Emotional Changes Caused by the Change in the Tempo of

Fujime Daiko

Naoki Hirano

and Fumio Mizuochi

¹Graduate School of Literature and Social Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan

²College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan

1 OBJECTIVES

Wadaiko – Japanese drum – are at times referred to

as a “sport of sound.” This is because they require a

mobility not seen with other instruments.

Furthermore, because Japanese drum is an instrument

that does not have a musical scale, the percentage in

which rhythms and tempos determine the artistry in

its performance is high (Yamaguchi et al., 2012). The

performer experiences positive emotional expression

during performance, akin to a pleasant feeling.

Furthermore, the resonance of the sound during a

Japanese drum performance and the vibration

transmitted to the body when beating the drum

become positive stimuli, aiding in releasing stress and

sustaining concentrative ability. With Japanese drum,

sounds are created with a hitting motion, and

movement and sound stimuli from this process

influence the performers’ emotions. However, studies

on Japanese drum heretofore have mainly looked at

the biomechanics of the hitting movement or music

therapy and there have not been many studies that

focused on the emotions of the performers in

association with changes in rhythm and the tempo.

The objective of this study was to examine the

changes that appear in the emotional state, autonomic

nerve activity, and stress reaction during and after

performance of fujime daiko by changing rhythm and

tempo. Such changes were examined using

psychological examination, heart rate variability, and

saliva analysis. The change in emotional state was the

main factor examined in this study.

2 METHODS

2.1 Experiment Subjects

Eight elite wadaiko performers (4 male, 4 female;

mean age: 20.3±3.1 years old) were the subjects for

this study.

2.2 Experimental Task

(1) Experimental Task

A Japanese drum task and a rubber tube task (control

task) were set. The Japanese drum task was a

performance task lasting 5 minutes, using a fujime-

daiko in a sitting position (Fig. 1). The exercise

involving the fitness band was 5 minutes of bending

and stretching the arms, alternating between the left

and the right. The actual movement for the rubber

tube exercise was similar to that in the Japanese

drum task. A preliminary experiment was conducted

to confirm that there was no difference in heart rate

or exercise intensity between the two tasks.

Figure 1: Fujime daiko performance.

(2) Tempo

Tempos of 80 and 160 were employed. The

movement tempo was regulated using a metronome.

(3) Rhythm

The rhythm used was a 3-count drumbeat for the

Japanese drum task and an alternating left and right

movement for the fitness band task.

2.3 Measured Items

① Two-dimensional mood scale (TDMS): A

TDMS was used to evaluate moods based on

subjective levels of stimulation, stability,

pleasantness and alertness.

Hirano, N. and Mizuochi, F..

Emotional Changes Caused by the Change in the Tempo of Fujime Daiko.

 2015 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All r ights reserved

② Heart Rate Variation: Electrocardiocram R-R

intervals were measured in succession using a

POLAR-V800 heart rate monitor. For analysis, the

Lorenz plot method was used in order to infer the

activities of the CSI (cardiac sympathetic index), a

sympathetic nerve function index, and the CVI

(cardiac vagal index); a parasympathetic nerve

function index.

③ Saliva Composition: Cortisol and chromogranin

A in the saliva samples were measured. The EIA

method (ELISA method) was used for measuring.

2.4 Data Analysis

Statistical processing was conducted using the

Friedman test, which is a non-parametric test, and

Wilcoxon’s t-test. The significance level was set at

below 5% for both tests.

Figure 2: Summary of experiment.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 3: Stimulation level

in the Japanese drum task.

Figure 4: Pleasantness of the

Japanese drum task.

Figure 5: Alertness in the

Japanese drum task.

Figure 6: Stimulation level

in the fitness band task.

Figure 7: Pleasantness of the

fitness band task.

Figure 8: Alertness in the

fitness band task.

Stability and alertness scores in the TDMS increased

in both tasks immediately after completion of the task,

except when the tempo was 80. A significant

difference was seen between different tempos under

the Japanese drum condition; immediately after

performance in stimulation level, pleasantness, and

alertness, with the three levels being higher at a tempo

of 160. No difference was found between tempos in

the fitness band task. It has been reported that even a

transitory cardiovascular exercise will heighten

positive emotions immediately after an exercise

compared to during the exercise (Arai, 2000).

Furthermore, there have been self-reflection reports

stating that a tempo of 160 was “Strenuous but easier

to get into a rhythm.” Therefore, it is believed that for

highly experienced Japanese drum performers, a

performance that is high in tempo and easy to get into

a rhythm elicits pleasant emotions, despite the high

exercise load, due to the synergy between movement

and sound stimuli.

REFERENCES

Maki, Y. and Motoko, F.(2012) Bilateral coordinated

movement of upper limbs during keeping tempo and

changing tempo in play of Japanese Drum. Journal of

Sport Science in Nara Women’s Umiversity,14,1-11.

Hirokazu Arai，Toshihiko Tsutsmi.（2000）Change of

Affects with Respect to Acute Bouts of Walking and

Cognitive Factor-Determined Affects with Walking.

Behavior medicine study, 13,6-13.

Time ( minutes)

10 12

heart rate variability measurement

-min

performance/exercise

-min rest

-min

pe rformance/ e xe rcis e

TDMS

saliva collection

10-min after

performing

20-min after

performing

30-min after

performing

40-min after

performing

immediately before

performance

immediately after

performing

-min after performing

- min after p erforming

-min after performing

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

immediately before

performing

immediately after

performing

20 minutes after

performing

40 minutes after

performing

Score

tempo: 80

tempo: 160

＊

p<.05

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

immediately b efor e

performing

immediately after

performing

20 minutes after

performing

40 minutes after

performing

Score

tempo: 80

tempo: 160

＊

p<.05

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

immediately before

performing

immediately after

performing

20 minutes after

performing

40 minutes after

performing

Score

tempo: 80

tempo: 160

＊

p<.05

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

immediately before

exercise

immediately after

exercise

20 minutes after

exercise

40 minutes after

exercise

Score

tempo: 80

tempo: 160

＊

p<.05

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

immediately before

exercise

immediately after

exercise

20 minutes after

exercise

40 minutes after

exercise

Score

tempo: 80

tempo: 160

＊

p<.05