Analysis of Coastal Sea Reclamation Changes over Years and

Sustainable Development Capacity of Liaoning Province

Peng Wang, Xia Lin and Kai Jia

National Marine Environment Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China

Keywords: Liaoning Province, Coastal Zone, Sea Enclosure and Reclamation, Capacity of Sustainable Development.

Abstract: By collecting and collating related information of coastal sea enclosure and reclamation activities of Liaoning

province, this article did trend study on changes of coastal sea enclosure and reclamation activities over years

and environmental impact of Liaoning Province. The study showed that from 1990 to 2009, the area of sea

enclosure and reclamation in Liaoning Province had increased year by year, natural shoreline diminished with

the sea enclosure and reclamation activities year by year, total area of major bay decreased 18.4%. This article

did the quantitative evaluation of six coastal cities’ sustainable development level in Liaoning, result showed

generally poor sustainable development capacity of Liaoning coastal areas and mean evaluation score of

regional sustainability was 0.49, was non- sustainable development. Scores of Huludao City and Dalian City

were greater than 0.6, on basic level of sustainable development; score of Yingkou was greater than 0.5 and

less than 0.6, on low level of sustainable development; scores of Panjin, Dandong, Jinzhou were less than 0.5,

belonged to the level of non-sustainable development basically.

1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Coastal zone is the area natural process very active, in

terms of stability, the coastal zone is relatively

vulnerable geographical unit (Wang Jin, 2005). As

the socio-economic development, sea enclosure and

reclamation activities impacted the coastal

environment a lot, especially the damage to the

mangroves, coral reefs, estuaries, wetlands and other

ecosystems, according to the data of the Marine

Environment Quality Bulletin, coastal reed, swamps,

lagoons and other coastal wetlands lost by about 50%

(Chen Jiyu and Chen Shenliang, 2002). In 1840 the

area of Macau was just 2.78km

, currently it had

reached 23.5km

, 8.5 times as the original, and had

negative effect (Yang Chaoqun, 2000).

Research of Coastal Sustainable Development

also had some progress in our research and

implementation. Sheng Kerong et al., (2003) studied

the capacity and controlling measures for sustainable

development of Liaoning Province; Xiong Yongzhu

(2007) constructed a set of coastal sustainable

development evaluation model taking comprehensive

coordination degree, sustainability and sustainable

development as evaluation objectives, and did case

study as Guangdong Province; Han Jiwu et al., (2007)

studied coastal sustainable development evaluation

taking seven cities in China's coastal areas for

example; Qiu Yunfeng et al. (2007) studied

sustainable development of China's coastal province

based on GIS. Such studies mainly raised the

integrated management and development issues of

the coastal zone, which was important but easily

overlooked, to an understanding height, learning

from foreign experience (Abul-Azm et al., 2003;

Gladstone et al., 1999; Cave et al., 2003), pointed out

some of the problems and proposed solutions for

management and Sustainable Development of our

coastal zone.

2 RESEARCH METHODS

This paper used "Pressure - State - Response" (PSR)

model to build the coastal environment sustainable

development evaluation index system in Liaoning

province, and applied composite index method to

quantitative zoning evaluate the sustainable

development level of coastal six cities in Liaoning.

PSR model was established based on a causal

relationship that human activities pressured the

environment and would also change the number and

status of the resources. Society responded to these

changes by environment, economics and department

402

Jia K., Lin X. and Wang P.

Analysis of Coastal Sea Reclamation Changes over Years and Sustainable Development Capacity of Liaoning Province.

DOI: 10.5220/0006027304020406

In Proceedings of the Information Science and Management Engineering III (ISME 2015), pages 402-406

ISBN: 978-989-758-163-2

policies. These reactions formed a reverse circulation

pressuring human activities. The PSR framework

revealed a linear relationship between human

activities and the environment, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Pressure - state - response system and its indicator

type.

3 OVERVIEW OF STUDY AREA

Liaoning Province is one of ocean provinces in China,

across Huanghai and the Bohai. Coastal east began

from the Yalu River, west ended at the coast

demarcation point of Liaoning and Hebei. Its

mainland coastline was 2 292.4 km, had 506 islands,

reefs and lumps. There were 266 islands more than

500m

, 10 rivers were more than 5 000 km

, the

island coastline was 627km, mudflat resources were

1973.33 km

(Zhang Yaoguang and Cui Lijun, 2001).

Coastal prefecture-level cities are Huludao, Jinzhou,

Panjin, Yingkou, Dalian and Dandong. Seas vast,

coastline long, the huge potential of the oceans and

marine resources and other advantages had become

the carrier of Liaoning Province developing

production space, ecological space and living space.

In recent years, Liaoning Province increased the

input into the marine industry continuously, and the

ocean economic had developed lastingly and rapidly,

sea enclosure and reclamation activities also showed

development trend of fast, large area and wide range.

But in the process of seeking growth of ocean

economic, blind development and excessive use were

serious, causing serious environmental pollution in

coastal waters, deteriorating state of resources and

environment.

4 CHANGES OF SEA

ENCLOSURE AND

RECLAMATION OVER YEARS

AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT OF LIAONING

PROVINCE

4.1 Changes of Sea Enclosure and

Reclamation over Years

In this paper, we used remote sensing images of 1990,

2000, 2005, 2008, 2009, combining with field

reconnaissance as well as data collecting in places,

got data of sea enclosure and reclamation over years

of Liaoning Province, and the results were shown in

Table 1.

Table 1: Statistics of regional sea enclosure and

reclamation situation over years of Liaoning Province

(Unit: km

Year

Region

1990 2000 2005 2008 2009

Huludao 32.81 59.59 64.61 74.31 92.08

Jinzhou 86.43 178.9 193.49 201.63 213.82

Panjin 78.99 137.85 142.5 162.85 168.41

Yingkou 272.14 274.01 285.56 293.89 312.13

Dalian 428.73 669.75 740.27 824.69 884.47

Dandong 118.46 123.04 126.21 131.85 131.85

Total 1017.56 1443.14 1552.64 1689.22

1802.7

4.2 Sea Enclosure and Reclamation

Occupying Continental Natural

Shoreline

Due to the development and utilization of the coast,

natural shoreline changed into artificial shoreline

continuously in mainland coastline. In accordance

with the method determining natural shoreline in the

technical regulations of coastline resurvey, extracted

natural shoreline from remote sensing images over

years, and the results were shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Change statistics of mainland natural shoreline

over years of Liaoning Province (KM).

Year

Region

1990 2000 2005 2008 2009

Huludao 177.04 152.13 137.42 128.66 127.04

Jinzhou 26.81 20.18 19.88 18.43 18.43

Panjin 76.76 52.37 51.35 45.86 45.86

Yingkou 50.44 49.53 45.17 41.41 37.19

Dalian 579.40 536.69 488.02 442.73 437.48

Dandong 12.55 12.35 10.21 10.21 10.21

Total 923.00 823.24 752.05 687.30 676.20

Analysis of Coastal Sea Reclamation Changes over Years and Sustainable Development Capacity of Liaoning Province

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Analysis of Coastal Sea Reclamation Changes over Years and Sustainable Development Capacity of Liaoning Province

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4.3 Sea Enclosure and Reclamation

Occupying Bays

In this paper, we selected Jinzhou Bay, Taiping Bay,

Fuzhou Bay, Hulushan Bay, Dongjiakou Bay,

Pulandian Bay, Jinzhou Bay, Yingchengzi Bay,

Dalian Bay, Dayao Bay, Xiaoyao Bay, Changjiangao,

qingduizi Bay, 13 bays in total as evaluation objects

in bay log (Zhang Zongshu, 2002) of Liaoning

province.Taking outside boundary of sea enclosure

and reclamation in 1990 as coastline, analyzed the

bay area and sea enclosure and reclamation type in

bays, the results were shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Situation of sea enclosure and reclamation

occupying bays over years of Liaoning Province (km

1990 2000 2005 2008 2009

Area of bays 1367.31 1271.74 1214.72 1170.82 1115.6

Area of sea enclosure

and reclamation

0 95.59 152.09 195.77 234.39

5 CAPACITY FOR SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF LIAONING

PROVINCE COAST

Coastal area of six cities in Liaoning Province as the

research objectives, according to evaluation

objectives and situation of information acquisition,

based on P-S-R model framework and analytic

hierarchy to establish evaluation index system of

coast area sustainable development capacity,

including three subsystems: pressure, state and

response, four levels: objective layer, criteria layer,

elements layer and indicator layer.The data to

calculate the pressure indicator, status indicators,

response index were coastal six cities’

socio-economic statistic data at the end of 2006.

Using GIS spatial overlay and statistical analysis to

calculate the various space utilization ratio involved,

based primarily on the using status quo of sea,

distribution situation of water quality, space

distribution of sea and land resources in Liaoning

Province. Table 4 was shown below.

Table 4: Sustainable development evaluation index system of Liaoning Province.

Target layer Criteria layer Elements layer Index layer

level of coastal

sustainable

development

pressure subsystem

level of socio-economic

Year-end population density

GDP per unit area

Investment in fixed assets per unit area

Per unit output value of marine fishery

Per unit output value of mariculture industry

Level of resource utilization

Utilization rate of land space

Number of domestic tourists per unit shoreline

Artificial rate of shoreline

Utilization rate of sea space

Net deadweight of shipping tools per unit sea area

Direct environmental pressure

Emissions of industrial waste water per unit area

Emissions of domestic sewage per unit area

Emissions of industrial solid waste per unit area

State subsystem

resource utilization

Proportion of available land space

Proportion of available shoal space

Proportion of available sea space

Proportion of natural shoreline

Ecological environment

Proportion of clean water

Proportion of water worse than grade IV

Red Tide Frequency

Nekton density

Benthos density

Response subsystem

management policies

Criteria price valuation of sea area use

Sewage discharge rate reaching standard

Proportion of protected marine areas

Relevant inputs

Employment number of ocean management per unit area

Funding for ocean management per unit area

Pollution control investment per unit area

Other humanities response

Proportion of employed population above the high school education

Proportion of higher education population

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Table 5: Evaluation results list of six coastal cities’ sustainable development in Liaoning.

City of Dandong City of Dalian City of Panjin City of Yingkou City ofHuludao City of Jinzhou

ressure system 0.16 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.20 0.11

State system 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.06

Response system 0.13 0.48 0.18 0.37 0.40 0.09

Sustainability score 0.35 0.68 0.38 0.58 0.69 0.27

Using composite index method, based on the

weight above to evaluate the sustainable

development capacity of the coastal six cities in

Liaoning Province comprehensively, the evaluation

results were shown in Table 5.

Reference on the research results related to

sustainable evaluation of Zhang Zongshu (2002), Wu

Dun et al., (2005) composite index classification of

sustainable development of Liaoning Province’s

coast were in Table 6 below.

Table 6: Grading standard of composite index.

Classification Index value Grading standard

i 0.8<I<1

strong sustainable

development

ii 0.6<I<0.8

basic sustainable

development

iii 0.5<I<0.6

weak sustainable

develo

ent

iv I<0.5

non-sustainable

development

On the score of each index, land area of Jinzhou

City was small, high density population, had the

maximum pressure on coastal, and the lowest score of

0.11; whether waters or land resources were

abundant in Huludao City, it had smaller population

density, lower economic development level, the

minimum pressure on coastal ecological

environment, the score of 0.20.

6 CONCLUSION

(1) Environmental Impact of the Coastal Zone

Development Activities in Liaoning Province. In

1990-2009, sea enclosure and reclamation area

increased year by year in Liaoning Province, the

accumulated area was 1797.13 km2 in 2009,

especially in 2008 and 2009, it increased 108km2.

Natural shoreline declined with sea enclosure and

reclamation activities year by year in Liaoning

Province, from 1990 to 2009, natural shoreline

decreased 246.8km, in which sea enclosure farming

occupied the most, in sea reclamation activities,

urban construction occupied the most. Since 1990,

the main bay area reduced from 1367km2 to

1116km

decreased by 18.4%.

(2) Capacity for Sustainable Development of

Liaoning Province Coast Zone. Synthesized scores of

main system indicators, getting the evaluation results

of coastal six cities’ sustainable development

capacity in Liaoning Province: with the descending

order Huludao 0.69, Dalian 0.68, Yingkou 0.58,

Panjin 0.38, Dandong 0.35 , Jinzhou 0.27.Overall,

Liaoning had poor sustainable development capacity

in coastal areas and mean evaluation score of regional

sustainability was 0.49, was non- sustainable

development. Scores of Huludao City and Dalian

City were greater than 0.6, on basic level of

sustainable development; score of Yingkou was

greater than 0.5 and less than 0.6, on low level of

sustainable development; scores of Panjin, Dandong,

Jinzhou were less than 0.5, belonged to the level of

non-sustainable development basically.

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