruption models classified

by subject composition, society's attitude to

corruption, the nature of its manifestation and legal

regulation of anti-corruption policy, geographical and

other criteria (Suprun, 2019). The author further

suggests the dominance of the corruption factor in the

formation of the state as an institution, formulating

the concept of “corruption theory of the origin of the

state”, which is the main criterion for the aspiration

of a person endowed with social power in a tribal

society (and therefore theoretically vulnerable to

corruption risks) through the formation of legal norms

(legitimize) to consolidate such a state, and ideally to

make such power hereditary.

Today, many options for defining the most basic

concept have been developed, fundamental

classifications of illegal actions in this area have been

carried out, in a practical plane, the regulatory and

legal framework for anti-corruption activities of the

state has been formed, a list of subjects designed to

carry out such activities has been determined.

Ukraine does not stand aside from these

processes. Along with gaining independence,

Ukraine faced the issue of forming a system of public

administration bodies. Along with this, it became

necessary to develop an anti-corruption policy.

The system of principles plays an important role

in this. Describing the principles of anti-corruption

policy, T. Fesenko singles out a whole group of

characteristic features:

1) they are elements of the general system of anti-

corruption activities;

2) defined at the normative level in national and

international law;

3) are formed based on the needs of the state,

society and the individual;

4) underlie the development of forms and methods

of administrative and legal regulation of the state anti-

corruption policy;

5) have a separate administrative and legal

implementation mechanism;

6) their implementation requires a comprehensive

and effective work of both specially authorized

authorities and the system of public authorities as a

whole;

7) can be differentiated according to different

criteria (according to the subject of formation, legal

force, industry affiliation, subject of powers,

implementing certain tasks and directions, etc.);

8) require monitoring of implementation with

subsequent improvement. (Fesenko, 2020).

At the same time, the list of acts of corruption is

quite significant, which objectively needs normative

regulation and effective mechanisms. So, O. Sobovoy

classifies: bribery, criminal lobbying, nepotism

(intercession based on personal connections), illegal

participation in entrepreneurial activities personally

or through close or trusted persons, the provision of

exclusive rights for the purpose of selfish use,

acquisition or diversion of public funds and property

for their corporate group, any use or manipulation of

proprietary information for personal or group

interests, direct or indirect contributions during

election campaigns in favor of certain parties and

individuals, as well as other political goals, illegal

distribution of loans and investments, privatization by

organizing illegal tenders , auctions, actual seizure of

state-owned blocks of shares, full or partial

exemption from customs duties and taxes, illegal

application of the system of preferences in relation to

various industrial, financial, trade and other corporate

grupp and some other similar acts.

Thus, the modern Ukrainian society must

systematically transform in matters of rejection of

corruption and actively counteract the facts of

corruption. Political corruption is especially

dangerous for the state and society, since the common

efforts of the international community are aimed

precisely at overcoming this kind of corruption. This

is confirmed by a number of international normative

acts to which Ukraine has joined.

International practice has developed several

algorithms for assessing the effectiveness of anti-

corruption policies. Uncertainty of the algorithm for

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monitoring and evaluating the implementation of

anti-corruption policies (control, reporting, openness

of information, public influence) and the general

neglect of the system of indicators of corruption have

become the main reasons for the improper

implementation of national programs and strategies.

This was especially noted during the presidency of

Yanukovych. In particular, the failure to comply with

the provisions of the National Anti-Corruption

Strategy for 2011-2015, as the main program

document in the anti-corruption sphere (approved by

the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated October

21, 2011 No. 1001).

At the same time, I would like to note the stable,

although not significant, growth in Ukraine's rating

during 2015-2018, according to Transparency

International. On average, over four years, Ukraine

has added one and a half points in the rating. In 2020,

Ukraine's indicators in the Corruption Perceptions

Index (CPI) increased by 3 points.

Also, on March 31, 2021, Transparency

International Ukraine presented the results of two

ratings – the Transparency Rating of the 100 largest

cities of Ukraine and the Accountability Rating of 50

Ukrainian cities within the framework of the

Transparent Cities project: an electronic platform for

interaction between citizens and local authorities to

ensure accountability and good governance

Realization for finance support of European Union

Representative in Ukraine.

An important aspect of the issue of combating

corruption is the formation of authorized government

bodies – the purpose of which is to overcome

corruption in the country.

Thus, the creation of specialized bodies in the

field of combating corruption is an international

standard, enshrined in Art. 36 United Nations

Convention against Corruption and Art. 20 of the

Council of Europe Criminal Convention against

Corruption. Countries such as Austria, Spain, Italy,

Germany, Romania, Sweden, etc. have experience in

the existence of specialized anti-corruption

prosecutors.

Over the past seven years, a system of specialized

bodies has been formed in Ukraine to implement anti-

corruption policies. Specially authorized entities in

the field of combating corruption, classified as law

enforcement, are defined as follows: National Anti-

Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU), National

Agency for the Prevention of Corruption (NAPK),

Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office

(SAP), State Bureau of Investigation (DBR) police.

Their activities today are standardized by special

laws.

Within the judicial branch of government, the

analysis of the legal basis for the activities of the

Supreme Anti-Corruption Court, created in

accordance with the judicial reform of 2016, is of the

greatest interest. The work of the court again began

only on September 5, 2019. According to Art. 4 of the

Law of Ukraine «On the Supreme Anti-Corruption

Court», it acts as a court of first and appellate

instances in criminal proceedings regarding crimes

attributed to its jurisdiction (jurisdiction) by

procedural law. The HAC administers justice in

criminal proceedings for corruption and corruption-

related crimes.

Already in court, more than 400 cases are being

considered, but at present none of them has been

decided. For example, under Art. 368 of the Criminal

Code considers more than 200 cases. According to

Art. 354 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, more than

100 cases are considered. Very little time has passed

to analyze the work of the Supreme Anti-Corruption

Court.

In addition, we should not forget about the

Security Service of Ukraine. The role of this law

enforcement body in the anti-corruption policy of the

state is awaiting its normative consolidation.

On November 17, 2020, the Verkhovna Rada of

Ukraine received draft law No. 4392 «On

Amendments to the Legislation of Ukraine on

Administrative Offenses, Criminal Legislation and

Criminal Procedure Legislation on the Activities of

the Security Service of Ukraine and Intelligence

Bodies».

In January 27, 2021, this project was supported as

a basis by the law enforcement committee, that is, the

main committee for this bill.

This document not only significantly changes the

procedural position of the Security Service of Ukraine

(in the context of the criminal process), but also

threatens the procedural independence of the

Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office and

the ability of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of

Ukraine.

2.3 International Experience in

Preventing and Detecting

Corruption

Consider the experience of foreign countries in the

direction of combating corruption.

Slovenia. The experience of this Central European

country also called a "phenomenon", because since

Slovenia became independent from Yugoslavia in

1991, it has shown success in fighting corruption

against other countries in transition and even some

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"old" EU members. In 2004, the government

established an independent body to prevent and

reduce corruption in both the public and private

sectors, the Commission for the Prevention of

Corruption (CPC). Following the 2006 parliamentary

elections, this body was abolished by the new

government. This example illustrates the opposition

that anti-corruption institutions may face (up to

liquidation), despite the declared independence and

support of society, if there is no political will and

understanding of the importance of preventive and

repressive functions in the fight against corruption.

The new CPC established with the adoption of the

Law on Integrity and Prevention of Corruption only

in 2010 (Hotlines in Slovenia accept complaints of

any discrimination. 2020). As the corruption situation

in Slovenia remains a problem, the country has taken

steps to prevent crime and protect witnesses or third

parties, including whistleblowers.

Romania. In 2007, when it joined the EU, the

country was called one of the most corrupt on the

continent and has come a long way in combating this

phenomenon. Romania has been responsible for

corruption over the past 11 years: the incumbent

prime minister, former prime minister, two deputy

prime ministers, 20 ministers and ex-ministers, 53

deputies and 19 senators. The property of the corrupt

confiscated for two billion euros over the years. To

achieve these results, the independence of the

judiciary ensured, specialized anti-corruption

structures and legislation established that provide

effective tools for investigation. At the same time, in

order for the eradication of corruption to be effective,

the efforts of the legal system must be complemented

by a stable legislative and institutional framework,

"said Romanian Prosecutor General Laura Codruta

Covesi, who has effectively built a system to prevent

and combat corruption at all levels authority in the

EU. In 2017, Romania's chief prosecutor was fired at

the initiative of the Minister of Justice, sparking mass

protests and virtually destroying the fight against

corruption. The index of perception of corruption in

the country until 2017 was 48 points, after the

dismissal of the Prosecutor General, the country's

figures fall every year, in 2020 the figure was 44

points.

Italy. In 2019, the country ranked 51st in the

ranking of the Corruption Perceptions Index in the

world. The country's indicators are not yet exemplary,

as the main problem in the country is mafia groups.

That is why the fight against corruption united with

the fight against organized crime and the mafia. The

country has established a number of specialized

bodies to combat corruption and organized crime,

provides for strict criminal law measures for

participation in an armed mafia group. Multifaceted

measures have paid off, with more than 3,500

members of mafia-criminal gangs arrested since

1993. The mechanism that each prosecutor's office is

autonomous also considered effective. Every

prosecutor has the same guarantees of independence

as judges.

Transparency International is a non-profit anti-

corruption non-governmental organization that

studies and fights corruption, assesses corruption by

calculating the annual Corruption Perceptions Index

(SRI), and classifies countries and territories by

perceptions of public sector corruption. SRI is the

best-known indicator of corruption worldwide. In

2019, the index of corruption in Ukraine was 30 out

of 100 (128th place among 180 countries surveyed).

The index is the most popular and authoritative

indicator of corruption in the world, it is calculated on

the basis of 13 studies of reputable international

institutions and research centers. 9 sources were used

to determine Ukraine's assessment (2020)

The key indicator of the Index is the number of

points, not the place in the ranking. The minimum

score (0 points) means that corruption actually

replaces the state, the maximum (100 points)

indicates that corruption is almost absent in society.

The index assesses corruption only in the public

sector.

2.4 Fighting Corruption Offenses in

Decisions of the Supreme

Anti-corruption Court

In recent years, pro-European tendencies have

significantly increased in Ukraine, both from the

point of view of state policy and mood in society. The

slogan «Ukraine is Europe» is becoming more and

more popular. It is difficult to disagree with this

thesis, since Ukrainian belonging to the European

cultural, political, geographical, legal dimension can

be traced back to the time of the emergence of Greek

city-states in the Northern Black Sea region, and if we

analyze the pre-state period of Ukrainian history, it

will be relevant to consider this aspect from the time

of Trypillian culture. This probably explains the

gravitation towards European civilization of

Ukrainian society, as well as the vector of state policy

aimed at integration with the EU.

However, one of the most acute problems of

Ukraine from the point of view of international

partners and undertaken obligations is the state anti-

corruption policy. Of course, significant work has

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been done in this area in recent years. We can only

highlight the most significant successes of the state:

- Substantial norm-setting work has been carried

out. Since the appearance of the first «anti-

corruption» regulatory legal acts in 1998 and today,

the Ukrainian legislative system has been enriched by

a fairly significant number of principles and norms of

anti-corruption policy, to a certain extent due to

joining international agreements and standards.

One of the novelties for the Ukrainian model of

the judicial system was the introduction of such an

institution as the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court.

The starting point was the adoption of the Law of

Ukraine «On the High Anti-Corruption Court» dated

June, 07, 2018. This Law defines the principles of

organization and operation of the High Anti-

Corruption Court, special requirements for judges of

this court and guarantees of their activities. The

Supreme Anti-Corruption Court was created to

consider certain categories of cases, namely cases in

the field of corruption; within the framework of the

judicial branch of government, the analysis of the

legal basis for the activities of the Supreme Anti-

Corruption Court, created in accordance with the

judicial reform of 2016, is of the greatest interest. The

work of the court again began only on September 5,

2019.

According to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine «On

the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court», vested with

powers in criminal proceedings for crimes attributed

to its jurisdiction (jurisdiction) by procedural law of

SACC administers justice in criminal proceedings for

corruption and corruption-related crimes. According

to the data provided by SACC regarding the results of

work in 2019, 205 cases were pending in court, based

on the results of the consideration, 2 sentences were

passed: under Art. 366-1 Declaration of false

information and art. 364 CC (abuse of power or

official position - Case No. 760/4297/18).

Thus, the practice of the Supreme Anti-

Corruption Court of Ukraine, which has begun to

form, in our opinion, will significantly affect the

improvement of the legal framework for the

implementation of anti-corruption policy, forms and

methods of its implementation, and will stimulate

officials to comply with anti-corruption legislation in

their professional activities.

Ukraine is evaluated annually by Transparency

International Ukraine, and Ukraine receives a number

of recommendations to improve its performance and,

consequently, to benefit more from anti-corruption

work.

In 2017, the focus of experts was on: the lack of

political will of the Ukrainian authorities in the fight

against corruption and efforts to reform the judiciary

and law enforcement systems, as the level of public

confidence in judges and prosecutors is quite low.

In 2018, experts emphasize the need to strengthen

anti-corruption bodies in Ukraine with effective tools

to prevent and combat corruption and launch an anti-

corruption court. And again, they state the insufficient

level of political will.

According to a 2019 study, the organization's

experts say: "Analysis shows that corruption is more

prevalent in countries where large sums of money go

freely to election campaigns and political party

funding and where governments listen only to the

voices of wealthy or influential people."

Representatives of oligarchic clans have a significant

influence on politics.

Therefore, the recommendations for Ukraine for

2020 are supplemented by overcoming political

corruption and are aimed at: increasing the

effectiveness of systems for preventing political

corruption through improving the general principles

and features of private party financing; increasing the

efficiency of the system of state financing of parties;

optimization of the procedure related to the

submission of financial statements by parties,

increasing the effectiveness of state control and legal

responsibility for compliance with the legislation on

party financing.

List of main recommendations for Ukraine for

2020:

- formation of an independent and professional

judiciary;

- ensuring the independence and capacity of anti-

corruption bodies

- deprivation of the Security Service of Ukraine of

powers in the field of combating economic and

corruption crimes

- increase the effectiveness of systems for

preventing political corruption

- launch of an open and accountable process of

privatization of state property.

According to the results of the implementation of

these recommendations, Ukraine received 33 points

out of 100 possible in 2020, which is 117th out of 180

countries on the SRI list. Along with Ukraine in the

ranking, Egypt, Africa's Esvatini (Swaziland), Nepal,

Sierra Leone and Zambia - all of these countries also

scored 33 points in the CPI-2020. At the same time,

this figure increased by 3 points due to the

strengthening of Ukraine's anti-corruption structure.

The relevance of measuring corruption evidenced

by the fact that the World Bank and the International

Monetary Fund conduct their own research and global

Fighting Corruption in Ukraine as an Element of Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

297

surveys on preventing and combating corruption and

its level in the world.

Lawyers, analysts and NGOs pay attention to the

study of corruption. Such attention is justified,

because corruption is one of the most acute problems

of our time, the solution of which is a very important

issue for many countries, because the consequences

of corruption are wide and exacerbate global

problems.

Modern legislation of Ukraine developed

according to international anti-corruption standards,

in particular ISO 37001: 2018. The standard is not

mandatory. This standard is intended to help

organizations introduce reasonable and proportionate

measures to prevent, detect and respond to bribery.

The standard also describes the role of the leader of

each organization in preventing corruption and

establishing good business conduct in the

organization as a whole. A number of public and

private sector organizations are already voluntarily

receiving international certification under this

standard. This opens up opportunities for them to

conclude international agreements and contracts, to

receive investment from international organizations.

3 CONCLUSIONS

Corruption as a phenomenon is extremely

multifaceted, which requires a comprehensive

solution even at the international level. Moreover, the

stability in the relationship "corruption - anti-

corruption policy" is bilateral. A decrease in the level

of corruption indicates democratization and a high

level of legal (political) culture of society, and,

conversely, authoritarianism in the management of

society, as a rule, leads to an increase in the level of

corruption or the formation of its varieties.

The implementation of the principles of

sustainable development, enshrined at the level of the

UN Convention, presupposes the achievement of the

goals of such development. At the same time, the

issue of combating corruption is one of the

cornerstones on this path.

In fact, without attention of scientists and

practitioners remains personnel policy in the issue of

combating corruption. This also awaits its practical

scientific research, since the qualitative filling of the

bodies implementing the state anti-corruption policy

with qualified employees is a prerequisite for their

successful work.

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