The Construction on “Green Commuting” Three-dimensional Public

Transportation Governance System for Chinese Cities

Renbao Liu

and Jingxia Zou

School of Public Administration, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology, P.R. China

Modern Education Technology Centre, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology, P.R. China

Keywords: Public Transportation, Congestion, Green Commuting, City Management.

Abstract: By using the method of comparative analysis and quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis, studies on

the favourable measures, characteristics and experience and achievements in the development of city green

public transportation of the world typical countries and cities. In an attempt to provide reference for the

large and medium-sized cities of China to construct the "five one" "green commuting" three-dimensional

governance system that includes urban bus, rail transportation, taxi, bicycle and pedestrian, then can

effectively solve the problem of traffic jams. The new and original in this paper is solving practical

problems from the angle of effective demand by using the methods of comprehensive analysis and

comparison.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, with the development of social

economy, the number of China domestic private cars

are also increasing, thus also causes of urban road

traffic congestion and traffic difficult. To solve the

traffic congestion, ensure the traffic smooth, become

an important issue that should be solved in the city's

economic and social development.

2 THE PRESENT SITUATION OF

CHINESE CITY TRAFFIC JAM

At present, many large and medium-sized cities in

China are exposed to different levels of traffic jams

and congestion problems, especially in Beijing,

Shanghai, Wuhan, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Chongqing

and other big cities, traffic congestion is becoming

more and more serious. Motor vehicle average speed

of mega cities in China is already down to 12 km

now by the past 20 km, in some big cities central

area, the mean vehicle speed has fallen to 8 - 12 km.

In the 31 national cities whose population over 1

million mega , the majority of traffic load is close to

saturation, while some of the central area of the city

traffic has close to half paralyzed. The car runs 100

km outside the city only needs about an hour or so,

while in the central area of the city 10 km mileage

may consume more than an hour, the serious traffic

jam time can last 2-3 hours, which brings great

inconvenience to people's traffic, and directly affect

the people's work and life (Daqing Zhang, Zhihong

Zhang, 2002).

3 THE MAIN REASON FOR THE

CITY TRAFFIC JAM

Throughout Chinese domestic city traffic situation,

we can find that the main reason leading to the city

traffic congestion can be attributed to the following:

3.1 Motor Vehicle Especially Private

Car Ownership Increased Rapidly

Taking Beijing as an example, according to

statistics, as of 2013, the number of motor vehicle

has reached more than 5.371 million vehicles (Tab.

1). According to the survey of Beijing City

Transportation Research Centre, if not to limit, the

largest car ownership in Beijing is about for 5.5

million. If in accordance with the principle of

“traffic restrictions based on the last digit of license

plate numbers” from Monday to Friday, the largest

number of cars ownership in Beijing is about for 6.7

million (Fig. 1).(Yanyan Sun, Zhijian Lv, 2013)

397

Zou J. and Liu R.

The Construction on â

AIJGreen Commutingâ

I Three-dimensional Public Transportation Governance System for Chinese Cities.

DOI: 10.5220/0006027203970401

In Proceedings of the Information Science and Management Engineering III (ISME 2015), pages 397-401

ISBN: 978-989-758-163-2

397

Table 1: Beijing motor vehicle quantities important

change cycle TAB.

NO.

Motor

vehicle

quantities

(million)

Increasing

number

(million)

Date

Time

spent

1 5.371 0.171 2013.12 1year

2 5.200 0.216 2012.12 1year

3 4.984 0.175 2011.12 1year*

4 4.809 0.790 2010.12 1year

5 4.019 1.019 2009.12

2 years

and

seven

months

6 3.00 1.000 2007.5

3 years

and

nine

months

7 2.00 1.000 2003.8

6.5

years

8 1.00 0.9977 1997.2 48 years

9 0.0023 founding

*Since 2011, the car lottery purchase policy has been taken in

Beijing.

Figure 1: Beijing motor vehicle quantities variations in

1982-2013.

3.2 The Number and Speed of Road

Construction Can’t Meet the Needs

of the Rapid Growth of Motor

Vehicle

Taking Beijing as an example, each a net increase of

1 million cars, it needs to increase the capacity of

network 2.82 million cars km. This’s equivalent to

the entire Beijing third ring Road Network Capacity

or 30% road network capacity within fifth ring

(Qingheng An, 2014). Road construction, both in

terms of quantity, or in terms of speed, the

construction period is relatively long, can’t meet the

needs of the rapid growth of motor vehicle parc.

3.3 Not Set up the City Effective

Expressway and Roads, Secondary

Roads, Branch Supporting

Transport Network

Figure 2: The per capita road area comparison of some

main cities of domestic and foreign.

At present, during the road network construction,

most of China city often only pay attention to the

planning and construction of expressways and trunk

road, but didn’t pay full attention to secondary road

and branch. Because city secondary road and branch

outdate facilities, poor road conditions, vehicle

speed is significantly lower than expect, the

efficiency of road network composed of city main

line, trunk, branch is low. Motor vehicles are racing

to the city expressway and arterial road, resulting in

peak hour traffic flow is too concentrated, thus

causes congestion (Fig. 2) (Yifan Wang,2009).

3.4 Traffic Management Is

Incompetence

The planning and design (set) of Line, intersection,

signal lamp is not perfect, such as cross road

entrance layout, traffic signal lights transform set

etc.

3.5 Public Transportation Does Not

Play Its Due Role

City bus number is less, poor condition, no point,

slow speed, more crowded, poor comfort, site less or

unreasonable setting, compared to private car, the

city bus lacks of great superiority, so the public is

not willing to choice for city bus.

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4 THE PRACTICE TO SOLVE

THE PROBLEM OF ROAD

CONGESTION IN LARGE AND

MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES OF

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

In the process of promoting the economic

development and the process of the city, a number of

large and medium-sized cities of domestic and

foreign have met road congestion, many cities have

taken many measures suit one's measures to local

conditions, and received good results. In this

process, vigorously develop the city public

transportation, open Easy Access, implement green

commuting, become a common practice of large and

medium-sized cities of domestic and foreign.

4.1 Implement of Public Transport

Priority Policy, Vigorously Develop

the City Public Transportation

The public transportation development of Brazil

Curitiba city can be said to be the model of the

world. Through more than thirty years of

development and perfection, the public transport

system in Curitiba city has become the efficient,

convenient, comfortable, advanced public

transportation system of the world, and regard as the

"Surface Subway". Its success lies in establishing the

systematic and perfect integrated public transport

system, implementing a series of perfect and

facilities public transport priority policy.

4.1.1 The Systematic and Improved

Integrated Transport System in

Curitiba

There is an integrated public transport system

composed of a perfect line and adequate vehicle in

Curitiba city, passenger traffic volume of up to 1.9

million people every day. Bus lines covered all the

urban roads, among them the bus lane is 60 km, bus

daily mileage of 38000 km. The roads in Curitiba

city are mainly composed of fast line, feedback line,

interregional contact line, station express line,

conventional integrate radiate line and city centre

circle line.

4.1.2 The Perfect and Matching Bus Priority

Policy in Curitiba City

In Curitiba city, a series of perfect and matching

public transportation priority policy have been

implemented. Such as in the use of the land, priority

must be given to the traffic, during the city planning,

should give priority to the development of public

traffic system. The design of traffic system on the

vehicle speed, convenient mounting problems, the

overall structure of the system have made detailed

provisions, attract customers by the convenient and

fast public transport system. To build the bicycle

lane, even at the cost of occupancy vehicle lane, put

the public traffic and pedestrian (not the private car

and the vehicle) on the top priority. Using the

management system of integrate public traffic

system that separates government functions from

enterprise management, separates operation and

system of ticket. The government uses a variety of

economic policies that favourable to the social

development to encourage people to use public

transport, such as free purchase tickets for more than

65 years of age for the elderly and children under the

age of 5, subsidies by the government if someone

spends more than 6% excess wage for public

transport, the poor in poor areas can exchange for a

bus ticket by using for sweeping garbage etc. Traffic

management departments of the government adopts

a series of traffic management measures to ensure

the priority development of public transport, such as

through the reasonable countermeasures to reduce

parking on road, reduce the taxi driving no

passenger, the taxi must be docked at the taxi stand,

prevent intersection clogging by delimiting no

parking sign at the junction, give priority to bus

through the intersection, etc., ensure public traffic

unblocked. (Liren Duan, 2001)

4.2 Efficient Taxi Traffic System

As the representative of taxi operation in Singapore,

taxi plays the almost equally important role as

subway. Singapore subway daily passenger capacity

is slightly higher than the 1 million passengers, and

taxi passenger capacity has nearly 1 million

passengers daily, while taxies in Singapore are only

18000 cars. The main reason is that one is the fare is

reasonable, in Singapore, the taxi first km traffic

cost is 2.4 Singapore dollars, within 10 km per 240

meters 10 cents, above 10 km is 10 cents per 225

meters, second is the booking very convenient, GPS

equipment with universal Singapore taxi, the control

centre tracks vehicle through the GPS system,

people can at any time convenient appointments to

the taxi, the whole process is fully automatic,

manual operation is not needed extra.

The Construction on “Green Commuting” Three-dimensional Public Transportation Governance System for Chinese

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4.3 Stable and Time-sensitive Rail

Transit

The subway construction in Moscow, New York,

Paris, London, Tokyo, Berlin city is developed, the

line length is more than 100 km, passenger traffic

volume is more than 1 million passengers daily

average also. The subway in Beijing, Shanghai,

Guangzhou, Tianjin, Wuhan, Dalian and other cities

of China has also achieved good results on rail

transit such as subway, light rail, streetcar, single

track, city expressway (Tab. 2, Fig. 3) (Jin Luo,

2009).

Table 2: The subway construction of part of the world

cities.

City

Urban

population

(Million)

Line

(km)

Passenger

traffic

(Million

people/daily)

Moscow 8.50 234 7.00

Barcelona 2.70 61.8 0.91

Berlin 3.12 138.4 1.07

Chicago

2.85 155 0.40

Hamburg 2.65 89 0.60

Mexico City 9.20 62 2.80

Tokyo 11.70 218 3.80

Rotterdam 1.05 40 10.13

Rome 2.90 25.5 0.28

New York 9.00 438 2.85

Paris 10.00 294 3.08

London 4.00 387.9 2.50

Figure 3: The orbit traffic carrier ratio of part of the world

cities.

4.4 Convenient Trips Done by Bike

Now, more and more countries and cities vigorously

promote and implement of bicycle, some countries

and cities have even established public bicycle

system.

4.4.1 The European Third Generation

Public Bicycle System

Since the late 1990s, after the first generation and

the second generation of public bicycle system,

France Paris, Germany Lyon, Spain Barcelona and

other countries and cities of European have

researched and development of a new generation of

public bicycle system which using modern

electronic, information integration, wireless

communication and Internet technology. The biggest

characteristic of this kind of system is able to know

who is in the use of bicycles, which brought the

fundamental change of the mode of management

system, provide a convenient and fast and healthy

way to traffic for people, reduce the city air

pollution, but also effectively solve the management

issues such as bicycle is easy to be stolen, damaged

and lost and etc., thus improve the utilization rate of

resources, enhance the image of the city (Xue Xiao,

Zhiian Lv, 2013).

4.4.2 "With the Bicycle as a Fundamental"

Low Carbon, Green Transportation

Policy

Holland, Denmark, South Korea and other countries

implement the "With the bicycle as a fundamental"

low carbon, green transportation policy. Holland

nation has about 16 million people, but has about 18

million bicycles, bicycle per capita ranks first in the

world. In Holland, more than 30% of the traffic is by

riding a bicycle to complete. In recent 20 years.

Holland has completed up to 120 items about the

bicycle traffic scientific research projects, and the

Treasury provides substantial financial support each

year. In Holland law, during the city planning, road

facilities should not truncate main bike lanes, city

construction should not cause inconvenience to the

bicycle traffic.

The Danish population is about 5.3 million, but

bikes are about more than 3 million vehicles. In

Copenhagen's, 1/3 of commuters ride bicycles,

including officials, wealthy and celebrities, the

British newspaper "Independent" reported that

Copenhagen is be worthy of the name of the city of

bicycle. At present, in the city of Copenhagen, 37%

of people riding bicycles, 28% by bus and train, 31%

drive, walk 4%, in 2015, 50% of the people in

Copenhagen will go to work and school by bike

ways.

In recent years, the South Korea government

vigorously promote green commuting by bike. In

order to encourage people to ride a bicycle green

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commuting, the South Korea government introduced

a number of policies, such as the formulation of

"2010 bicycle policy promotion plan", established

the "bicycle day" to promote the national bicycle

road network construction. Government invests to

construct bicycle demonstration city, bicycle

demonstration zone and bicycle using demonstration

school, subsidies and buys insurance for bike

commuters. Launches the "green plus P shop",

cyclists can buy cheaper goods from the "green plus

P shop" than conventional store. The newly revised

"Road traffic law" provisions that it should must to

establish bicycle lanes and must to provide space for

bicycle parking during new city construction.

4.5 Effective Traffic Demand

Management

As a representative office in Hong Kong, although

there are many people and little land, high rises, it is

congenitally deficient for development of traffic

conditions, but we rarely see traffic congestion in

common like other metropolis. This is largely due to

the organic combination between the construction

planning and the public traffic system of Hong

Kong. In Hong Kong, the public transport service is

variety and unique, the public can choose their right

traffic according to the fast, comfortable and

convenient, such as railway (including subway),

tram, bus, minibus (small bus), taxi and ferry. The

government of Hong Kong is committed to the

development of public transport, not to encourage

the attitude of private cars. The private cars

operation cost is higher: The first is difficult to park,

most office buildings do not have their own parking

spaces, foreign visitors can’t park in the master's

home, and the special parking position is less, and

fees is higher; secondly, parking is expensive; third

is the oil prices is high; the last is all kinds of fees

for per vehicle per year are not little also, and have a

limit to apply for a licence. (Ming Wu, 2011)

5 CONCLUSIONS

Throughout the various approaches to solve the

problems of road congestion of the large and

medium-sized cities of domestic and foreign, we

found that develop the public transport, open up the

green channel, construct the "five one" "green

commuting" three-dimensional system of social

management that includes urban bus, rail

transportation, taxi, bicycle and pedestrian, this can

be the effective way to relieve the congestion

problems in large and medium-sized cities in china.

In the actual operation of the process, the city

managers should suit one's measures to local

conditions, deep analysis and argumentation, good

planning, to formulate a scientific program, then can

receive good effect.

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Daqing Zhang, Zhihong Zhang, 2002. Urban road traffic

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Chinese).

Yanyan Sun, Zhijian Lv, 2013. Development of the public

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Management and Science and Technology, (05), pp.

28-30. (in Chinese).

Qingheng An, 2014. The consideration of auto purchase

limit in Beijing. Automobile Aspect, (03), pp. 20-22.

(in Chinese).

Yifan Wang, 2009. The main problems and suggestions

for development of city road system at present stage.

Gansu Science and Technology, (17), pp. 7-9. (in

Chinese).

Liren Duan, 2001. A city traffic international model-The

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The Construction on “Green Commuting” Three-dimensional Public Transportation Governance System for Chinese

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I Three-dimensional Public Transportation Governance System for Chinese Cities

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