Numerical Simulation of Harmonic Distortion on DC Power Distribution

System on Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger Vessel

Bagas Raihan Akbar, Adi Kurniawan and Indra Ranu Kusuma

Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords:

Marine Vessel, Modeling and Simulation, Modern Electricity, Power Electronics, Power Quality.

Abstract:

The distribution system on ships usually uses an AC system, while in this study, the reconﬁguration of the

AC distribution system into DC will be carried out, this is a way to increase the efﬁciency of fuel use in ship

diesel generators. By reconﬁguring the distribution system, the inﬂuence of impedance on the AC current can

be eliminated. But reconﬁguring the distribution system has an additional component, namely the converter,

so that it can increase harmonic distortion and total harmonic distortion (THD) in the ship’s electrical system.

This harmonic improvement can affect the quality of the power ﬂowed in the system because it changes the

waveform to not perfectly sinusoidal, so that the ship’s electrical equipment can experience overheating which

can reduce the performance of the ship’s electrical equipment. In this study, an analysis was carried out

to determine the number of harmonics that occur when the ship uses a DC electricity distribution system.

Harmonic disturbance analysis is simulated using computer software, considering the operational conditions

of the ship. From the results of the DC distribution simulation, total harmonic distortion (THD) was obtained

on the generator bus and got the average of each condition are at 7.30% on the generator bus. Based on IEEE

519-2014 standard, the limit of total harmonic distortion is 8%, so that the result of total harmonic distortion

is less than to the speciﬁed limit standard, but the results of Individual Harmonic Distortions (IHDs) are still

exceeding the limit of IEEE 519-2014, which still above 5%. So, it is still necessary to ﬁnd solution to reduce

harmonic distortion that occurs.

1 INTRODUCTION

Dredger ship is a specially designed ship that has

function to perform dredging such as in seas, rivers,

lakes, and so on. Dredger ships are designed for

dredging of siltation waters. There are various types

of dredger ship, one of which is Trailing Suction Hop-

per Dredger (TSHD). TSHD ships have some spe-

cial equipment used in dredging. Equipment used in-

cludes drag head gantry, trunnion gantry, intermedi-

ate gantry, etc. Most of these components require a

large supply of electricity. The electricity in ship is

supplied by generator which produces AC electricity.

The use of AC electricity on the ship itself has advan-

tages and disadvantages, which one of the disadvan-

tages is to have frequency value where in the DC Cur-

rent distribution it will eliminate the frequency value,

so that losses that occur due to impedance in the cable

can be eliminated (Budianto et al., 2022; Tessarolo

et al., 2013).

The DC power distribution system works by using

rectiﬁer to convert AC voltage from the generators to

DC voltage, distribute it through 0 frequency DC line,

and restore it to AC before the load panels (Kurni-

awan et al., 3 02), (Kusuma et al., 2022). However,

the conversion from AC-DC-AC leads to harmonic

distortion which may causing several consequences

such as overheating to communication interference in

communication lines, which can result in the equip-

ment not being able to operate optimally or causing

damage (Tariq and Iqbal, 2014; Naji and Hussein,

2021; Benaboud and Rufer, 2019). International of

Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE) contained

in IEEE 519-2014 regulates the occurrence of har-

monics with Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD)

less than 5% and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

less than 8% in electrical components.

This research focus on harmonic analysis due to

the application of the DC distribution system in a

TSHD ship with the comparison of the harmonic on

the original AC distribution system. If the results of

THDs are more than the standards set by the IEEE,

the passive ﬁlter will be calculated to reduce it

Akbar, B., Kurniawan, A. and Kusuma, I.

Numerical Simulation of Harmonic Distortion on DC Power Distribution System on Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger Vessel.

DOI: 10.5220/0012440000003848

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Information Scientiﬁc Development (ICAISD 2023), pages 15-18

ISBN: 978-989-758-678-1

2 METHOD

2.1 AC Distribution Single Line

Diagram Modeling

The electrical system used in this research is from the

data of the King Arthur III TSHD ship. The origi-

nal single line diagram of the AC distribution system

from the King Arthur III is modeled in power system

simulation software. Figure 1 shows the modeling of

the AC distribution system in power simulation soft-

ware. The process of preparing a single line distri-

bution diagram is divided into the following stages.

First, setup the main and standby generator. Then,

setup the buses such as MSB, ESB, Panel 220V, Panel

380V Pump Room, AC Panel, and generator Panel.

Arrangement of the load buses, the cables and the

equipment on the load buses are the last step to be

done.

Figure 1: Original AC distribution system of King Arthur

III ship.

When the modeling on single line diagram AC

Distribution system process has been completed, the

next step is to run a simulation with the software. The

data that wants to be obtained from this simulation is

the amount of harmonic in the power system

2.2 DC Distribution Single Line

Diagram Modeling Using Software

After modeling and simulation on the AC distribution,

the next process is reconﬁguring the original AC dis-

tribution system to the DC distribution system. The

modiﬁed system is shown in Figure 2. The process

of reconﬁguration from ac to DC distribution is di-

vided into the following stages. First, calculate the

rectiﬁer to convert the AC power from the generator

into DC before the main bus. Then, make the group

of load buses based on their location on the ship, as

each group will be connected to a 3-phase inverter.

The other necessary equipment such as cables, circuit

breakers and buses also need to be re-selected.

Similar to the original AC distribution system, in

the DC distribution system, the amount of harmonic

in the power system needs to be obtained. The data

is obtained from run the simulation in power system

simulation software.

Figure 2: Modiﬁed DC distribution system of King Arthur

III ship.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Harmonic Analysis of AC

Distribution System

Harmonic simulations were carried out on four main

conditions of the ship, namely seagoing, manoeu-

vring, dredging, and at port. Through the carried-out

simulation, the value of the harmonic that occurs in

each equipment and bus are obtained. In this sys-

tem, the 3 available generators are work not in sync,

or works only one depending on the operating condi-

tions. Caterpillar generators are used during seago-

ing, manoeuvring, dredging, and at port conditions,

while Wuxi generators are used during seagoing, ma-

noeuvring, and at port conditions. For seagoing and

manoeuvring conditions, Wuxi generator is turned on

alternately with Caterpillar generator. Meanwhile, the

last generator, the Dongfeng generator is only used

during at port for lighting, and communication navi-

gation.

Based on the harmonic simulations that have been

carried out, some of the largest harmonic value occurs

in dredging conditions is shown in Table 1

3.2 Harmonic Analysis of DC

Distribution System

In this section, harmonic simulations are also car-

ried out on several main conditions of the ship,

ICAISD 2023 - International Conference on Advanced Information Scientiﬁc Development

Table 1: Voltage THD results of AC distribution system.

Bus Name V (%) THD(%)

FO Transfer Pump (Bus

99.92 1.69

D.O Trans Pump A/E

(Bus 10))

99.92 1.69

LO Trans Pump (Bus 35 99.92 1.69

GS Pump (Bus 57) 99.18 1.67

Bus Generator 1 100 1.68

Bus Panel 220V 97.97 6.12

namely seagoing, maneuvering, dredging, and at port.

Through the simulation, the value of the harmonic

that occurs in each equipment and bus is obtained. As

shown in Table 2, the value of the harmonic in dredg-

ing condition after reconﬁguration (DC) has increased

compared to before the reconﬁguration (AC).

Table 2: Voltage THD results of DC distribution system.

Bus Name V(%) THD(%)

FO Trans Pump (Bus 10) 100.00% 9.91%

DO Trans A/E (Bus 27) 100.00% 12.92%

LO Transfer Pump (Bus

41)

100.00% 12.05%

Bus 69 (GS Pump) 100.00% 14.51%

Bus Panel 220 V 100.00% 8.77%

Bus Generator 1 100.00% 7.30%

3.3 Harmonic Filter Installation

Based on the result of the simulation carried out on

the DC Distribution system, the harmonics that oc-

curs exceed the limits of the IEEE standard. There-

fore, improvements are needed to reduce the harmon-

ics that occur on each bus. In this study, passive ﬁl-

ters are used as the tool to reduce the harmonics. The

installation of a passive ﬁlter in the DC distribution

electrical system aims to limit the harmonic current

ﬂowing on the bus used to supply electrical loads.

Passive ﬁlter is a circuit consisting of capacitor

and inductive components, where these components

can reduce harmonics that occur at a certain fre-

quency. There are several kinds of passive ﬁlters, and

in this study the passive ﬁlter used is a single-tuned

passive ﬁlter, which can reduce harmonics at one fre-

quency. The single-tuned ﬁlter also produces reactive

power compensation so that this ﬁlter can also im-

prove the power factor of the bus to which the ﬁlter

is attached. There are several stages of design so that

the installation of the ﬁlter can be effective and efﬁ-

cient. First, the harmonics source should be identi-

ﬁed. After that, identify the largest harmonics in four

conditions when the ship operates. Then, the highest

Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD) on the bus that

would be ﬁltered also need to be identiﬁed. Lastly,

setup the harmonic passive ﬁlter at the bus which had

the largest harmonic.

After analyzing each of the stages, a single-tuned

passive ﬁlter design is obtained to reduce harmonics

in the DC distribution system. Table III is the design

of a single-tuned passive ﬁlter resulting from calcu-

lations with software about the size of the capacitor,

inductor, and quality factor (Q factor) for each ﬁlter

and the location of the ﬁlter installation

Table 3: Design of single-tuned passive ﬁlter for DC distri-

bution system.

Bus Filter O C µF L mH (Q)

Bus Gen-

erator

Single

Tuned

47 167.3 0.0086 40

Bus 380V

No.1

Single

Tuned

47 441.3 0.0033 40

Bus 380V

No.2

Single

Tuned

47 166.9 0.0086 40

Bus 380V

No.3

Single

Tuned

47 169.7 0.0085 40

Bus 380V

No.4

Single

Tuned

47 153.8 0.0094 40

Bus 380V

No.5

Single

Tuned

47 131.9 0.0109 40

Bus 380V

Pump

Room

Single

Tuned

47 455.1 0.0032 40

Bus Panel

220V

Single

Tuned

5 664.8 0.1915 40

3.4 Harmonic Filter Installation Effect

The addition of a single-tuned passive ﬁlter affects

the harmonic disturbance that occurs in the DC dis-

tribution system. With the harmonic ﬁlter there is a

decrease in THD that occurs on each bus. Table IV

shows the result of the simulation on the DC distribu-

tion system after the ﬁlter is installed. From the sim-

ulation results, the addition of a single-tuned passive

ﬁlter may signiﬁcantly reduce the harmonics that oc-

cur in the DC distribution system. It is to be noted that

the installation of this ﬁlter does not fully eliminate

the harmonics because only one harmonic frequency

is muted so that there are still harmonics injected into

the DC distribution system.

Numerical Simulation of Harmonic Distortion on DC Power Distribution System on Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger Vessel

Table 4: Voltage THD results of DC distribution system

with installed ﬁlter.

Bus Name V (%) THD(%)

Bus FO Trans (Bus 10) 100.00% 0.00%

Bus DO Trans A/E (Bus

27)

100.00% 0.00%

LO Transfer Pump (Bus

41)

100.00% 0.00%

Bus 69 (GS Pump) 100.00% 0.00%

Bus Panel 220 V 100.00% 2.36%

Bus Generator 1 100.00% 0.00%

4 CONCLUSION

Reconﬁguration of the AC distribution system to DC

on Dredger ship raises several technical challenges

that need to be overcome, one of which is harmonic

distortion. The addition of converters in the DC distri-

bution system results in an increase in harmonic dis-

tortion that occurs. This is evidenced from the simu-

lation results with THD on AC conditions on the bus

generator panel of 1.67% THD on dredging condi-

tions and 7.30% THD on DC distribution system and

the Individual Harmonic Distortion at DC distribu-

tion system is 5.4% at 47th ordo. However, this level

of THD and IHD are still solvable with installing a

single-tuned passive ﬁlter on the DC distribution sys-

tem. After installing the ﬁlter on the DC distribution

system, the THD that occurs has decreased to 0.00%

which is acceptable according to the IEEE 519-2014

standard. With a normal size, simple passive ﬁlter, the

problem of THD on the DC distribution system can

be ignored and the promising DC distribution system

may be installed in conventional propelled ship such

as TSHD vessel.

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