Modeling Standards and File Formats for Indoor Mapping

Jorge Chen, Keith C. Clarke

2017

Abstract

Indoor maps provide abstractions of the physical spaces where we spend most of our lives. General purpose indoor maps have historically taken the form of two-dimensional floor plans, commonly found in public venues such as shopping malls and cruise ships. Until recently, innovation and development of indoor maps have remained confined to urban planning and the building industry. Recent interest in indoor mapping for other applications has extended indoor mapping to 3D and to other domains, with a growing emphasis on commerce and general wayfinding. This paper reviews prevailing modeling standards and file formats relevant to the modeling and visualization of indoor spaces with the goal of assisting researchers and developers with finding appropriate formats for indoor modeling and visualization.

References

  1. Adams, T. (2005). Using SVG and XSLT to Display Visually Geo-referenced XML. In V. G. Ds. MSc & C. C. BSc MSc (Eds.), Visualizing Information Using SVG and X3D (pp. 256-265). Springer London.
  2. Autodesk. (2011, February). AutoCAD 2012 DXF Reference. Autodesk.
  3. Barnes, M., & Finch, E. L. (2008). COLLADA - Digital Asset Schema Release 1.5.0 Specification. The Khronos Group Inc.
  4. Bentley Systems. (2016). MicroStation Wiki. Retrieved 3- 10-2017 from communities.bentley. com/products/ microstation/w/microstation__wiki.
  5. Bernhardsen, T. (2002). Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction, 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.
  6. Billen, R., Cutting-Decelle, A.-F., Marina, O., de Almeida, J.-P., M., C., Falquet, G., … Zlatanova, S. (2014). 3D City Models and urban information: Current issues and perspectives: European COST Action TU0801. In R. Billen, A.-F. Cutting-Decelle, O. Marina, J.-P. de Almeida, C. M., G. Falquet, … S. Zlatanova (Eds.) (p. I-118). EDP Sciences.
  7. Brutzman, D. (2012, November). X3D Graphics Support for Computer Aided Design (CAD).
  8. buildingSMART. (2013). 8.18.3.2 IfcCoordinateReference System. Retrieved March 9, 2017, from http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/ifc/IFC4/final/ html/link/ifccoordinatereferencesystem.htm.
  9. Burggraf, D. (2015, August 4). OGC KML 2.3 [Implementation Standard]. Retrieved January 28, 2017, from http://docs.opengeospatial.org/is/12- 007r2/12-007r2.html.
  10. Business Advantage. (2016). 3D Modelling, 2D Drafting and Simulation CAE (CAD Trends 2016). www.business-advantage.com/blog/cad-trends-2016- 3d-modelling-2d-drafting-and-simulation-cae/
  11. Buyukaslih, I., Isikdag, U., & Zlatanova, S. (2013). Exploring the processes of generating LOD (0-2) CityGML models in greater municipality of Istanbul. 8th 3DGeoInfo Conference & WG II/2 Workshop, Istanbul, Turkey, 27-29 November 2013, ISPRS Archives Volume II-2/W1.
  12. Chang, Y.-H., Chuang, T.-R., & Wang, H.-C. (2004). Adaptive Level-of-Detail in SVG. In 3rd Annual Conference on Scalable Vector Graphics. Tokyo.
  13. Coumans, F. (2017, February 22). Data Sharing is Smart: Geo-related Trends in Engineering & Construction. GIM Magazine.
  14. Esri. (2008, December). The Multipatch Geometry Type. Esri. Retrieved from https://www.esri.com/library/ whitepapers/pdfs/multipatch-geometry-type.pdf.
  15. Esri. (2016). Types of geodatabases. Retrieved 1-28-2017, from desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/managedata/geodatabases/types-of-geodatabases.htm.
  16. Geroimenko, V., & Geroimenko, L. (2006). SVG and X3D: New XML Technologies for 2D and 3D Visualization. In V. Geroimenko & C. Chen (Eds.), Visualizing the Semantic Web 124-133. Springer London.
  17. Google. (2013, November 14). Adding Custom Data. Retrieved 3-13-2017, from developers. google.com/kml/documentation/extendeddata.
  18. Hammer, M., & McLeod, D. (1981). Database Description with SDM: A Semantic Database Model. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 6(3), 351-386.
  19. Isikdag, U., & Zlatanova, S. (2010). Interactive modelling of buildings in Google Earth: A 3D tool for Urban Planning. In T. Neutens & P. Maeyer (Eds.), Developments in 3D Geo-Information Sciences (pp. 52-70). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  20. ISO. (2002). Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO 19111) (No. ISO/FDIS 19111:2002(E)).
  21. ISO. (2003). Geographic information - Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers (ISO 19112) (No. ISO/FDIS 19112:2003(E)).
  22. Ji, Y., Beetz, J., Bonsma, P., Bisbet, N., Katz, C., & Borrmann, A. (2011). Integration of parametric geometry into IFC-Bridge. Presented at the Proc. of the 23th Forum Bauinformatik, Cork, Ireland.
  23. Khronos Group. (2017). COLLADA - 3D Asset Exchange Schema. Retrieved 1-28-2017, from www.khronos.org/api/collada/
  24. Kim, J.-S., Yoo, S.-J., & Li, K.-J. (2014). Integrating IndoorGML and CityGML for Indoor Space. In D. Pfoser & K.-J. Li (Eds.), Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems (pp. 184-196). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  25. Klawonn, P. D. F. (2012). Modelling Three-Dimensional Objects. In Introduction to Computer Graphics (pp. 129-160). Springer London.
  26. Kolbe, T. H., Gröger, G., & Plümer, L. (2005). CityGML: Interoperable Access to 3D City Models. In P. D. P. van Oosterom, D. S. Zlatanova, & E. M. Fendel (Eds.), Geo-information for Disaster Management (pp. 883-899). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  27. Library of Congress. (2011a, May 24). ESRI Shapefile. Retrieved 1-28-2017 from www. digitalpreservation. gov/formats/fdd/fdd000280.shtml.
  28. Library of Congress. (2011b, August 5). ESRI Arc Geodatabase. Retrieved 1-28-2017 from www. digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000293.shtml.
  29. Library of Congress. (2016a, November 9). DWG (AutoCAD Drawing) Format Family [web page]. Retrieved 3-7-2017 from www .digitalpreservation .gov/formats/fdd/fdd000445.shtml.
  30. Library of Congress. (2016b, December 7). DXF (AutoCAD Drawing Interchange Format) Family, ASCII variant [web page]. Retrieved 3-6-2017, from http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/ fdd000446.shtml.
  31. Mayer, H., Sester, M., & Vosselman, G. (2013). Basic Computer Vision Techniques. In J. C. McGlone (Ed.), Manual of photogrammetry (pp. 517-583). Bethesda, Md.: ASPRS.
  32. McGraw-Hill Construction. (2012). The Business Value of BIM in North America: Multi-Year Trend Analysis and User Ratings (2007-2012) (SmartMarket Report).
  33. McHenry, K., & Bajcsy, P. (2008). An Overview of 3D Data Content, File Formats and Viewers (No. isda08- 002) (p. 21). National Center for Supercomputing Applications: University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL.
  34. Molenaar, M. (1989). Single valued vector maps-A concept in Geographic Information Systems. GeoInformations-Systeme, 2, 18-26.
  35. Muller, P., Cohn, J., & Nicholson, D. (2004). Immersing Humans in Virtual Environments: Where's the Holodeck? Presented at the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) 2004.
  36. Nagel, C., Becker, T., Kaden, R., Li, K., Lee, J., & Kolbe, T. (2010). Requirements and space-event modeling for indoor navigation. Tech. Rep. OGC 10-191r1, Open Geospatial Consortium Discussion Paper.
  37. OGC. (2010). The OGC Abstract Specification, Topic 2: Spatial referencing by coordinates (No. OGC 08- 015r2).
  38. OGC. (2012, April 4). OGC City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding Standard.
  39. PDF3D. (2015, July 1). About PRC Format. Retrieved 1- 28-2017 from www.pdf3d.com/wp-content/cache/ supercache/www.pdf3d.com/about-prc/index.html.gz.
  40. Petrie, R. (2016, March). buildingSMART Data Dictionary Strategic Overview. Retrieved from buildingsmart. org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/16-03-21-bSDDStrategic-Overview-Webinar.pps.
  41. Popescu, V., & Mudure, M. (2008). Interactive Photorealistic Inside-Looking-Out Automated 3-D Modeling. In Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC).
  42. Reinhardt, J., & Bedrick, J. (Eds.). (2016, October 19). 2016 Level of Development Specification. BIM Forum. Retrieved from bimforum.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/10/LOD_Spec_2016_Part_I_20 16-10-19.zip.
  43. Rich, S., & Smith, J. (2014, July 11). Introducing the Facilities Information Spatial Data Model at the 2014 Esri User Conference. Retrieved 1-28-2017 from www.prweb.com/releases/2014/07/prweb12009858.ht m.
  44. Safe Software. (2017). All Applications & Formats Supported by FME. Retrieved 3-6-2017, from www.safe.com/fme/formats-matrix/#!
  45. Shephard, N. (2015). Ten Questions for Esri: 3D Expert, Nathan Shepard. Retrieved from geonet.esri.com/ thread/168231-ten-questions-for-esri-3d-expertnathan-shepard.
  46. Spicer, R., McAlinden, R., & Conover, D. (2016). Producing Usable Simulation Terrain Data from UASCollected Imagery. Presented at the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) 2016.
  47. Stephens, R. (2008). Semantic Object Models. In Beginning Database Design Solutions. Wrox.
  48. Van Sickle, J. (2010). Basic GIS coordinates (2nd ed). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  49. Web3D Consortium. (2008). Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2008. Retrieved from http://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/1977 5-1/V3.2/Part01/components/group.html.
  50. Web3D Consortium. (2017). What is X3D Graphics. Retrieved 1-28-2017 from www.web3d.org/what-x3dgraphics.
  51. Zlatanova, S., Sithole, G., Nakagawa, M., & Zhu, Q. (2013). Problems in indoor mapping and modelling. In The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-4/W4, 2013. Cape Town: ISPRS.
  52. Zlatanova, S., Stoter, J., & Isikdag, U. (2012). Standards for Exchange and Storage of 3D Information: Challenges and Opportunities for Emergency Response. Proceedings of the 4th Int. Conference on Cartography & GIS, Volume 2, Albena, June 2012, 17-28.
Download


Paper Citation


in Harvard Style

Chen J. and C. Clarke K. (2017). Modeling Standards and File Formats for Indoor Mapping . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management - Volume 1: GISTAM, ISBN 978-989-758-252-3, pages 268-275. DOI: 10.5220/0006364202680275


in Bibtex Style

@conference{gistam17,
author={Jorge Chen and Keith C. Clarke},
title={Modeling Standards and File Formats for Indoor Mapping},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management - Volume 1: GISTAM,},
year={2017},
pages={268-275},
publisher={SciTePress},
organization={INSTICC},
doi={10.5220/0006364202680275},
isbn={978-989-758-252-3},
}


in EndNote Style

TY - CONF
JO - Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management - Volume 1: GISTAM,
TI - Modeling Standards and File Formats for Indoor Mapping
SN - 978-989-758-252-3
AU - Chen J.
AU - C. Clarke K.
PY - 2017
SP - 268
EP - 275
DO - 10.5220/0006364202680275