Energy Continuity of the Electricity at Surabaya Mall Using
Continues Power Flow Methods
T. Suheta
a
, N. P. U. Putra
b
, N. H. Rohiem
c
, M. Munir, B. E. Prasetya and M. Hermawan
Electrical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya, Arif Rahman Hakim, Surabaya, Indonesia
Keywords: Power Flow, Forward-Backward Sweep, Continuous Power Flow, P-V Curve.
Abstract:
Power flow analysis aims at ensuring the state of an electrical system is in a stable and normal
condition while operating. Besides, it can also determine the condition of power flow in the
electrical system, including voltage, active power, and reactive power on each interconnected bus
line. Research conducted on the electricity system at Pakuwon Mall Surabaya employing the
forward-backward sweep method obtained an active power value of 0.393 kW and a reactive power
of 0.164 kVAR. After adding the Continuous Power Flow method and the P-V curve, the lowest
bus voltage value gained 0.9521 pu with a lambda value of 4.1. If an additional load is planned for
the development of the system in the future, bus 14 will be recommended as it can retain load at
the lowest voltage point
.
1 INTRODUCTION
Using the Newton-Raphson technique to simulate the
ETAP software, this research generates an apparent
power of 832 kVA, a reactive power of 480 kVAR,
and a total active power of 680 kW under stable
working circumstances. In the meantime, 32.458 kW
of active power loss findings were acquired, whereas
14,154 kVAR of reactive power were obtained.
Voltage collapse has a percentage value of 7% on Bus
7, which has the greatest percentage value(E. A. Z &
Z. Mughni, 2020).
According to the findings of this study for load
flow, the greatest reactive power value on bus 157
was 19280 MVAR and the active power value was
26083 MW. The combined active power generated is
11103 kW, while the generated reactive power is
2042 kVAR. The voltage then drops by 2.6% on bus
60, which had an initial value of 150 kV, and by
4.65% on buses 61 and 62, which had an initial
voltage of 20 kV (K. Timur et al., 2018).
A power flow analysis will be conducted as part
of this study, "Analysis of the Power Flow of the
Electric Power System at Pakuwon Mall Surabaya,"
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9450-3140
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9027-4707
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-1911
to make sure that the electrical system at Pakuwon
Mall Surabaya is still in a stable condition for both
systems that are currently operating and those that
will occur in the future. and, of course, in compliance
with the restrictions outlined in the SPLN 1: 1995
regulations, utilizing Matlab software and the
Continuous Power Flow (CPF) technique.
2 METHODOLOGY
The study of power flow (K. Timur et al., 2018) is the
calculation of voltage, current, active power, and
reactive power that exists at points on the electrical
network under normal operating conditions, both
those that are currently operating and those that will
occur in the future.
With this power flow study, the voltages owned
by each bus in a system can be seen, as can the
magnitude or phase angle of the voltage, active
power, and reactive power supplied in each channel
in a system.
Suheta, T., Putra, N., Rohiem, N., Munir, M., Prasetya, B. and Hermawan, M.
Energy Continuity of the Electricity at Surabaya Mall Using Continues Power Flow Methods.
DOI: 10.5220/0012112500003680
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICATECH 2023), pages 205-209
ISBN: 978-989-758-663-7; ISSN: 2975-948X
Copyright
c
 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
205

2.1 Forward Backward Sweep Analysis
Power flow studies (A. Indrajaya et al., 2018; Dian
Budhi Santoso, 2018; E. A. Z & Z. Mughni, 2020;
Guton Albaroka & Gatot Widodo, 2017; I Made Agus
Mahardiananta et al., 2020; K. Timur et al., 2018; M.
Aziz, 2020; R. W. Novialifiah et al., 2014) are usually
used to obtain a value for the voltage from each bus,
knowing the magnitude of the current and power
values flowing in a system. And, of course, to make
analysis and monitoring of electrical network systems
such as transmission and distribution networks easier.
In the rules for completing the forward sweep,
starting at the main point source where the value of
the voltage is known, the impedance and current
flowing in each channel are known, ignoring other
sources (Tambunan et al., 2016), while for the
backward sweep, the voltages from all points in the
literation are used. The first is assumed to be equal to
the voltage at the main source, and the injection
current will be zero in the first liter if there are several
sources in the network. The load current is found by
equating (Tambunan et al., 2016).
2.2 Creating K-Matrix
Before applying the forward-backward sweep
method (Dian Budhi Santoso, 2018), it requires a
slight change in the calculation that aims to facilitate
the formation of equations and the process when
performing iteration calculations, namely by forming
the BIBC (Bus Injection to Branch Current) matrix.
The BIBC (Bus Injection to Branch Current) matrix
is a matrix that relates the current to the channel in the
distribution system (Dian Budhi Santoso, 2018) An
equation is obtained in the formation of the BIBC
matrix by utilizing Kirchhoff's law, where the branch
current (I) is connected to the bus or channel (B). As
a result, the equation corresponding to the single line
diagram in this study is as follows:
B

= I

+I

+I

+I

+I

+I

+I

+I

+
I

+I

+I

+I

(1)
B

= I

+I

+I

+I

(2)
B

= I

+I

(3)
B

= I

(4)
B

= I

(5)
B

= I

+I

(6)
B

= I

(7)
B

= I

(8)
B

= I

+I

(9)
B

= I

(10)
B

= I

(11)
B

= I

+I

(12)
B

= I

(13)
B

= I

(14)
B

= I

+I

(15)
B

= I

(16)
B

= I

(17)
After getting the above equation, proceed to form the
BIBC matrix, as follows:
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
=
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
=
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
(18)
The BIBC matrix can also be simplified into the
following form (Dian Budhi Santoso, 2018):
[
B
]
=
[
BIBC
][
I
]
(19)
Wherein:
B = Bus
BIBC = Matrix between Injecting current & bus
I = current (Ampere)
From equation 19 above we can find for the matrix
BCBV (Branch Current to Bus Voltage) and find the
drop voltage with following form:
[
∆V
]
=
[
BCBV
][
B
]
(20)
[
∆V
]
=
[
BCBV
][
BIBC
]
[I] (21)
[
∆V
]
=
[
DLF
]
[I] (22)
2.3 Continuous Power Flow (CPF)
Continuous Power Flow usually applies the concept
of the Newton-Raphson method (Yaqin, 2015) to
determine the results of the calculation of the power
flow of an electrical system, where the research data
to be used is processed in such a way that the
processed data can form a P and V curve with the
addition of a continuous load (continuous). The
power supplied can be represented by the magnitude
of the current in the 𝑖

bus replacement circuit from
the n-bus system, so that the following equation is
formed:
ICATECH 2023 - International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology
206

𝑃

=
∑
𝑉

| 𝑉

|


(
𝐺

cos𝜃

+𝐵

sin𝜃

)
(23)
𝑄

=
∑
𝑉

| 𝑉

|


(
𝐺

sin𝜃

+𝐵

cos𝜃

)
(24)
where symbols G and D indicate the generation
and load required on each connected bus. To simulate
load changes, the load parameter λ is entered into the
power parameters 𝑃

and 𝑄

. as can be seen in the
following equation:
𝑃

= 𝑃

+ λ (𝑃
△
)
𝑄

= 𝑄

+ λ (𝑄
△
) (25)
𝑃

and 𝑄

are the initial load requirements on
the 𝑖

bus, where (𝑃
△
) and (𝑄
△
) get the
selected amount of power to scale properly. To
replace the new power requirement as in equations 20
to 21, a new equation is obtained, which can be seen
below:
𝐹(𝜃,𝑉,λ) = 0 (26)
where 𝜃 represents the voltage angle vector and V
represents the vector of the bus magnitude voltages.
The basic solution for λ=0 will be found through the
power flow, which will then be carried out by a
further simulation process according to the
parameters that have been determined.
3 SIMULATION RESULT
In this section, we will see a simulation of the use of
Continuous Power Flow usually applies the concept
of the Newton-Raphson method to determine the
results of the calculation of the power flow of an
electrical system from pakuwon mall with 14-Bus as
shown to the table 2 and system data as shown in the
table 1.
Power flow analysis is carried out by utilizing the
forward-backward method (Dian Budhi Santoso,
2018), which can be used to obtain accuracy in
finding a specific voltage value in the distribution
network system at Pakuwon Mall Surabaya.
The following are the results of calculations using
the Continuous Power Flow method.
The following in Figure 1 below shows the
voltage graph data on each bus:
Table 1: Pakuwon Mall 14-Bus system data.
Bus Im
p
edance
L
(
m
)
P
(
Kw
)
Q
(kVar)
From To R
(
Ω
)
X
(
Ω
)
1 2 0,0329 0,0316 179 2,249 0,855
2 3 0,0653 0,0353 243 0,514 0,181
2 6 0,0653 0,0353 272 0,376 0,137
2 9 0,0653 0,0353 73 0,478 0,181
2 12 0,0653 0,0353 56 0,790 0,357
3 4 0,0823 0,0363 20 0,249 0,081
3 5 0,0823 0,0363 23 0,262 0,082
6 7 0,0823 0,0363 25 0,177 0,055
6 8 0,0823 0,0363 28 0,198 0,072
9 10 0,0823 0,0363 27 0,326 0,112
9 11 0,0823 0,0363 29 0,150 0,049
12 13 0,0823 0,0363 30 0,393 0,164
12 14 0,0823 0,0363 33 0,393 0,164
Figure 1: Voltage Graph Data On Each Bus.
The most suitable bus for expand or development
system from pakuwon mall is bus number 14 because
from The results of running the P-V curve data
program on bus 14 are that the bus voltage value is
0.9521 pu. with Lamda reaching the maximum point
of 4.1, we can see to the Figure 2 below.
Figure 2: P-V Curve From Bus 14.
0,94
0,945
0,95
0,955
0,96
0,965
0,97
0,975
Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9
Bus 10 Bus 11 Bus 12 Bus 13 Bus 14
Phase R
Phase S
Phase T
Energy Continuity of the Electricity at Surabaya Mall Using Continues Power Flow Methods
207

Table 2: Simulation Result using CPF method.
Bus
Number
Voltage
Current
(Ampere)
Bus
Number
Voltage
Current
(Ampere)
Vm
(
P,U
)
Degree
Vm
(
P,U
)
Degree
3 0,9704 0,03 47,2 9 0,9586 0,03 812,5
3 0,9704 -119,97 47,2 9 0,9586 -119,97 812,5
3 0,9794 120,03 47,2 9 0,9586 120,03 812,5
4 0,9614 0,02 34,7 10 0,9619 0,03 923
4 0,9614 -119,98 34,7 10 0,9619 -119,97 923
4 0,9614 120,02 34,7 10 0,9619 120,03 923
5 0,9638 0,03 44,3 11 0,9617 0,03 1527
5 0,9638 -119,97 44,3 11 0,9617 -119,97 1527
5 0,9638 120,03 44,3 11 0,9617 120,03 1527
6 0,9621 0,04 75,1 12 0,9585 0,03 689,1
6 0,9621 -119,96 75,1 12 0,9585 -119,97 689,1
6 0,9621 120,04 75,1 12 0,9585 120,03 689,1
7 0,9564 0,03 1151 13 0,9604 0,05 1878
7 0,9564 -119,97 1151 13 0,9604 -119,95 1878
7 0,9564 120,03 1151 13 0,9604 120,05 1878
8 0,9587 0,03 1209 14 0,9521 0,05 1878
8 0,9587 -119,97 1209 14 0,9521 -119,95 1878
8 0,9587 120,03 1209 14 0,9521 120,05 1878
4 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the analysis and simulation in
this thesis research, it can be concluded:
1. From the simulation results carried out on buses
3 to 14 using the Continuous Power Flow (CPF)
method, it can be seen that bus 14 has an active
power flow of 0.393 kW and a reactive power of
0.164 kVAR, with the lowest bus voltage of
0.9521 p.u and a lamda value of 4.1 compared
to other buses.
2. Therefore, bus 14 is the recommended bus when
planning for additional load for future
development of the system because it can
withstand the load with the lowest stress point.
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Energy Continuity of the Electricity at Surabaya Mall Using Continues Power Flow Methods
209