ApPoggiomarino: A Context Aware App for e-Citizenship

Giuseppe Annunziata

, Francesco Colace

, Massimo De Santo

, Saverio Lemma

and Marco Lombardi

DIIn, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (Sa), Italy

SIMASLab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (Sa), Italy

Keywords: Context-Aware Computing, e-Citizenship, Adaptive Systems.

Abstract: The diffusion of pervasive systems and the affirmation of the Internet network as technological glue among

the individuals have deeply modified the everyday life of our society. In fact, the spread of Smartphones and

Tablets has allowed the users to use contents and services everywhere. Among the environments that have

been mainly affected by this ‘technological’ wave, the ‘City’ stands out. Therefore, with these new paradigms,

the same concept of ‘City’ results altered and enriched with new potentialities. The City is able to talk to its

inhabitants offering, according to the contexts, services and contents able to adapt themselves to the needs of

the moment. In this paper, we intend to introduce a Context Aware methodology capable of giving contexts

and services to the citizens according to their interests and their position inside the city. This methodology

has been implemented in a ‘hybrid app’ and tested in a real context.

INTRODUCTION

‘You take delight not in a city’s seven or seventy-

seven wonders, but in the answer it gives to a question

of yours’. The great Italian writer Italo Calvino wrote

this in his novel ‘Invisible Cities’. As often happens,

a writer succeeds many times in looking forward in

the time and the raised issue is very topical. The

citizens look more and more for answers able to

satisfy their needs. Answers that often materialize in

services and contents to be used on mobile devices

that are widely spread now (Colace et al., 2015a).

Who has

not had the necessity to know the opening

hours of a

pharmacy or to find the nearest open

pizzeria?

Therefore, it is understandable how it is

essential to

give the citizen adaptive services and

contents able to

transmit right information in the

right contexts

(Colace et al., 2015c). A fundamental

contribution to this

scenery has come from the

increasing diffusion of

mobile devices that

concretely have created pervasive

and context aware

computing approaches (Colace et al.,

2015d;

Colace et al., 2015e). Exactly the context aware

computing seems to be the most important approach

to realize an adaptive approach to the distribution of

services and contents (Colace et al., 2015b). The

Context

Awareness marks the systems capable of

perceiving

the contexts where they and the user

act, and of

consequently modifying their behaviour

and

exchanged information. These opportunities

offered

by the new pervasive technologies have

deeply affected the world of the services providers

(Colace et al.,

2014).

More recently, the literature has provided a

different and wider interpretation of service,

underlining its multidimensional, systemic nature in

a theoretical context that has implications not only for

marketing but also for organizational studies, public

administration, management, social sciences, and

ICT (Ciasullo and Troisi, 2013). According to

Service-

Dominant Logic (Vargo and Lusch, 2004;

Vargo and Lusch, 2006a; Vargo and Lusch, 2008),

Service

is co-created through ongoing interactions

between

customers and service providers in the

context in

which the experience takes place

(Zomerdijk and Voss, 2010).

Thus, service

influences synergic relations

among the actors

(Vargo and Lusch, 2011) in order to enable

them

to participate in the value co-creation process

(Gummesson et al., 2010). It is clear that the

emphasis is

on interactions that lead to value co-

creation

(Lambert and Garcia-Dastugue, 2006;

Prahalad and Ramaswamy, 2004; Vargo and Lusch,

2008). Value

co-creation is a process implying the

involvement of

multiple actors engaged in an

extensive network of

interactions. Prahalad and

Annunziata, G., Colace, F., Santo, M., Lemma, S. and Lombardi, M.

ApPoggiomarino: A Context Aware App for e-Citizenship.

In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2016) - Volume 2, pages 273-281

ISBN: 978-989-758-187-8

273

Ramaswamy (2004) define

co-creation in the context

of experiential marketing as

a process that enables

the individual consumer to

determine the design of

future products and services,

marketing messages

and distribution channels where

the products will be

available. In this process of co-creation, service

users actively collaborate with

providers in the

design, implementation, use, and even promotion of

co-created products or services. In

this sense, the

service cannot be complete without

active

customer participation in the service creation

process (Bitner et al., 1997; Zeithaml et al., 2004;

Groth, 2005).

Consumers’ role is central in

requiring personal

services, quick responses and

high levels of service

quality.

The service used in a given context, encouraging

interaction among the parties, favors the integration

of resources, expertise, information and interests

(before, during and after use). Value is thus

determined through an integrated process of co-

production, involving various parties sharing

insights, needs and availability, on the basis of a

networking, systems logic.

Customers co‐create unique experiences through

their interaction with service providers across several

touch points, responding to the various designed

elements, along with others that are outside

organizational control, such as the social environment

(Verhoef et al., 2009). In this context, customer’s

experiences cannot be designed by the organization,

but services can be designed for the customer

experience (Patrício et al., 2011). Thus, customers

can co-

construct and personalize the service

experience,

integrate the inputs of firms into their

practices with

value interpreted through the social

meaning of such

practices (Holttinen, 2010).

In particular, the use of services by consumers

generates experiences for the other involved actors, in

terms of performance, feedback, knowledge and

emotions. In short, the customer is no longer

conceived as a consumer or destroyer of value

(consumer) but as a participant in the production

process (prosumer) (Vargo and Lusch, 2006b).

The active involvement of customers pivots on

acquiring in depth knowledge of experience,

perceptions and opinions about the service as a whole.

While the customers are using services, ideas are

exchanged, potentially creating an effect that enables

them to develop new lines of thought, which may not

have occurred independently (Ulwick, 2002).

On the basis of what has been previously

described, this work will be organized in this way: in

the following paragraph, we will describe the concept

of context and how it can be declined in a modern way

thanks to the use of new technologies. Then, we will

introduce a context-based approach able to give,

inside a little town, services and contents useful for

the user. Some experimental results will be presented

in the last part of the paper.

CONTEXT AWARENESS AND

ICT

The human being has always used the concept of

context, which belongs to that kind of concepts

known by the majority of people, but that are difficult

to describe with words. In (Schilit et al., 1994), there

is the

first attempt to describe the relation between

the

context and the context-awareness in the field

information technologies. The three main aspects

the context are: ‘where you are’, ‘who you are

with’

and ‘what resources are nearby’. If we put

together

the three just mentioned sentences, we

realize that

they can be seen as a first definition of

context based

on some observable characteristics.

Another

definition of context has been proposed

in (Ryan et al.,

1997) where the context is

defined as a series of

environmental features

(environment), such as, for

example, the place,

the temperature and the

considered user’s identity.

The definition of context

that usually is taken into

account is that proposed by

(Dey and Abowd,

1999): ‘Context is any information that can be

used

to characterize the situation of an entity. An

entity is a person, place, or object that is considered

relevant to the interaction between a user and an

application, including the user and applications

themselves.’ Directly linked to the definition of

context, there is that of context-awareness

applications: applications that in some way are aware

of the context where the user is and the capability to

detect and react to the changes in the environment

where it is located (Colace et al., 2015f). Again in

(Dey and Abowd,

1999), there is a definition of the

context-aware

system: ‘A system is context-aware if

it uses context

to provide relevant information and/or

services to the

user, where relevancy depends on the

user’s task.’ In

practice, a system can be defined

context aware when

it takes advantage of the

context to give important

information and/or

services to the user, where the

importance

depends on the user’s request and

features. If we

wanted to classify the context-aware

applications,

we could consider that presented in

(Schilit et al.,

1994):

Proximate Selection, which literally means

‘selection of proximity’, is an interfacing technique

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that considers that the user gets close to a particular

place to receive some relevant information and/or to

make elaborations, both on request and automatically.

Automatic contextual reconfiguration is the

process of addition of new components, removal of

already existing components or alteration of the

connection among the components of a system. In

actual fact, there is the change of the system

according to the context. Typically, the components

can include: driver modules directly downloadable

by the user, modules of programmes.

Contextual information and commands: often

the operations that people make can be predicted. In

fact, usually, there are some recurring operations

made in particular places (e.g. universities, libraries,

offices, etc.). The applications that use this kind of

‘contextual information’ are made to accomplish

certain orders (contextual commands) in place of the

user according to the context.

Context-triggered actions are those

applications that automatically carry out an operation

when there is a particular condition (trigger) in the

context.

Although as time goes by new classifications

have been introduced, the previous ones are still

valid. It is important to precise that a context-aware

application has not to necessarily belong to one of the

listed categories, but it is possible to have some

‘hybrid’ applications that have features belonging to

more categories.

What are the context-aware applications for? For

some years, more and more often we hear talking

about smart environments aimed to the improvement

of the quality of life, both in domestic environment

(domotics) and in city environment. In particular,

there is an expression that recurs a lot in the several

mass media: ‘smart city’. The smart cities are the so-

called intelligent cities. This subject is

interdisciplinary and encompasses all the fields: from

the energy saving, to the improvement of life and the

fastest and more natural access to information. It is

exactly in these two latest fields that the context-

aware applications insert themselves. In fact, in the

future cities, there will be more and more smart

spaces (domestic and not), which will take care of the

users making easier and more immediate their access

to information and, under determined conditions, will

be able to foresee the user’s desires and therefore to

anticipate some operations on behalf of the user. As

an example of smart environment, we can think of a

room that has the capability of automatically

regulating the temperature of the environment

according to the user’s preferences, or, through a

centralized stereo system, can change music

according to the user’s tastes. And moreover, we

could think to a public park where people, by tagging,

can leave their own messages on a virtual wall, so that

in the future the users of this same park can take

advantage of the advices of who has been previously

in that place. A further example could be that of a

smart shopping centre, where when a user enters in a

shop directly receive information about the products

on sale that he/she could be interested in. This

processing can be made on the basis of the previous

purchases and/or of a series of indications given by

the same user (for example, through an electronic

questionnaire made available by the shopping centre).

This kind of applications can become very important

also in the field of the improvement of disabled

people’s life. In fact, it is possible to study some areas

that change according to the specific need. For

example, let us consider a blind person that enters a

smart public building, this environment, after having

received context information about the user, has to be

able to guide him/her towards his/her destination

using audio messages.

In the following paragraph, we will present an

approach to the management of the context and its

associated services to make the previously introduced

approaches concrete.

A CONTEXT DIMENSION

TREE BASED APPROACH FOR

CONTENTS AND SERVICES

CONTEXTUALIZATION

A key element in the design of a contextual

application and a Context Aware System is the

representation and management of the context itself.

To better understand formal concepts, it has been

carried out in the paper an example based on a

simplified citizen domain, on which it is now being

developed a Context Aware System that assists

residents and tourists in their activities.

The goal is to provide a mechanism of dynamic

and automatic invocation of services considering the

context through the Context Dimension Tree (Tanca

et al.,

2006).

CDT is a tree composed of a triad <r; N; A> where

r indicates its root, N is the set of nodes of which it is

made of and A is the set of arcs joining these nodes.

CDT is used to be able to represent, in a graphic

form, all possible contexts that you may have within

an application.

Nodes present within CDT are divided into two

categories, namely dimension nodes and concept

ApPoggiomarino: A Context Aware App for e-Citizenship

275

nodes. A dimension node, which is graphically

represented by the color black, is a node that

describes a possible dimension of the application

domain; a concept node, on the other hand, is depicted

by the color white and represents one of the possible

values that a dimension may assume. Each node is

identified through its type and a label.

The children of the root node r are all dimension

nodes, they are called top dimension and for each of

them there may be a sub-tree. Leaf nodes, instead, must

be concept nodes. A dimension node can have, as

children, only concept nodes and, similarly, a concept

node can have, as children, only dimension

nodes.

In addition to nodes, you can use other elements:

the parameters, which may arise both from a

dimension node (graphically represented by a white

square) and from a concept node (white triangle),

submitting them to particular constraints. In fact, a

concept node can have more than one parameter,

while a dimension node can have only a parameter

and only in case it has not already children nodes. The

introduction of parameters is due to their usefulness

in shaping the characteristics that can have an infinite

or very high number of attributes. For example, a

node representing Cost dimension risks having a high

number of values that should be specified by as many

concept children nodes. In a similar case, it is

therefore preferred to use only one parameter, whose

value will be specified in each case. Leaf nodes, in

addition to concept nodes, can also be parameters.

In general, each node has a parameter

corresponding to a domain, dom(nP). For parameter

nodes connected to concept nodes, the domain can be

a set of key values from a relational database, while

in case of parameter nodes connected to dimension

nodes, the domain is a set of possible concept nodes

of dimension.

In figure 1, it is shown a general designed CDT,

called Meta CDT, which is the starting point for the

design of a specific CDT that can be exploited in

contextual applications.

You may note six top dimensions, which

correspond to the questions of the 5W1H method:

Location (WHERE), Role (WHO), Time (WHEN),

Situation (HOW), Interests (WHAT) and Utilization

(WHY).

In particular, there are two types of users and

eleven categories of interests.

A context element is defined as an assignment

d_name

= value, where d_name

indicates a possible

size or undersize of CDT (it is the label of a

dimension node), while value may represent the label

of one of the concept nodes that are children of the

considered dimension node or the value of a

parameter referring to one of these concept nodes or

the value of a parameter referring to the considered

dimension node.

For example, these assignments are possible

context elements: Interest = tourism, Location =

LocationID (ID = 3), Role = user, Utilization =

holiday.

Figure 1: Meta CDT for contextual applications.

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A context is specified as: ˄ (d_name

= value).

It is defined as an “and” among different context

elements.

Several context elements, combined with each

other by means of an “and”, damage, therefore, the

origin of a context.

For example, a possible framework that can be

obtained from the previously seen CDT, through the

context element that we have listed, is:

C= (Location = locationID (ID=3)) ˄ (Role= user (ID=15))

˄ (Time = now) ˄ (Situation = routine) ˄ (Interest = tourism) ˄

(Utilization = holiday)

The context is defined as a user, interested in

tourism, who uses the contextual app on vacation, in

a called place.

Therefore, through the Context Dimension Tree,

it is possible, after analyzing the domain of

application, to express the size characteristics and

values they can take in a graphical way by,

respectively, dimension nodes and concept nodes or

parameters. The assignment to a dimension of one of

its possible values is a context element. The context

element can be considered the main feature of the

application, by which a context can be decomposed.

The moment you make the formulation of the context,

you must specify all the context elements that are part

of it and that enable its creation. Any context is

expressible by an “and” combination of the context

elements to which they are peculiar.

By definition, you can begin to understand how

you will create views based on data relating to each

context; in fact, they will be built starting from the

portions of the database and then from the partial

views, associated to the context element that takes

part into context information.

3.1

Methodologies and Phases to

Obtain Contextual Service

The methodology, shown in figure 2, has been

realized in order to manage the database and to carry

out reductions of their content based on the context.

The purpose is to help the designer in the

definition of all contexts relevant to the considered

application and, later, in the association to each

context of the portion of the database containing the

relevant data about the context.

The methodology consists of three main phases,

which we will see in detail later: design phase of the

Context Dimension Tree (CDT), definition phase of

partial views and composition phase of global views.

Figure 2: Phases to obtain contextual service.

ApPoggiomarino: A Context Aware App for e-Citizenship

277

Design phase of the Context Tree: in this

phase,

the Context Dimension Tree is

designed to

identify significant context

elements for the

considered application. In

fact, it focuses on the

definition of contexts

and on the elements that

compose them.

These contexts must be identified

and

shaped, indicating particular elements that

characterize each of them. As it has been

said, it

is available a special tool called

Context

Dimension Tree (CDT) to make

context design.

Three CDT were made for specific

environments in order to represent and

manage a multitude of different contexts and

order to identify, represent, preserve and

make

available cultural points for each type

of user.

Definition phase of partial views: after the

definition of all the contexts and their

context

elements, in this step a different

portion of the

database is associated to each

context element,

containing the relevant data

for it.

In practice, the goal is to find the appropriate

value for a given dimension, in order to

obtain, by means of the values of all the

dimensions, a valid query and specific to the

context in which the user is located.

A partial view could be related to dimension

“Role”: once logged in, the application is

able to recognize the user and to know more

precisely whether he/she is, for example in

tourist areas, a resident or a tourist. Thus, the

value “tourist” of dimension “Role” is a

partial

view for the current context: using this

knowledge, you can exclude certain services,

not suitable or useful to the tourist role.

Composition phase of global views: this is

the

phase where you have the automatic

generation of

views associated with each

context, which is

made starting from partial

views associated with

context elements.

After the creation of the global

views of the

contexts, the answers to questions

that will

be asked to the system will be developed

from these views and, in particular, from the

view

associated with the context in which

you are

located when the query is

performed.

In particular, once defined the values for

each

dimension, you can use all the

information

obtained in order to identify the

right context and

offer data and services

customized for the user.

It is assumed the example of a tourist who is

walking near a beach who gets initially a

notification of his/her proximity. Later,

he/she

needs to deepen such notification.

Therefore, it

will propose him/her services

that they might be

interested in, such as the

site of the nearest

beach, where he/she can

get the price list.

3.2

The System Architecture

We have made a Context Aware System, whose

architecture is shown in figure 3, able to adapt

useful data and services to users based on the

context. Context awareness of interaction is

particularly important in ubiquitous systems and

mobile applications for groups of users.

In fact, given the ever-increasing variety of

interaction devices (fixed and mobile) and application

use contexts, it becomes increasingly necessary to

develop Context Aware systems that manage

information that make unique and distinguish each

human-machine interaction.

The architecture of our model is composed of: the

Context Aware Module (CAM), which is the main

engine and considers the context in reference to the

obtained data (contextual information), in particular

position (GPS location), interests and role (obtained

during registration) of each user; the Knowledge Base

Module, a special type of database for the

management of knowledge and information: in

particular “Users”, representing all users of the

Figure 3: The System Architecture.

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application, “Services”, which describes all the

services of every possible application context,

“Resources”, which forms all the points of interest

and “Events”, which describes all events; and finally

the Management Module (MM), used both by the

administrators of the app and the users themselves.

This module deals with some important issues,

including: POIs management, where the insertion can

be done directly from map, manually or by search of

interests, interacting in the last two cases with Google

Maps; services, comments and events management,

interacting with TripAdvisor and Facebook/Twitter

API.

In figure 4, for a greater immediacy, it is shown a

deepening of the architecture realized: the set of user

profile, such as preferences and interests, of user

context, such as his/her GPS location, of CDT, which

provides the rules and allows the representation of the

specific context in which he/she is located, of data,

including the points of interest and services, allows

obtaining the contextual resources tailored for the

user,

through the use of a contextual application.

Figure 4: Contextual resources as final result of App.

On this subject, for the different environments

described, we have realized hybrid mobile

applications,

both in Android and iOS, with many

features, some of

which are shown in figure 8:

contents, including

descriptions, images and services,

tailored to interests,

profile and location users,

planning a route based on

user’s interests and his/her

preferences of travel,

exploration of the surroundings

from the current

position, custom QR Code reader,

weather and news on

the site, search and insertion of

events, the comments

section, display position and

points of interest on the

map, with integration of the

navigator on the

smartphone to reach specific ones.

ApPoggiomarino: A

CONTEXT

AWARE APP FOR

CITIZENSHIP

In this section, we will present ApPoggiomarino,

contextual app designed and implemented

according to what was described previously. In

particular, we have thought to apply the approach in

the context of the little town of Poggiomarino, a

municipality in Campania (Italy) of about 21,000

inhabitants and with an extension of 13 square km.

Along with the Municipality of Poggiomarino, a

reference CDT has been designed. In this phase, we

have collected the services and contents potentially

useful for the citizens and situate them on the map

defining the activation zones (fig. 5).

Figure 5: Definition of the activation areas of services and

contents.

Moreover, we have defined the different

typologies of

citizens (elementary school’s students,

users with

kids at school, university students, …)

associating

them to a previously established set of

services and

contents. Having the town a series of

artistic contents,

we have developed services and

contents in support

of them too. A series of

services and contents

considered transversal, such

as the opening hours of

the City Hall, the Library,

the Cemetery, the

pharmacies, have been made

available to all the

typologies of users.

All information about places of worship and

shops has been uploaded, for any building or area of

potential.

The App has been developed with hybrid

technologies (Cordova and PhoneGap) to allow an

easier publication both in Android and Apple

environment (figure 6).

Figure 6: Screenshots with some features of contextual

application.

The App has been presented to the population in

September 2015 and has been installed by about 500

people.

ApPoggiomarino: A Context Aware App for e-Citizenship

279

Therefore, by the installations we can infer that

the App has had a remarkable success among people

aged under 20 and over 50. This is not surprising

because exactly these ranges are mainly interested in

services and contents of the town, living it for more

time. In figure 7, it is presented the use, in terms of

daily requests of the several services, of the app.

Figure 7: Service Requests in the period 15/09/2015-

03/11/2015.

From a more detailed analysis, we can deduce that

generally the most popular services are those linked

to the request of opening hours of shops and public

offices. Instead, during weekends, the requests of

services and contents concerning activities linked to

free time become more substantial.

CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we have presented an app able to

offer services and contents personalized for the needs

of the user according to the context where he/she is.

The app bases its ‘contextual’ functioning on the

adoption of the CDT that is able to shape the context

and the actions to implement. The app has been

developed for the needs of a little Italian town and the

first results have been satisfying. The following

activities have as purpose the application of the

proposed methodology to more complex

environments, for dimension and number of potential

points of interest to manage.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Municipality of

Poggiomarino, represented by Doctor Pantaleone

Annunziata for the support given in the phase of

definition of the services. Thanks also to the Public

Library ‘S. Boccia Montefusco’, represented by

Doctor Monica D’Ambrosio, for the contents and the

suggestions. The research reported in this paper has

been supported by the Project Cultural Heritage

Information System (CHIS) PON03PE_00099_1

CUP E66J140000 70007 – D46J1400000 0007 and

the Databenc District.

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