The Concept of Building Regional Business Spatial Community

Dorota Jelonek, Cezary Stępniak

and Tomasz Turek

The Faculty of Managemet,Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19b, 42201, Czestochowa, Poland

Keywords: GIS, GIS in Cloud, Web Services, Web Community, Cloud Computing, ERP, e-Government, e-Business.

Regional Business Spatial Community.

Abstract : Cloud computing is one of the most dynamically developing technologies applied on the Internet. It can be

used not only for the purpose of resource management in the network, but also as the platform for network

community creation. The paper concerns on one kind of cloud computing utilization. It shows the proposal

of regional business spatial community (RBSC) which conjoins local government institutions, enterprise

media providers and different kinds of organizations which deal with regional development planning. The

notion of the concept is based on the application of commercially accessible software in the cloud which

makes possible the accumulation of information resources provided by partners and its usage for the

purpose of a given region development, as and by every participant of the venture. As a technological base

of RBSC are proposed GIS in cloud solutions by the ESRI firm in the form of the ArcGIS in Cloud

software. In the article were presented generalities of spatial community creation beginning from the

conceptive phase, across the planning, until implementation. Potential advantages resulting from the

accession to RBSC is the increase of the management efficiency in the organizational, social, economic and

technological areas.

1 INTRODUCTION

Creation of communities in networks is a matter of

substantial concern in the world today. The reasons

might be business, social needs or entertainment. A

variety of software types can be used for creation of

communities (see more: Howard, 2010 or Parks,

2011). Apart from standard tools such as websites or

portals which enable sharing experience and views,

the cooperation might be also based on the access to

specialized software dedicated to a particular

society.

The present study investigates the problem of

regional cooperation between local entities

responsible for providing particular services, such as

supply of electricity, gas, water, wastewater

management, telecommunication services or

development of road infrastructure. Operation of the

enterprises which provide the above services affect

the safety of the inhabitants in a particular region

and quality of their life but has also essential effect

on development opportunities in the region.

Contemporary enterprises which supply utilities

are standard business entities which are guided by

the principles of economic rationality. Therefore, in

their operation, they are mainly guided by their own

economic interests. However, their development

opportunities are somehow interrelated, with

particular focus on their potential investments. The

arrangement of individual utilities is defined by legal

regulations and interrelated. Therefore, the need for

using shared information resources arises. They

should define the arrangement of particular utilities

within a particular area, land development and plans

of prospective investments.

One tool which is frequently used in collecting

data concerning the utilities in question is

Geographic Information System (GIS) (see Harvey,

2008), (Grinderud et al., 2009). They can be used for

recording spatial layout of present utilities and

planning new investments. Moreover, they can be

used for management of the region by the entities of

local government (see Greene, 2001). Considering

the current status of development, these systems

might be also used for evaluation of the investments

planned assuming their integration with typical

economic systems used in the enterprises, such as

MRP/ERP or Business Intelligence (see at Cases,

2011 p.164 or Stair and Reynolds, 2010, p. 217).

The aim of this paper is to present the proposal

of establishment of the Regional Business Spatial

Community RBSC, which would include the entities

Jelonek D., Stepniak C. and Turek T..

The Concept of Building Regional Business Spatial Community.

DOI: 10.5220/0004531700830090

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Data Communication Networking, 10th International Conference on e-Business and 4th

International Conference on Optical Communication Systems (ICE-B-2013), pages 83-90

ISBN: 978-989-8565-72-3

 2013 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)

interested in management and planning of regional

development, including the utility suppliers. An

integrating factor in the Community is the software

available within the cloud that can be used by the

associated entities. The paper uses the solution

provided by ESRI enterprise, which made the

ArcGIS project available to the cloud (about ArcGIS

– Johnson et al., 2001).

2 THE IDEA OF THE REGIONAL

BUSINESS SPATIAL

COMMUNITY

The Regional Business Spatial Community is a

proposal for an electronic enterprise based on the

Internet, which its aim of creation of shared

informational resources of land development nature.

The Community can be approached as an electronic

consortium which is composed of the entities that

operate within the shared environment.

"Community" should be regarded as a system of

mutual relationships between the entities involved in

the activities within such community (about building

community see: Kim, 2000).

A prerequisite for definition of RBSC is

definition of the goal of establishing the

Community. Creation of RBSC is aimed at creation

of a consortium of the entities which affect land

development in the region. The Community might

include a number of entities, including in particular:

 selected entities of public and local administration,

 enterprises which supply utilities or manage the

infrastructure in the region,

 organizations interested in development of the

region.

The area of cooperation between the entities

above is provided by the environment of the

Community discussed. The platform for cooperation

can be offered by an information system (IS) which

can be used by all the involved entities. Nowadays,

particular ISs can be shared within a cloud (ArcGIS

in Cloud in: Prażmo, 2012). Software supplier

defines technical principles of access to data, while

the interested entities define the principles of

exchange of informational resources.

In the case of RBSC, the system available in the

cloud is GIS-class system. It allows for spatial

visualization of utility infrastructure of the region.

Electronic maps should visualize the data

concerning e.g. layout of water and wastewater

piping systems, electrical grid, gas piping system,

railway, telecommunication cables, mobile network

transmitters and other utilities, basic geophysical

data, arrangement of plots and land properties.

The data for visualization in the form of digital

maps belong to different owners. The owners can

collect data in different forms, not always electronic.

There are extensive initiatives in Poland aimed at

transformation of land development data into the

digital form. The data about the infrastructure can be

stored in different systems and formats. The main

division is into economic data, documents and land

development data.

The economic data are stored mainly in

MRP/ERP systems and relate to the value of fixed

assets and settlements with suppliers and customers

(see Garg and Venkitakrishnan, 2003).

Furthermore, the documents can be collected

mainly in CAD systems. They contain designs and

technical specifications for a network or its

individual objects (see Rao, 2006).

The third type is the data stored in the spatial

form, using GIS system. GIS is used for description

of spatial location of the network and the objects

included in the network. The data can be stored in

the form of either raster or vector graphics. This

means that the data can be stored as maps which can

be extended with other layers in the form of

particular symbols and signs. The alternative

solution is provided by vector maps based on the

Spatial Databases (SDB). The maps are generated

based on the values of selected attributes of the

objects presented in the map and contained in the

database. Using this method, it is possible to

dynamically generate or modify the maps while

changing the number of objects and values of their

attributes defined in the database. Hypertext and

similar solutions can be also used in order to display

higher number of the data about selected objects (see

Hu, 2008). An important factor here is map

compatibility. Different types of maps and different

data formats might represent a serious problem in

superimposing different thematic layers provided by

different entities.

Another issue is accuracy of the data collected.

Different entities use different standards on accuracy

and scale of the maps. The problems might also be

generated by outdated information, especially on

older utility prepared using different standards or

resulting from non-recorded alterations made in case

of emergency or rebuilding of other media. This is

particularly important for 3D models.

While accepting the independence of the entities

in the Community, RBSC was meant to be a

platform of cooperation between the parts which

constitute its environment. The idea of the

ICE-B2013-InternationalConferenceone-Business

cooperation consists in creation of a GIS platform

within a cloud provided by GIS developer. The

software provider defines the principles for using the

licence and permissible technological solutions (e.g.

types of compatible maps, file formats, rules for data

integrations, symbolization of the objects presented

and the methods of map vizualization).

Organization and promotion of the idea of RBSC

might be mainly the responsibility of the software

providers and/or entities of public administration in

a particular region (Fulford, 2007). One benefit of

public administration entities is having access to the

basic data concerning the particular region, necessity

of collecting the data on any investments made in

the area governed by the administration, as well as

opportunities for influencing other entities that

operate in a particular area.

Other entities are supposed to provide the data on

their infrastructure according to the adopted

technological requirements and to use the data

shared with other entities.

Cooperation within the Community should be

voluntary; yet the partners should fulfil their

informational obligations in a timely manner.

Ideally, the GIS platform should operate on-line,

based on the data contained within the IT systems

shared with the involved entities.

3 POTENTIAL ACTORS OF RBSC

RBSC should be approached as a business-oriented

enterprise. In general, it will operate based on the

principles of electronic services within the cloud

available to a closed environment of dedicated users.

The GIS software suppliers become initiators of

the electronic enterprise and are responsible for the

technical problems connected with the community.

The provider's duty is to develop the service through

extending available functions, integration with other

IT systems and modification of the present solutions.

An important role in popularization might be

played by local government entities. The three

functions are essential in this case:

 management of region development,

 recording land development investments,

 ensuring region safety.

Management of the region includes, among other

responsibilities, land development planning. This

might include passing local land development plans,

definition of urban zones, planning of infrastructural

investments. In order to perform the above tasks,

GIS tools are exceptionally useful. However, public

offices do not always have full and actual database

concerning utility infrastructure in a particular land

in digital form. This concerns in particular the

infrastructural networks prepared before

popularization of GIS technology. The offices

typically do not have data concerning the economic

and technical problems of building and managing

the individual types of utilities.

At the same time, particular entities of public

administration are obliged to record individual

investments. In other words, a double recording

occurs, by the public office, and by the investor or

an entity that manages a particular utility. The data

might be recorded using different technologies and

software and, in different formats. Some

inconsistency might also be observed in recording.

Public administration offices are obliged to

ensure safety for the residents in the area of their

operation. Managing utilities is one of the most

important factors in crisis/emergency management.

Having suitable knowledge of utility infrastructure

in the region is one of the most basic conditions of

ensuring safety.

Administration offices have systems of

information that are used for recording utility

infrastructure in the region (within local

competencies). However, it should be remembered

that the administration structures are extended and

do not always have opportunities for data exchange

between individual offices. In order to record utility

infrastructure, the two types of information systems

can be used: GIS systems and systems of flow of

documents that allows for creation of the document

databases in the digital form. They might be stored

in electronic versions of document databases (e-

BDoc) available in the Extranet or Virutal Private

Network (VPN) to authorized offices of public

administration.

Regardless of the property relationships, the

enterprises that provide utilities are independent

business entities which operate based on the

economic account principles. The collected data,

both economic and those concerning the utilities

managed represent their property and commercial

secret at the same time. Therefore, it is difficult to

force the enterprises to share their own information

resources.

The entities can independently affect their

relationships with customers and clients and solve

the economic problems. However, the question of

planning and development of the utility

infrastructure remains. The enterprises in this area

depend on the decisions of local government bodies

and are mutually interdependent.

As mentioned before, location of particular types

TheConceptofBuildingRegionalBusinessSpatialCommunity

of media is interdependent. Therefore, huge

investments necessitate mutual agreements

concerning the layout of utility networks and

systems. This is necessary for evaluation of the

concrete layout of individual media and verification

of the values of the investments planned.

Individual entities store their information

resources in different types of IT systems. The

economic data are stored mainly in the systems of

MRP/ERP class supported by BI and Customer

Relationships Management (CRM) in order to

maintain the relationships with contractors. The

design an infrastructural network can be supported

by the systems of Computer Aided Design (CAD).

The design documentation and the documents for

individual terminals can be contained in the

document databases (BDoc). The layout of the

terminals can be specified and visualized in GIS

systems.

The access to shared information resources can

be also given to the entities involved in regional

development. These include e.g. consulting services

providers, social organizations, political parties or

organizations interested in the development of a

particular region. Obviously, this is possible only if

the property rights for information resources owned

by other entities are respected.

Formally the affiliation to the Community is

voluntary and payable (the charge for the supplier of

the GIS in Cloud tool). The success of such a

venture may occur exclusively if subjects to which it

is addressed will express the wish of the mutual

collaboration and want to exchange informational

resources. This is possible, when they will be aware

of their own business correlation.

4 GIS IN CLOUD

Geographic Information Systems are IT solutions

which play increasingly important role in the

economy. Scattering of the enterprises and

establishment of the multi-plant enterprises have

caused that the GIS systems are frequently used in

business. The RBSC concept assumes that the

entities included in an electronic consortium might

have their own solutions of GIS type.

However, they have a heterogeneous character

while their integration and data exchange might

generate a number of problems. These problems

result not only from the technological aspects but

also from organizational, legal and business ones.

Therefore, the RBSC concept assumes that the data

and information about the geographical character

will be provided by Cloud computing model.

The use of the idea of Cloud Computing in the

context of regional distributed business societies

involves a plethora of benefits. The most important

benefits include: increased efficiency, cost

reduction, improved willingness to cooperate,

opportunities to attract new partners (see more

Nowicki and Turek, 2010).

Increased efficiency in the RBSC area connected

with the use of GIS in Cloud results from a radical

changes in the approach to the geographical systems.

Instead of several heterogeneous systems, with their

integration and communication problems, a single

comprehensive solution emerges. The data stored in

a cloud are uniform, which makes collecting,

processing, sending, visualization, interpretation and

archiving much easier. Furthermore, this technology

allows for a relatively easy access to the resources

by means of the Internet technologies (see more:

Zhu, 2010). Generally, the costs will be limited to

subscription fee paid to the software provider. (see

also, Antonopoulos and Gillam, 2010).

Using GIS in Cloud in the concept of building

RBSC is also connected with greater openness to

operation among individual entities. The enterprises

that have their own (local) solutions of GIS might be

a little apprehensive of this type of agreements and

contracts, since data and information contained in

their system are often a resource of strategic

character to them. Being afraid of making them

available and used by other entities is natural and

results from the need for protecting their own

interests. However, this apprehension about RBSC is

not entirely justified. Individual enterprises that

provide utility services might have access to updated

maps of layout of other utilities in order not to

damage them during construction, maintenance or

repair works in their own infrastructure. Another

problem is that the GIS systems might contain the

data and information which are protected by legal

regulations.

Building RBSC system based on Cloud

Computing allows for reducing these apprehensive

attitudes. The cloud-based GIS system is supplied by

the partners with the data which are essential from

the standpoint of the general community of the

entrepreneurs. Each entity filters the data of strategic

importance to them. The system is fed by the

resources which are made available in a reasonable

and rational manner.

The last of the benefits mentioned concerns the

opportunities of attracting new partners and entities

to RBSC. The established community of the

enterprises and the data contained in the system will

ICE-B2013-InternationalConferenceone-Business

also be noticed by other entities in the region. The

services, data and applications offered will attract

new enterprises which influence building or

functioning of the utility infrastructure in the region.

Application of the model of Cloud Computing will

be conducive to these processes. Joining the

community will not be connected with incurring

costs, installation of the infrastructure and the

necessity of time-consuming implementations. The

model of Cloud Computing allows for flexible

scaling of the functional scope and the number of

partners.

Contemporary solutions for the services within a

cloud include the following basic models: IaaS,

PaaS, SaaS (http://www.arcgis.com).

These tendencies also concern the GIS solutions.

In the IaaS model (Infrastructure as a Service), the

users are able to use GIS system and 'lease' the

computing power in the form of physical servers and

virtual hardware with particular parameters. This

infrastructure was located in the server room of the

service-provider, whereas the client (RBSC in this

case) decides on which software they want to install

and use. Payment for the services is usually

deducted in the form of a subscription fee which

depends on the resources used.

Unlike Iaas, the service-provider in the PaaS

model (Platform as a Service) (apart from the

computing power of the infrastructure) also offers

the intermediate software i.e. the platform which

provides opportunities of developing their own

applications. The most important benefit that results

from using this type of model is the fact of that the

user does not have install and configure the

infrastructure and the platform.

The last of the above models of Cloud

Computing is SaaS (Software as a Service). It

consists in making available of a ready-made

application, which is often served by the web-engine

and does not need to be installed. This model of

Cloud Computing is now the most popular.

One example of GIS, available in the SaaS is

AcGIS Explorer Online (http://www.arcgis.com).

This solution allows for storing and processing of

thematic maps in different formats (e.g. SHP, GPX,

KML, CSV) and presenting them on the updated

maps. The application is capable of geocoding the

text data, performing analyses and connecting

external services.

The conceptual model of GIS solutions in the

Cloud for the needs of RBSC was presented in the

figure 1.

Figure 1: The conceptual model of RBSC.

The solutions offered by ESRI represent a wide

spectrum of opportunities and seem to be very useful

from the perspective of building RBSC. As already

mentioned before, this concept is supposed to

support local cooperation of the entities that supply

media. ESRI has been involved in a variety of

implementations in this area, e.g. (see ArcanaGIS

2012):

 ENERGA-OPERATOR – during creation of the

Integrated System of Managing Network Property

in the process of passportization of electrical grid,

 ISOK – IT System of State Security, protecting the

country from extraordinary threats.

The above applications are based on the

solutions of Cloud Computing, whereas they are

capable of existing in the cloud more extensively.

5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES

OF CREATION OF RBSC

Creation of the Regional Business Spatial

Community is a complex process and, similar to

other projects of IT character. It should be noted that

the technological base is provided by commercial

GIS project in clouds, which might be used in a

number of other projects. The RBSC project is in

this case only one of the projects. Moreover,

different projects can be created for each region,

with its own specific properties. The place of RBSC

in “ArcGIS in Cloud” project presents figure 2.

TheConceptofBuildingRegionalBusinessSpatialCommunity

Figure 2: The place of RBSC in “ArcGIS in Cloud”

project.

When creating the RBSC project, one should define,

among other things, system logics, required thematic

layers and the relationships between each other (L -

see p. 2), principles for relations within the

Community and technical method of their realization

in consideration of the software, hardware and

communication layers.

The system allows for building distributed

business communities at the moment when it is

passed for use. Individual participants feed the

system with their data (e.g. from ERP, CAD,

Business Intelligence), maps (mainly from GIS

systems) and other resources. Proper aggregation of

the resources and further representation of the

thematic and conceptual layers is the effect of

system operation. These resources can be used by all

the entities which are included in the community and

the external entities. The number of the entities

should extend as the project develops.

Continuous development of ICT (Information

and Communication Technology) and changing

requirements of the enterprises affect the necessity

of modernization of RBSC solutions. Similar to

conventional social portals, modernization of the

system will allow for adding new functionalities,

which will make it more attractive to the

beneficiaries.

Building Spatial Community necessitates

consideration of the two basic types of resources:

technological and organizational.

Technological resources relate to the hardware

infrastructure, application and communication

solutions. The base for RBSC in any case is the web

service, which, in technological terms, is similar to

the sector-based portal available to a particular

community. Depending on the adopted logic, it

might be of closed character (only for selected users)

or open (each enterprise is free to join). In the case

of RBSC, the participation will be controlled. The

portal implements a dynamic data exchange with the

environment, with particular focus on:

 IT systems of the partners,

 GIS in the cloud,

 Data warehouses in the cloud.

Data exchange with IT systems owned by the

partners concerns extending the portal with IT

resources of economic character. The queries are

sent to the system dynamically, and the feedback is

sent according to the adopted system operation

logic.

The resources contained in the GIS systems are

another essential element in functioning of business

communities. As demonstrated in the previous part

of this study, geographical data are placed in the

computing cloud.

Mutual complementariness of the data from IT

systems and GIS systems represent the value added

for the RBSC concept and is supposed to be a factor

in attracting new partners.

Using the technologies of data warehouse might

be necessary in the case of collecting the data from

many sources with different formats. The tools

contained in the data warehouse will allow for

homogenization of the data and feeding the system

with the resources of a standardized form.

Further, organizational resources reflect the

system operation logic. The most basic

organizational resource is aerial or satellite

orthophotomaps. Making these resources available

in the proposed RBSC concept is the responsibility

of public administration institutions. These maps

contain data of kadastral character, concerning the

geometry of the borders of plots included in the

communication, topographical and hydrographical

maps.

The resources made available by public

administration represent the base for further

development of the system. The layers delivered by

the systems of public administration are added

another data of spatial character. They are sent by

the enterprises that supply utilities and operate

within a particular area. These data include the

layout of electrical grids, wastewater piping,

telecommunication grid etc. For the objects included

in the available thematic layers, one can add

economic data contained in the IT systems: ERP,

CRM etc. This will help include them in the maps in

the form of a hypertext. Relations between data

suppiers and data layers shows figure 3.

The supplementation for the above layers in the

system is information about mutual relations

between the data contained in RBSC. These

ICE-B2013-InternationalConferenceone-Business

Arc

GIS

projects

Project 1

Project ..

RBSC

Project n

CLOUD

RBSC

Communication

tools

RBSC

Poznań

RBSC

Gdańsk

RBSC

Szczecin

RBSC

other cities

Figure 3: Relations between data suppiers and data layers.

relations might alarm about mutual exclusions in

implementation of the investment (e.g. electrical

main line cannot be crossed with the gas line) or

inform about the opportunities of joint projects.

6 EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS

WITH CREATION OF RBSC

Creation of RBSC should increase the effectiveness

of managing a particular development. The benefits

can be multifaceted. They can be divided into:

organizational, social, economic, technological.

In the organizational aspect, one should

emphasize the creation of the platform of

cooperation between mentioned types of

organizations that operate in a particular area. Using

ArcGIS In Cloud software necessitates

determination of particular rules for cooperation. It

might also provide a platform for exchange of views

on regional development and allow for preparation

of initial calculations for building new urban zones

or revitalization of the present ones. From

organizational standpoint, establishment of RBSC

will represent a medium of communication in the

community discussed since the users will need a

means of communication for the shared information

resources. Therefore, there is an opportunity of

starting new electronic initiatives or building virtual

network of organizations (about regional economical

netwoork see Domański, 2002, p. 194).

The social aspect is connected with creation of a

forum which makes decision on objectives of

development in a particular region. It might integrate

different entities with the focus on economic and

social development. Application of information and

communication technologies allows for entering into

new contacts and might be conducive to exchange of

knowledge concerning the needs in the region and

the opportunities that emerge.

Economic problems are essential because

integrated IT systems allow for flow of the

economic data between the cooperating entities. It

should be noted that the enterprises that provide

utility services also perform the essential social

function as they provide residents in the region with

basic facilities such as water, gas and electricity.

Opportunities of electronic planning of the

initiatives and exchange of economic data might

accelerate and rationalize the business and planning

processes.

Starting RBSC also opens the access to new

technological solutions. The entities that provide

services in the cloud are obliged to make modern

technological solutions available or they will

experience problems with finding customers. The

suppliers of other systems, in order to cooperate,

should also start integration projects. This might be

the matter of interfaces, protocols, file formats and

tools for modelling the processes which are

compatible with the solutions above.

In general, building RBSC seems to be an

initiative which is beneficial to any entitiy that

belongs to the environment discussed. In practice,

some problems might arise during implementation

of this environment. They might be caused by

several reasons, e.g.: organizational, psychological,

economic, technological.

Organizational problems result from internal

barriers found in organizations. They might be

caused by internal regulation, particularly if only a

daughter company operates in the region and it does

not have any decision-making authority.

Psychological problems can derive from

organizational. They might results from strictly

ordered organizational structures, lack of willingness

to open to the outside and being afraid of this

phenomenon, internal interests of individual

organizational entities within the organization.

Economic problems might be caused by the

necessity of incurring certain costs connected with

using IT infrastructure present within the

Community.

Technological problems might arise from the

types of IT systems used in organizations and their

incompatibility.

Each of the problems above might decrease the

opportunities of implementation of the initiative

discussed. However, one should note that

contemporary economic processes force

electronization and consolidation within electronic

initiatives.

TheConceptofBuildingRegionalBusinessSpatialCommunity

7 CONCLUSIONS

In the article was proposed the idea of Regional

Business Spatial Community. Such a community

integrates the row of acting subjects on local

markets. The mutual collaboration involving the

accumulation, processing and making availability of

spatial information resources (eg. concerning the

course of power lines, waterworks, gas pipings,

telecommunication networks, roads, sewage

systems, etc.) can bring advantages to all

participants of the venture. Mentioned resources are

indispensable for its functioning and not all kinds of

data can be gained individually.

In the elaborated concept was indicated the

possibility of cloud computing derivatives solutions'

application in the form of the ArcGIS software,

making possible the creation of the communities

using mutual spatial data resources.

Besides outlining the idea of RBSC the article

indicates potential participants of the venture and

benefits which can be achieved by them. A

prerequisite of such community creation is the

appearance of the initiator who will work out the

rules of collaboration and will invite enterprises

acting in a given region. From the observation may

come the results that the best role of such an

integrator can by accepted by the local governmet.

Authors of the article conduct at present

research, targeting definition of the collaboaration

needs of local businesses providing media in one of

the regions in Poland. Elaborated results will

constitute the base for further reserach papers in the

subject of spatial communities. It is assumed here

the possibility of the transformation of the RBSC

concept into the real platform of the collaboration in

the region.

REFERENCES

Antonopoulos N., Gillam L., 2010, Cloud Computing.

Principles, Systems and Aplications, Springer

Cases on Business and Management in the MENA Region.

New Trends and Opportunities. 2011. El-Khazindar

Business Research and Case Center. IGI Global.

Harshey PA

Domański R., 2002. Gospodarka przestrzenna.

Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.

Fu P., Sun J., 2010. Web GIS: Principles and

Applications. Published by ESRI Press.

Fulford H., 2007. A Local Community Web Portal and

Small Businesses. In Encyclopedia of Portal

technologies and Applications. IGI Global. Harshey

PA, p. 559 – 563.

Garg V.K., Venkitakrishnan N.K., 2003. Enterprise

Resource Planning. Concepts and Practice. Prentice

Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. Second

Edition

Greene R.W., 2001. Opening Access. GIS in E-

Government. Published by ESRI.

Grinderud k.; Rasmussen H., Nilsen S., Lillethun A.,

Holten A., Sanderud O., 2009. GIS. The geographic

language of our age. Tapir Academic Press.

Trondheim, Norway.

Harvey F., 2008. A primer of GIS. Fundamental

Geographic and Cartographic Concepts. The Guilford

Press. New York London.

Howard T., 2010, Design to Thrive: Creating Social

Networks and Online Communities that Last, Morgan

Kaufmann Publishers, Burlington

Hu S., 2008. Advancement of Web Standards and

Techniques for Developing Hypermedia Maps on the

Internet. In International Perspectives on Maps and

the Internet M.P. Peterson (ed.), Springer-Verlag

Berlin – Heidelberg, p.115 – 124.

Johnson K., Ver Hoef J.M., Krivoruchko K., Lucas N.,

2001. Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst. Published

by ESRI, Redlands CA.

Kim A. J., 2000, Community Building on the Web.

Peachpit Press, Berkelay CA.

Nowicki A., Turek T., 2010, Technologie informacyjne

dla ekonomistów, Wyd. UE Wrocław, Wydanie 2

Parks M.R., 2011, Social Network Sites as Virtual

Communities. In A Networked Self: Identity,

Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites,

edited by Z. Papacharissi, Routledge, New York.

Polgar T, Polgar J., 2007 Management Issues in Portlet

Development. In Encyclopedia of Portal technologies

and Applications. IGI Global. Harshey PA, p. 564 –

570.

Prażmo Ł., 2012. Wybierz najlepszy dla Ciebie model

usług i korzystaj z GIS-u w „chmurze”. In

„ArcanaGIS” Jesień 2012, ESRI Polska Warszawa, s.

17 – 19.

Rao P.N., 2006. CAD/CAM: Principles and Applications.

In Mechanical Engineering Series. Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Limited. New Delhi Sixth

reprint.

Stair R., Reynolds G., 2010. Information Systems

Esentials. Fifth Edition. Edited by Course Technology.

Zhu J., 2010, Cloud Computing Technologies and

Applications. In Handbook of cloud computing, edited

by B. Furht and A. Escalante, Springer, New York.

http://www.arcgis.com

ICE-B2013-InternationalConferenceone-Business