Creating of Minefield Breaches with Artillery

Michal Švehlík

, Michal Šustr

, Ladislav Potužák

, Jaroslav Varecha

and Jan Drábek

Fire Support Department, University of Defence, Kounicova 65, Brno, Czech Republic

Department of Military Tactics and Operational Art, Armed Forces Academy of General Milan Rastislav Štefánik,

Demänová 393, Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia

Keywords: Artillery, Minefield, Breach, Military Decision-Making Process, MASA SWORD.

Abstract: This article describes research project about new approach to creating breaches in engineer obstacles by using

artillery fire. In current russian-ukraine war can be observed massive use of explosive and non-explosive

obstacles within position defence. Efficiency of attack of task forces is in this case directly influenced by their

ability to overcome these obstacles. Main issue for the attacking force represents minefields which slow down

and restrict manoeuvre and cause casualties. Breaches in minefields are created by units of combat engineers

manually or by special mine clearing equipment. During that time is the unit threatened by the enemy,

especially special engineering equipment is a priority target. The aim of the research is to propose and verify

the possibility of using artillery as a mean to create breaches in engineer obstacles, especially in minefields,

giving the attacking force alternative, contingency or emergency way of creating breach. The article

introduces basic aspects of explosive obstacles and minefields, analyses tactical aspects of creating breaches

in them and proposes possible approaches to solving the problematics by using artillery.

1 INTRODUCTION

Armed conflict in Ukraine confirms that position

defence has still place in modern conflict. Defence

areas and strong points are constructed in the whole

width of area of operations (AOO). Defence positions

are supported by massively creating explosive and

non-explosive obstacles, mainly minefields. (Rolenec

and Kopuletý, 2017. Sedláček and others, 2022)

According to doctrinal model of Russian armed

forces is minefield placed on the front edge of

defence, in spaces between strong points and on the

flanks in the whole depth of defence area. (Bartles

and others, 2016)

According to public resources is apparent that

Russian forces are using land mines to strengthen

their position defence. In some areas of defence, the

density of mines is ten times the calculation norms of

the Russian army. Minefields are covered by planned

artillery fires and represent huge issue for the

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8957-5122

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7342-7641

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-717X

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5974-8726

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4188-4193

attacking forces and their freedom of manoeuvre

during attacking the first lines of enemy defence and

deployment of the main attacking force.

The attacking unit in such situation usually loses

initiative, its manoeuvre is restricted and comes under

concentrated enemy fire. Using minefields multiplies

combat force in the area in favour of the enemy.

Current tactics counts on deploying units of combat

engineers and creating breaches in obstacles by using

their equipment. In ongoing RUS/UKR war evident

that such equipment represents primary targets.

(Rolenec and others, 2019)

During first and second world war procedures of

creating breaches in engineer obstacles by using

artillery fire were applied. After second world war

were these procedures dismissed mostly because of

requirements for high precision of artillery fire and

ammunition consumption. Those factors are no

longer valid, because of new automated fire control

systems and new types of artillery ammunition. (Ivan

and others, 2021)

266

Švehlík, M., Šustr, M., Potužák, L., Varecha, J. and Drábek, J.

Creating of Mineﬁeld Breaches with Artillery.

DOI: 10.5220/0012208500003543

In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO 2023) - Volume 1, pages 266-272

ISBN: 978-989-758-670-5; ISSN: 2184-2809

To understand the possibility of using modern

artillery for creating breaches in minefields it is

necessary to describe basics of surmounting

explosive obstacles, minefields and basis of how

artillery functions. (Rolenec and others, 2021).

2 EXPLOSIVE OBSTACLE

An explosive obstacle is an engineering obstacle,

which is mainly composed of minefields. The

destruction of units, the limitation of their

maneuverer, the influence on the time management of

the operation, the psychological effect, etc are main

risks to attacking forces. Explosive obstacles in the

form of securing the flanks of the formation, bridging

any gaps arise in the battle formation and securing

critical assets and objects for defence represent

a significant advantage for the defending opponent.

2.1 Minefield

Minefield can be created manually, by minelayer or,

as is widely used today, by remote delivery of mines.

Remote delivery of mines consists in creating

minefield from distance by tube or rocket artillery,

mine launchers or air forces.

Tactical use of remote delivery of mines, which is

applied in current war in Ukraine is based on laying

mines in terrain directly in front of attacking forces,

that have surmounted originally laid minefields.

Another possible tactical use is in laying mines in

immediate proximity of retreating forces, which

complicates the retreat and simplifies destroying

equipment and personnel.

Large scale use of remote delivery of mines in

RUS/UKR war and using modern types of mines,

which can be equipped with mechanisms against

extraction represent important factor for tactical

planning and successful execution of operation.

2.2 Mines

Basic types of landmines are:

• anti-personnel mines,

• anti-tank mines,

• off-route mines,

• special mines.

Current combat is characterised by using anti-

personnel and anti-tank mines. Anti-personnel mines

are designed to destroy personnel. Anti-tank mines

are designed to damage and destroy tanks, armoured

personnel carriers and other vehicles. Mines can be

placed on the ground or below the surface and can be

secured against extraction. The effect of artillery

projectiles on target allows us to consider the

possibility of destroying mines by utilizing the kinetic

energy, energy of explosion (pressure wave) and

dispersion of fragments after the explosion of the

projectile. Effect of artillery projectile can be adjusted

by different setting of fuse allowing it to explode

under the surface thus destroying the mines placed

under the ground for example.

3 TACTICAL ASPECTS OF

CREATING BREACHES IN

MINEFIELDS

Standard way of surmounting minefield consists in

deploying units of combat engineers equipped to

create breaches in enemy engineer obstacles in front

of attacking units. The engineer units then create

breaches in proximity of own troops using

mechanical or explosive mine-clearing assets and if

those are not available then they do it manually.

(Cibulová and others, 2019)

This way of surmounting minefields has some

significant flaws:

• Time consumption

• Vulnerability

• Loss of moment of surprise

• Restriction of movement

Time Consumption is affected by mine-clearing

equipment, type of used mines, density of minefield,

terrain and by possible cover of minefield by enemy

artillery fire. Based on principles of artillery functions

can be expected, that time consumption might be

lower.

Vulnerability is caused by multiple factors. First

is easy recognition of special mine-clearing

equipment, which is caused by its construction. On

modern battlefield filled by sensors is this factor

critical. Detecting of such priority target will lead to

its immediate destruction. Another factor of

vulnerability is time of exposition of the equipment to

possible enemy fire due to its work during creating

the breach. (Kompan, 2018) Vulnerability of artillery

in case of its deployment is given by its own firing. In

the moment of the shot the firing position is disclosed

and enemy counter-battery fire usually follows.

(Rolenec and others, 2021)

The Loss of Moment of Surprise. The moment

of surprise is one of the elementary prerequisites for

achieving successful attack. Moment of surprise can

cause confusion and makes it impossible to react

Creating of Mineﬁeld Breaches with Artillery

267

quickly and effectively to sudden change of situation.

(Kompan and others, 2022) In the moment, when

enemy is able to anticipate the direction of attack and

possible areas of deployment of forces, attacking

operation becomes much more challenging. Due to

necessity of using special engineer equipment, that

can be easily recognised, the defending forces are

capable of foreseeing not just the direction of attack,

but also the speed of advance and can react by calling

in the fire support, manoeuvring with forces or by

sending in the reinforcements. Breach created by

artillery fire will be, from the point of view of

moment of surprise, considered surprising and

unexpected.

Restriction of Movement is one of the

elementary factors, which allows defenders to

effectively engage the attacking forces. During mine-

clearing a thin corridor is created and units must move

through this corridor to surmount the explosive

obstacle. Defenders can easily concentrate fire on

these units. In the moment, when the front vehicle is

destroyed, surmounting of the explosive obstacle

might be impossible. This risk can be partially

lowered by creating the breach by using artillery

based on how many artillery units are used and how

wide the breach or how many breaches will be

created. (Ivan and others, 2019, 2022)

It is obvious that problematics of surmounting

engineer obstacles is one of the most important topics

when it comes to modern conflicts. Risks that come

from creating breaches in obstacles are huge and

a variety of ways, equipment and procedures of

realisation of creating breach, especially in well

prepared defence with high density of engineer

obstacles, might be an advantage. Preparing PACE

plans is typical for many activities and in this case, it

is also useful to have alternative, contingency or

emergency way or means, which multiplies or

replaces capabilities of special combat engineer

equipment. This way and means can be provided by

artillery, that can provide fire support in all conditions

(24/7).

4 CREATING OF MINEFIELD

BREACHES WITH ARTILLERY

Based on comprehensive assessment of the situation

and findings from the RUS/UKR war it is clear that

defence with the wide use of explosive engineer road

barriers remains a prevalent defensive tactic.

(Kompan and others, 2022) Instead of relying solely

on one method, it is crucial to prepare a diverse array

of approaches within PACE.

On this basis, the project Creating of minefield

breaches with artillery (CMFBA) was defined.

4.1 Overall Project Concept

The primary objective of the project is to introduce an

alternative, backup or emergency method of creating

breaches in minefields within the PACE plan for such

operations without the need to use specialized

engineer equipment. To validate the efficacy of the

proposed approach, it will undergo rigorous

simulation tests within the MASA SWORD

environment.

Currently, artillery units usually consist of barrel

artillery units, mortar units and artillery rocket units.

These units and their equipment hold great potential

as feasible means to address the challenge of creating

breaches in minefields. Because the barrel artillery is

currently the most widely used artillery piece, is

capable of firing curved, steep and flat trajectory

projectiles and an extensive range of ammunition

options, the initial phase of the project will center on

harnessing the capabilities of artillery weapon sets.

The crucial factors for evaluating the possibility

of using artillery assets in building a breach in

minefields are the characteristics of the ammunition,

particularly its effectiveness in neutralizing mines,

the method of engagement, which directly impacts

the consumption of ammunition, the probability of

mine destruction, and the width of the breaches

created.

Moreover, an integral facet of the assessment lies

in evaluating the travers ability of the shelled terrain,

gauged by the size of the passage formed after

artillery fire, in order to assess the ability of the

different types of equipment available to the

mechanized battalions to traverse this area.

4.2 Munition

Standard high-explosive projectiles have mostly

fragmentation and disruptive effects on target. These

two factors also have key role in assessment of ability

to neutralize mines and create breaches in minefields

by using artillery. Fragmentation effect is given by

dispersion of high number of fragments after

explosion and their wounding or destructive effect on

target. Disruptive effect is given by pressure of the

blast, that disrupts the obstacle.

Artillery ammunition of medium calibre (152 and

155 mm) will have bigger potential for creating the

breaches is engineer obstacles by artillery because of

ICINCO 2023 - 20th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics

268

bigger amount of blasting charge inside the shell.

Bigger amount of blasting charge is connected with

higher energy of pressure wave created by the

explosion and by that with higher capability of

destroying mines in bigger radius from centre of

explosion.

4.3 Methods of the Attack

The method of the attack for the minefield area is

an important factor in creating breaches in engineer

obstacles by artillery fire.

In particular, the research team considers methods

of the attack to be an appropriate method of the attack

when creating breaches in engineer obstacles:

• Divided zone battery fire,

• Full zone fires,

• Target (sections, lines) separation. (Vajda,

2023)

When firing at targets by divide zone battery fires,

artillery batteries conduct fire at all specified ranges

and fire a limited portion of the planned rounds at

each range. (Šustr and others, 2022)

Full zone fires target engagement consists of each

battery firing at only one range and firing one-third of

the planned projectile consumption at that range.

When target separation between batteries is used,

batteries usually fire at the same time at

predetermined targets. (Blaha and others, 2021)

An evaluation of the methods of the attack,

together with the type and consumption of rounds,

will enable the proper procedures to be determined

for achieving effective passage formation in

an engineer obstacle using artillery. This is currently

provided by modern means of command systems and

automated fire control systems of artillery units.

(Mušinka and Uchaľ, 2021) The output will be

a methodology for requesting fire and a procedure for

executing artillery fire using suitable and effective

method of the attack in FFE mission.

4.4 Mathematical Method

To verify the capability of artillery projectiles to

destroy mines or to damage them enough so they will

not be able to detonate we need to know if the

pressure wave of explosion will be strong enough to

neutralize the mines. For verification we must use the

correct mathematical apparatus (figure 1 and 2),

because realisation of the experiment would be

impossible due to safety measures for artillery fire.

Results of calculations will be compared to values of

resistance of the anti-tank and anti-personnel mines

against pressure wave. It is also necessary to assess

the fragmentation effect on mines.

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4.5 MASA SWORD Experiment

Verification and possibilities for use of proposed way

of creating breaches in engineer obstacles is

practically not possible. Because of that research

team realizes multiple simulations in MASA-

SWORD software, where three ways of surmounting

engineer obstacles will be evaluated and compared.

• Units will avoid the explosive obstacle and

bypass it.

• Units will surmount the explosive obstacle

through breaches created by combat

engineers.

• Units will surmount the explosive obstacle

through breaches created by artillery fire.

4.5.1 Avoiding and Bypassing an Explosive

Obstacle

After detecting a minefield, units choose to go round

the roadblock with an outflanking manoeuvre of the

enemy troops.

Advantages:

• Independence from specialized engineer

assets

• Reduced risk of personnel and equipment

loss due to mine activation

Disadvantages:

• High time consumption

• Loss of initiative

• Loss of the element of surprise

Creating of Mineﬁeld Breaches with Artillery

269

4.5.2 Overcoming the Explosive Obstacle

Through Breaches Created by

Engineer Units

After detecting minefield, the attacking units deploy

mine-clearing vehicles to the front of the formation

and follow them while surmounting the minefield.

Advantages:

• Bigger certainty of clearing the mines

• Exact lay out of the breach.

Disadvantages:

• Need of combat engineer support

• Vulnerability of combat engineer vehicles

• Restriction of movement of forces

• Loss of moment of surprise

4.5.3 Overcoming the Explosive Obstacle

Through Breaches Created by

Artillery

After detecting minefield, the attacking units call for

fire support by artillery, which is supporting the task

force. Artillery creates breaches in minefield by fire,

mechanized units surmount the minefield and

continue in the attack. Creating breaches in

minefields by using artillery anticipates these

advantages:

• Creating the moment of surprise

• Lowering amount of time demanded for

creating the breach

• No need for special equipment

As disadvantages can be identified:

• Consumption of artillery ammunition

• Restriction of other planned fire missions

• Disclosure of firing position

• Lower certainty of clearing all mines

Experiment will be divided into two phases,

during which the scenarios will be simulated with

different size task forces.

In the first phase of the experiment the scenarios

will be simulated with battalion size task force, that

will attack area of defence of company. Second phase

of the experiment will be simulated with brigade size

task force, that will attack area of defence of battalion.

The outcome will be evaluation of variants from

point of view of different areas of tactics. Evaluation

will be mostly based on these criteria:

• Ammunition consumption

• Number of artillery effectors

• Time consumption

• Personnel losses

• Equipment losses

• Overall combat capability of own forces

• Overall combat capability of enemy forces

Ammunition Consumption - current standards

of artillery fire do not define procedures for creating

breaches in minefields. Based on mathematical

calculations, probability of hitting the target and

simulations, it will be necessary to determine

ammunition consumption, that will be adequate for

creating the breach.

Number of Artillery Effectors - this aspect will

have to be determined not just because of detaching

artillery for creating the breach, but also because of

the change of amount of planned fire support for the

given operation, meaning lowering the number of

planned fire missions.

Time Consumption - will consist in creating

timelines of all scenarios, dividing timelines into

phases and comparing those timelines.

Personnel Losses - within this criterion losses of

personnel on both sides in different scenarios will be

compared.

Equipment Losses - procedure similar to

criterion Personnel losses will be applied.

Comparison will comprise losses of equipment on

both sides during different scenarios.

Overall Combat Capability of Own and Enemy

Forces - complete overview of losses and evaluation

of combat capabilities of both sides within different

simulated scenarios.

4.6 Project Workflow

It is obvious, that complexity and difficulty of this

problematics and its connection to tactical planning,

detaching of artillery forces, use of combat engineers

and military art will demand large amount of time and

work. The research team has defined probable

timeline and milestones of a new project.

4.6.1 Phase 1 (Short Term Horizon)

The initial phase focuses on several pivotal

milestones. The first milestone entails investigating

the feasibility of mine destruction through artillery

fire. This necessitates conducting a series of

mathematical calculations, initially focusing on one

specific calibre and projectile type, to determine the

effectiveness of destroying the chosen type of mine

by an artillery fire. The fundamental condition under

consideration will be the mine's placement on

the surface and subsurface.

The second milestone in the first phase involves

establishing the firing method when constructing

breaches through minefields, as well as analysing the

ammunition consumption based on the precision of

ICINCO 2023 - 20th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics

270

the fire and the probability of successful hits. Also, in

connection with different ways of determining

the firing data for firing.

The third milestone entails expanding on

the findings from milestones one and two by

considering different shell and mine types and the

subsequent development of a methodology for

conducting fire while creating breaches in minefields

depending on the shells and mines used.

The first phase mainly centres on evaluation and

verification of theoretical feasibility using

mathematical tools, along with the application of

artillery standards, procedures, and tactics.

4.6.2 Phase 2 (Midterm Horizon)

If the method of creating breaches in minefields

proves mathematically feasible and applicable within

artillery standards, it will be necessary to verify

the effect of this method on the overall concept of

the planned operation. This verification will involve

conducting thorough simulations using the MASA

SWORD platform within proposed scenarios.

The first milestone is to precisely define each

scenario and establish the basic criteria for each

scenario entity so that reflects real-world conditions

as closely as possible, and the results are applicable

in practice. It will be necessary to work in close

cooperation with the troop types, especially

the Mechanized infantry and engineer troops, and to

prepare accurate simulation models. The second

milestone involves implementation of the actual

simulations. When dealing with complex tactical

situations, the research team implements a substantial

number of simulations (in the tens of thousands) for

the most accurate results. The third milestone focuses

on a comprehensive evaluation of the options,

analysing the impact on own forces and the potential

consequences for the adversary. The fourth milestone

involves augmenting the scenarios with other factors,

such as terrain, weather conditions, unpredictable

events within the tactical situation, etc.

4.6.3 Phase 3 (Long Term Horizon)

The long-term horizon is represented by

the integration of the proposed method to

the procedures and tactics of troop types and

the gradual expansion of parameters in

the operational area. As well as application of

individual variants of scenarios and entities within

the tactical situation aiming to achieve the greatest

possible complexity, intensity, number of elements

involved, a wide range of variants of the adversary's

activities, etc. (Kompan and Hrnčiar, 2022)

The outcomes of the simulations can be integrated

into software which will be assisting commanders

with tactical planning. The final step involves

comparing the simulation results with real

commanders' decision-making during the planning of

operations with the need to create breaches in

engineer obstacles.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Project Creating of minefield breaches with artillery

(CMFBA) is based on knowledge gained from current

war in Ukraine, which showed the fact, that position

defence and massive use of engineer obstacles still

has its place in modern conflict and can cause huge

losses of personnel and equipment and can slow down

or even stop the advance of attacking forces.

The ability to react to development of combat

situation, together with possibility of choice between

variants represents indisputable advantage. It is for

this reason, that NATO armies use the concept of

PACE. This reason together with fact, that success of

the attack depends among others on the ability to keep

the speed of the attack, allowing manoeuvre and

deployment of own forces and destroying the enemy

on the front edge, lead the research team to

conclusion, that proposed project will give

commanders a tool, which allows them to fulfil these

demands.

The project is currently in its initial stages, its

contents and time schedule of research project were

defined, and members of the team are currently

working on first and second milestone of the first

phase. At the same time working on the first

milestone of the second phase has begun. Research

team operates with hypothesis, that mathematical

calculations will confirm the ability of artillery

ammunition to destroy mines both on top and below

ground and it will be possible to carry out planned

simulations to verify its tactical use. In case of

successful simulations confirming the usefulness of

procedure, it will be a completely new approach to

solving given problematics during combat situations.

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