The Emergence of the Science of Rhyme

Orzigul Hamroyeva

Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature named after Alisher Navoi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Poetics, Ilmi Segona (Trinity of Sciences), Rhymes, Rhyming Rhymes (Rhyme Letters), Rhyme Types, Aruz,

Badi’ of Science.

Abstract: The science of rhyme has an ancient history and it needs to be researched as a separate science as a component

of the science of poetics. The article examines the formation, emergence, and historical development of

classical rhyme science based on periods and sources. The period of improvement of the science of rhyme

until the Timurid period is presented on the basis of six stages

1 INTRODUCTION

One of the components of classical poetics - the

science of rhyme - has an ancient history, and its

theoretical foundations began to be formed from the

earliest times. Issues such as content and form

balance, rhythm and melodiousness, sound repetition,

rhyme, poetic elements in prose and relationship of

genres within the science of narrative, emotional

science, artistic science were initially studied under

the sarf-nahv department of linguistics, and later this

science was studied as a separate science of poetry

and puberty. separated separately.

The science of poetics, originally formed in Arabic

poetry, flourished in Persian and Turkish literature.

Poetics and its components: the development of the

science of bade', aruz and rhyme improved based on

certain situations and conditions. The theory of

poetics and the science of rhyme, its improvement as

a separate science, the creation of special treatises and

manuals rose to a new level during the rule of the

Timurids. The relationship and patronage of the

Timurid rulers to science and literature led to the

creation of scientific and theoretical works among

several types of literature. By this time, mastering the

science of poetry was considered the task not only of

poets, philological scientists and specialists, but also

of every intelligent person who considered himself

educated. In order to know the ending of a poem, it

was necessary to thoroughly master the laws and

theory of poetry.

Corresponding author

2 METHODS

In the history of our country, the era of the Timurids

is regarded as the Renaissance. In this period, science,

culture, architecture, visual arts, music and poetry, as

well as trade rose to a high level, which is recognized

by the world community today. There are several

reasons for this:

First of all, the study of poetics, especially the science

of rhyme, during the Timurid era, great achievements

were made in the science of rhyme, as in many fields,

due to the wide opportunities created for the

development of science, and the evolution and

development of the science of rhyme was realized

precisely because a unique cultural and scientific

environment was ripe in our region. proof is

necessary and important.

Secondly, on the basis of the environment created by

the Timurids, poetry systems and their theoretical

generalizations were created. The development of the

science of rhyme in the Middle Ages served as the

basis for the origin of two national theories of the

science of rhyme: the Persian-Tajik theory of rhyme

and the Uzbek (Turkish) theory of rhyme. They are

the product of one, single and integrally connected

literary and cultural environment, and are significant

as the achievement of the Timurid period.

Under the influence of the environment during the

Timurid era, the creation of treatises on the science of

aruz, ilmi bade' and rhyme shows that the theoretical

foundations of the science of poetics were developed

at a high level. The fact that the theoretical

Hamroyeva, O.

The Emergence of the Science of Rhyme.

DOI: 10.5220/0012481600003792

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR 2023), pages 183-187

ISBN: 978-989-758-687-3

183

foundations of the science of rhyme are carefully and

perfectly developed in most of the treatises devoted

to the science of rhyme is a clear proof of this. Ahmad

Tarazi’s “Funun ul-baloga”, Abdurrahman Jami’s

“Risalai qafiya”, Atullah Husayni’s “Badoe’ us-

sanoe’”, “Risalai qafiya”, Husayn Vaiz Koshifi’s

“Badoe’ ul-аfkor” are among such important sources.

Literary influences and connections are clearly

visible in the sources related to poetics of the Timurid

era. In the creation of these treatises, a number of

sources in Arabic and Persian served as a theoretical

basis, and their study is important in determining the

formation and development of the science of rhyme.

Orientalist N.I. Konrad defines literary relations as

the penetration of one nation's literature into the

world of another nation's literature and distinguishes

the coverage of the same topic in the literature of

different nations as one of the 5 main types of

interliterary relations.

These topics were created according to the

development of the language and fiction of different

peoples. For this reason, it is necessary to study the

stage of formation of the science of rhyme. We aim

to study the gradual development of the science of

rhyme based on the following stages:

1. The theoretical foundations of the classic rhyme

began to appear in the sources of the science of art as

part of the initial scientific views. The art of words,

artistry, its special features, the ability to choose a

rhyme in a poem, the connection between stanzas,

and the balance of content have been in the attention

of scientists. Theoretical problems related to Greek

poetry are studied in Farobi’s work “Kalam-ush-she’r

va-l qavafi” dedicated to the review of the ideas

presented in Aristotle’s “Fi sina’ati-sh-she’r”.

Farobi states that “rhyming a word with another word

in a poem” creates harmony in verses and stanzas, and

this is a pleasant situation. General information about

the structure, composition, and formal features of the

poem are noteworthy as preliminary views on the

science of classical rhyme.

The theoretical foundations of the science of classical

rhyme, the formation of scientific views are more

ancient than the science of aruz and art, and were

reflected in the sources of Eastern poetry in the period

of Jahiliyyah. Later, Arab scholars systematically

presented scientific and theoretical views on classical

rhyme under the science of art.

The first views on the theory of the science of rhyme

were presented by the Arab scholar Abdullah ibn al-

Mu’tazz ibn al-Mutawakkil al-Abbasi. Ibn Mu’tazz’s

work “Kitab ul-badi’” (IX-X) is dedicated to the

science of art, and the scientist reflects on the

importance of rhyme in poetry while describing tajnis

and its types. Classic poetry is not presented as a

separate science, but in harmony with science. In this

direction, Abu Hilal al-Askari’s work “Kitab al-

sano’atayn” contains some information on the theory

of rhyme based on the improvement of the study of

badi’.

Later, Al-Askari compiled a catalog of a number of

treatises devoted to the science of spirituality and art

under the title “Devon ul-mani” (IX-X), which shows

that this science has expanded. In the work “Miftah

ul-ulum” (XII) of Abu Ya’qub Yusuf al-Sakkaki, the

relationship between the science of badi’ and rhyme

is drawn into a relatively deeper analysis, and the

formation of the science of rhyme as an independent

science is noticeable. In the work “Miftah ul-ulum”

the features of classical rhyme and rhyme faults

(iqva) are mentioned and explained.

In Qinoi's “Mezonu-z-zahab fi sinaat she'ru-l-arab”

and Damankhuri's “Al-hoshiyau-l-kabiri ali matnu-l-

kofi fi ilmu-l-aruz wa-l qavafi” works based on the

relationship between art and aruz there are opinions

about rhyme faults and differences.

The views on the theory of classic rhyme first

appeared in Arabic literature, and later they were

refined in Persian literature. The science of rhyming

as an independent science within the science of the

secondary school began to be researched in separate

treatises. Initially, as in Arabic literature, in the

sources dedicated to science of art, aruz and rhyme

were interpreted as a whole in the explanation of the

science of art, later special treatises were created as

an independent science.

Umar Rodiyani’s “Tarjiman ul-baloga” (XI), which

was created under the influence of Imam Nasr ibn

Hasan Marginani’s “Mahosin ul-kalam” (XI),

Rashididdin Vatvot’s “Hadaiq us-sehr” (XI-XII),

“Hadaiq us” created based on these two works. -sehr”

created under the influence of Sharafuddin Rami’s

“Hadayiq al-haqayiq” (XIV), Fakhri Isfahani’s

“Meyori jamali” (XIV), Al-Khalavi’s “Daqayiq ash-

she’r” (XIV) muraddaff poetry forms, zulqawafi,

zulqafiyatayn, tarsi’ , tajnis, tashri’, tajziya, tashri’, it

can be seen that radif, hajib, rhyme are studied

separately.

One of the most important and excellent sources of

the science of art in the Persian language is Atullah

Husayni's work “Badoe’ us-sanoe’” which includes

the classification of artistic arts based on the unity of

art and rhyme (1), weight, rhyme and art (2) due to

the large number of artistic arts and their division into

types based on certain principles. wide space is

allocated.

2. The relation of literary types and genres as one of

the important parts of classical poetics, in the treatises

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devoted to the explanation of these two terms, there

are scientific views devoted to the theoretical

foundations of rhyme. Qudama ibn Ja’far’s work

“Naqdu-sh-she’r” (v. 922/948) covers the issues of

poetics in detail.

A poem described as “the word of the theme is a

muqaffa” (sentence with aruz and rhyme) is said by

Arabic literary scholars to be distinguished from

prose by aruz and rhyming. Naturally, this feature is

considered the main factors that create genres.

Qudama ibn Ja’far emphasized that poetry is built on

the basis of four elements: sound, rhyme and aruz. By

this, he proved that rhyme is important for poetry.

Views on the theory of rhyme can also be found in

Ibn Qutayba’s “Poetry and Shura” (IX-X) and Ibn

Khaldun’s “Introduction”.

3. The theory of classical rhyme, which was initially

studied as part of ilmi badi’, was presented in treatises

later under separate sections. In the work “Mafatih ul-

ulum” (X) of Abu Abdullah Khorazmi, the scientific-

theoretical views on the theory of rhyme were greatly

expanded, laying the foundation for the creation of

separate treatises. The scientist dedicated the special

third part of the work specifically to the theory of

rhyme science, and theoretical ideas about rhyme

elements, actions, letters, and defects are presented in

the form of a dictionary.

4. Later, the science of badi’ and classical rhyming,

based on the perfection of theoretical ideas, moved to

the science of aruz and rhyme. One of the important

sources reflecting the theory of Aruz and Rhyme in

Arabic is Abu Zakariyya (Al-Khatib) al-Tabrizi’s

work “Al-kafi fi-l aruz val qavafi (“Enough about

Aruz and Rhyme”)” (XII). In his work "Al-kafi fi-l

aruz val-l qavafi (Enough about Aruz and Rhyme)",

Khatib Tabrizi provides information about the rhyme

system while also explaining the circles of Aruz.

Although the scientist did not present the theoretical

foundations of rhyme, he showed that rhymed verses

play an important role in the formation of aruz circles.

The theory of rhyme is reflected in several treatises

on the science of Aruz in Turkish, Arabic, and Persian

literature. In particular, Yusuf Azizi's treatise “Aruz”

(XV) describes the concepts of rhyme and radif.

Alisher Navoi’s works “Mezon ul-avzon”,

“Muhokamat ul-lugatayn”, “Majolis un-nafais”, Z.M.

Babur's “Mukhtasar” contain scientific views on

rhyme.

5. Treatises dedicated to the study of all three sciences

of classical poetics (aruz, ilmi badi', rhyme) began to

be created, special attention was paid to the science

of classical poetry and the theory of poetics. One such

important source is Shamsiddin Qays Razi’s “Al-

mojam fi maayiri ash’ar ul-ajam” (XIII), the second

part of the work is dedicated to the science of rhyme.

Scientific-theoretical ideas about the theory of classic

rhyme are presented in five chapters.

By this time, in the system of classical poetry, along

with aruz and badi’, rhyme also gained importance

and was considered as the basis of poetry. Rhyming

letters, actions, types, and defects were studied

separately.

Nasiruddin Tusi’s work “Me'yar ul-ash'or” is also one

of the important sources dedicated to the theory of

classical rhyme. Nasiruddin Tusi’s treatise “Me'yar

ul-ash'ar” was written in 1253 under the influence of

Qais Razi’s work “Al-Mo'jam”, and the 2nd part

(part) of the work is devoted to the science of rhyme.

This part is divided into 10 chapters. Each chapter is

devoted to sections on rhyme theory.

Studies and treatises on the theory of classical rhyme

have increased, and the perfection of theoretical

views and practical proof are considered one of the

main features of the treatises of this period. Vahid

Tabrizi's work “Jami Mukhtasar” is one such source,

the theoretical foundations of classical rhyme

presented in the pamphlet are given under the

headings “Rhyme”, “Letters of Rhyme”, “Types of

Rhyme according to the Core Composition”.

Later, a separate section was organized in treatises on

the science of classical poetics, and opinions on

rhyme and its theoretical foundations began to be

presented. Hossein Vaiz Koshifi’s work “Badoe’ ul-

afkor fi sanoe’ ul-ash’or” is a treatise dedicated to the

study of the science of bade', but in the concluding

part of the treatise, the scholar gave scientific views

on classical rhyme. Rhyme letters and actions, rhyme

faults are compared with the work “Al-Mo’jam” and

explained on the example of verses.

In Turkish literature, Sheikh Ahmed Khudoidad

Tarazi’s work “Funun ul-baloga” (XV) is an

important source that collects theoretical information

about classical rhyme in Arabic and Persian sources,

provides extensive and consistent information about

the role of rhyme theory and regularities in Turkish

poetry based on comparative analysis. The scientist

explained that rhyme, not aruz, is important as the

basis of a poem, and observing the rules of rhyme in

Turkish poetry is the main element that ensures the

perfection of a poem.

Fakhri Isfakhani’s work "Me'yori jamali" is one of the

important sources of the science of poetics, and the

work provides information about four sciences. The

first part is the science of aruz, the second science is

the rhyme, the third science is the science of badi', and

the fourth science is the science of vocabulary. Shams

Fakhri Isfahani gave examples of his work and his

father's work in presenting these sciences. His father

The Emergence of the Science of Rhyme

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was also one of the famous poets, and he was a unique

person in the science of poetics. Fakhri Isfahani states

in the preface of the work that he intended to write a

work related to aruz.

In the work “Me’yor ul-jamali”, the scientist

thoroughly developed the theoretical foundations of

“ilmi segona”, and provided comprehensive

information about aruz, aruz circles complete with

drawings. When the scientist spoke about rhyme, he

expressed his opinions by comparing the scientific

and theoretical views of Arab and novice scholars

regarding the definition of rhyme, the letters of radif

and rhyme, and actions and types.

6. Initially, in the treatises dedicated to the science of

classical poetics, rhyme was presented not as a

separate science, but as a part of art and dream aruz,

with the purpose of explaining their laws, by this

time, rhyme was formed as a separate science and

improved. In Persian literature, the science of rhyme

appeared as an important science in poetry. In almost

all of the treatises created during this period, the

scientific and theoretical views on classic rhyme,

radif, hajib, types of rhyme, rhyming movements and

letters, rhyme faults were presented based on verses.

Separate independent treatises on classic rhymes

began to be created. The science of rhyme developed

as a separate science. “Kanz ul-qafiya” work by

Abulhasan Ali Sarahsi Bahrami can be cited as the

first source devoted to the study of classical rhyme

theory in Persian. If everyone has a strong taste for

poetry and fluent words, they will start studying the

science of poetry and reciting aruz. He reads Ustad

Abulhasan al-Sarakhsi al-Bahrami's work “Ghayatal-

aruzain” and the books “Kanz ul-qafiya”, “Naqdi

maoni”, “Naqdi alfaz”, “Sariqot”, “Tarojim”.

Abdurahman Jami, a scholar of classical poetics,

created the works “Risalai aruz” and “Risalai qafiya”

on the theory of aruz and rhyme. These two treatises

of Jami are distinguished by the breadth and

perfection of theoretical information. The scientist

tries to provide more theoretical information than the

treatises created before him.

Jami Hamd (Beginning - H.O.), Muqaddimah,

Khatima together with 8 parts: 1. Bismillahi-r

Rahmani-r-Rahim 2. Introduction 3. Hurufi Kafiya

(Rhyme Movements) 4. Harakoti Kafiya (Rhyme

Movements) 5. He introduced the science of rhyme

on the basis of the titles of Mutarodifu mutavatir and

mutadariku mutaqarib and mutakovis 6. Muqayyadi

absolute mujarrad 7. Uyubi rhyme 8. Khatima.

In most of the Persian sources, the theory of the

science of rhyme has been compared with treatises in

Arabic literature. In Arabic literature, rhyme was

considered as a component of classical poetics, while

in Persian poetry, rhyme and its use were perfected as

an important principle in poetics. The theoretical

foundations of classical rhyme have been fully

developed. Iyto, iqvo, iqfa, synod, etc., mentioned as

rhyme defects, are not shown as such a big defect in

Arabic poetry, but in Persian literature, scholars have

taken a serious approach to such defects. Rhyme

types have expanded. Special treatises about classical

rhyme have appeared.

One of the treatises that made a significant

contribution to the improvement of classical rhyme in

Persian literature is Atullah Husayni’s “Risolai dar

qavoidi ilmi qavafi”. The scientist’s work “Risolai

dar qavoyidi ilmi qavafi” is an excellent source and

was created as such.

The theoretical foundations of classical rhyme

reached perfection in the 14th-15th centuries. Most of

the sources contributing to the development of this

science were created in the 14th and 15th centuries,

with the Persian language sources leading the field.

Later, scientific treatises continued to be created in

the traditional style. In the works of Rizaquli Khan

Hidayat “Madorij ul-baloga” (1800-1971), “Abda’ al-

bade’” and “Kutuf-ar-rabi’ fi sunuf al-badi’” (1844-

1927) by Muhammad Husayn Karakhani.

3 СONCLUSION

Rhyme is one of the important sciences of classical

poetics, and the following conclusions can be drawn

regarding the formation of this science:

- The science of rhyme is widely recognised by

scholars as one of the most important elements of

poetry..

- The science of rhyme first appeared in Arabic

literature on the basis of artistic arts based on the rules

of rhyme in the science of art. Later, this tradition

continued in Persian literature (Ibn Mu’tazz, al-

Askari, Yusuf al-Sakkaki, Qinai, Damankhuri, Umar

Rodiyani, Rashididdin Vatvat, Sharafiddin Rami,

Fakhri Isfahani, Atullah Husayni).

- The theoretical foundations of the science of rhyme

started to appear gradually in scientific treatises that

explored the relationship between literary types and

genres (Ibn Qutayba, Ibn Khaldun, Qudama ibn-

Ja’far)

- The science of rhyme, which was initially explained

on the basis of artistic arts, later began to improve in

treatises on dreams (Khatib Tabrizi, Yusuf Azizi,

Alisher Navoi, Z.M. Babur).

- From the XI-XII centuries, the theory of rhyme

science was presented under separate sections in

treatises devoted to the theoretical foundations of

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classical rhyme (Sarahsi Bahromy, Shamsiddin Qays

Razi, Nasiriddin Tusi, Vahid Tabrizi, Vaiz Koshifi,

Ahmad Tarozi).

- Persian treatises dedicated to the theory of classical

rhyme, created in the 14th-15th centuries, stand out

as the perfection of the science of classical rhyme

(Jami, Atullah Husayni, Ahmad Ibn Abdujalil

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