On the Use of CEP in Safety-critical Systems

Veronika Abramova

, Bruno Cabral

and Jorge Bernardino

1,2

Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ISEC - Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal

University of Coimbra – CISUC, Centre for Informatics and Systems of University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Keywords: Safety-critical, CEP, Systems, Event Processing.

Abstract: Safety-critical systems have to continuously manage risks, in order to handle hazardous situations and still

be able to fulfil their purpose. While being composed by a variety of software, as well as hardware

components, it is necessary for each part of these systems, alone and as a whole, to exhibit a required set of

characteristics, necessary to ensure the correct system functioning. Complex Event Processing (CEP)

systems have been used in a diversity of applications and, while they focus on fast data gathering and

processing as well as in providing intelligence to their users, there is incomplete information about how they

are adequate to integrate safety-critical systems. In this paper we investigate if the mainstream off-the-shelf

CEP systems are suitable for safety-critical applications. We describe the use of complex event processing

engines in safety-critical systems and how some authors enhance those to better correspond to the critical

system requirements. We demonstrate that, although dependability is well handled in most CEP systems, the

same cannot be assumed about security and safety attributes.

1 INTRODUCTION

Safety-critical systems are projected and designed to

be used in avionics, medical devices, automotive

braking systems, nuclear power plant management,

flight management systems, chemical processes,

nuclear power plants and other potentially life

threatening systems, when failure in the system

endangers human lives directly or indirectly.

Therefore, these systems should be able to provide

the required safety functions and overall system

integrity (Knight, 2002). In order to be able to

mitigate the potential impact of hazardous situations,

safety-critical systems must be certified by a

regulatory agency to ensure their correct operation.

Consequently, it is important that systems in use are

reliable while it is possible to detect design and

functional problems. Also, those should be able to

meet some of the most important quality attributes,

such as dependability, reliability, safety and security

(Malm et al., 2011). It is important to mention that

those are complex systems, which are mostly build

using different operational modules and systems

combined together, such as Complex Event

Processing (CEP) systems. CEP systems have been

around for quite some time and have been constantly

tested, improved and developed (Mendes et al.,

2009). Due to the wide range of possible application

domains, CEP system capabilities have been

constantly improving over the past years. Figure 1

presents an example of a CEP system architecture –

ESPER.

Figure 1: ESPER architecture (Esper, 2016).

Currently they are used in a variety of software

systems as a customizable tool for data processing

and analysis. These systems have the ability to

completely adapt to the desired system purpose and

be able to process and present most important data,

based on previously defined rules. Therefore,

traditionally, CEP systems are part of more complex

systems, inside which they are used to process

102

Abramova, V., Bernardino, J. and Cabral, B.

On the Use of CEP in Safety-critical Systems.

DOI: 10.5220/0006308401020109

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Complexity, Future Information Systems and Risk (COMPLEXIS 2017), pages 102-109

ISBN: 978-989-758-244-8

incoming information, create alerts based on a

collection of rules, and posteriorly provide filtered

and summarized data to the final user (Eckert and

Bry, 2009). Consequently, those systems are focused

on information extraction and processing of

important data in real-time environments.

We investigate if current off-the-shelf CEP

systems are suitable for usage in safety-critical

applications, and are capable of performing designed

operations in the required (acceptable) time. As our

main contribution, we study some critical systems

that use CEP engines, as well the improvements that

were made to these CEP engines by some of the

authors. We start by identifying the key quality

attributes of safety-critical systems and use these to

study how some of the available systems manage

those requirements. This analysis allowed us to

identify different characteristics of CEP systems that

require more research.

The remainder of the paper is structured as

follows: section 2 presents the state of the art and

some of the application areas of CEP systems.

Section 3 describes some of the most important

quality attributes for safety-critical systems. Section

4 studies the usage of CEP in safety-critical

applications and Section 5 evaluates if those quality

attributes were considered by the authors and

describes possible gaps of usage of CEP in safety-

critical systems in some of the existent studies.

Finally, Section 6 presents our conclusions and

proposes some future research directions.

2 STATE OF THE ART

CEP systems have been used in a large number of

systems for data processing and alarm triggering.

Although our focus is on safety-critical applications,

in this section, to correctly assess the state-of-the-art,

we will also consider works reporting on the

application of complex event processing in other

areas.

For example, (Aidi, 2006) describes some of the

most common areas of application of complex event

processing systems, where these engines are capable

of exploring their full potential. The author presents

some of the key benefits brought by those systems.

A more focused study is performed by (Oracle,

2012) and (Aidi et al., 2006), who emphasize their

approach on financial area and propose solutions

using CEP engines. All of the authors state that CEP

systems have a high potential for processing data

when it arrives and are capable of providing data of

interest in a satisfactory amount of time. Since the

main goal of CEP is to be agile and efficient in data

presentation to the end user, (Cockburn, 2016),

(Schmidt et al., 2012) and (Ammon et al., 2009)

investigate the efficiency of those systems in alarm

triggering and alert management. These authors

present the advantages of CEP systems in those

cases and describe how those can be tuned to be able

to provide all the required information. Those

systems may be focused on alarms in dangerous

environments as well as noncritical businesses that

completely rely on getting information in time.

Therefore, (Daum et al., 2012) focused mainly on

BPM - Business Process Management Systems and

describe if CEP are capable of satisfying all the

requirements of those systems.

Healthcare is another highly important area that

could potentially take advantages of CEP systems.

(Wang et al., 2010) describe real-time healthcare

applications and state that CEP engines can

efficiently monitor patient behaviour and control

medical regulations. Similarly, (Foley and Churcher,

2009) and (Naqishbandi et al., 2015) propose

architecture solutions and required characteristics of

the systems using complex event processing in

healthcare domain. Authors state that CEP engines

are highly useful for large and critical data

processing and are capable of improving medical

systems.

Our work presents some of the available

solutions and studies, performed by other authors,

which focus on application of CEP engines in

safety-critical systems. We attempt describing some

of the systems developed by them and some of the

authors’ conclusions.

3 SAFETY-CRITICAL

REQUIREMENTS

While developing a safety-critical system there is a

wide range of standards that must be followed as

well as system requirements (Bowen and Stavridou,

2002). Those requirements may be also translated

into system quality attributes and define the system

characteristics without getting deep inside into its

functionalities. Currently software systems present,

in most cases, a long list of quality attributes

(Laranjeiro et al., 2015) and, therefore, we decided

to consider in this work the most general ones,

which are fundamental in safety-critical systems (see

Figure 2).

On the Use of CEP in Safety-critical Systems

103

Figure 2: Quality attributes.

We based our choice on the available standards and

attributes presented by (Barbacci et al., 1995),

(Sommerville, 2004), (Atoum and Bong, 2015).

Therefore, the considered quality attributes are:

 Dependability. Can be directly translated into

trustworthiness of the developed system and

represents the confidence in the correct

functioning of its functions. One of the

dimensions of dependability is fault tolerance

that states that failure in a part of the system

cannot compromise the whole system. Also,

should be considered the repair capability of the

designed system, which describes if the system is

capable of recovering without any intervention,

as expected.

 Security. Ensure that extracted, stored and

processed by the system data is not easily

intersected or corrupted. There should not be

intentional disruption by the third parties.

Authentication mechanism is also a requisite

since it allows user identification and extends up

to the possibility of the system to recognize the

configured devices and treat them as trusted. The

collected data will be recognized as viable

modifications and not by others. System

vulnerability should be reduced as much as

possible in order to prevent possible harm by

attackers and important data exposure.

 Reliability. Describes the probability of the

system of performing designed operations in

expected time. This attribute is tightened with the

availability of the system that states that the

system should have the ability to work with

limited amount of data when it cannot be

collected. There should be available backup data

collectors that would gather at least part of the

necessary data. Therefore, reliability considers

not only software but hardware and firmware

modules that are required for correct system

functioning.

 Safety. This is another quality attribute highly

related to the reliability. Thus, safety reflects the

system’s ability to operate, normally or

abnormally, without danger of causing human

injury or death and without damage to the

system’s environment. Some of related safety

terms are: hazard, damage and risk. All of those

are considered by the standards and usually are

described as a prevention list of measures instead

of qualities.

We believe that, among others, those are some of

the most important requirements of critical

software. Also, chosen attributes enclose other

vital software system characteristics, for example,

performance, resilience, availability, etc.

4 CEP IN SAFETY-CRITICAL

SYSTEMS

(Baldoni et al., 2015) proposed a solution that

combines Complex Event Processing (CEP) and

Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to analyse system

failures and their symptoms considering specifically

defined metrics. The anomalies conditions are

detected using the defined rules and creating alert

events. CEP provides all the necessary data as well

as performance metrics while HMM are used for

system state specification and recognition. Authors

state that it is important to be able to detect faults in

system components in order to be able to prevent the

entire system to be compromised. Hence, this work

proposes a failure prediction architecture, focused on

the traffic control systems, named CASPER.

Authors state that CASPER exhibits pretty good

accuracy and it is able to generate predictions with a

margin of time that allows recovery actions to

mitigate the upcoming occurrence of a failure of the

system.

Considering usage of CEP in different domains

and with increased interest in CEP systems, (Zappia

et al., 2012) describe the design and the

implementation of a lightweight and extensible

Complex Event Processing engine, called LiSEP.

During the system design specification, authors were

driven by the principle of minimizing dependency

on external software components and, therefore,

LiSEP depends solely on the Java Standard Edition

libraries, thus minimizing deployment requirements.

Moreover, the LiSEP logic is strictly focused on

core event processing, consequently resulting in a

lightweight and minimal implementation. The

proposed solution is complemented by the

specification of the Event Processing Language,

based on the SQL syntax. As a proof of the

architecture, authors propose experimenting the use

of the LiSEP engine in a case study on dangerous

goods monitoring during maritime transport as a part

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104

of Italian Ministry for Economic Development

research project, called SITMAR - Integrated system

for goods maritime transport in multi-modal

scenarios. More data-focused approach is presented

by (Evchina and Lastra, 2016). This work aims

aiding end users of monitoring systems by delivering

selected information to each user based on their role

in the system. The proposed approach combines

Semantic Web (SW) technologies and Complex

Event Processing (CEP) for configuration purposes

and run-time data processing and analysing. Authors

state that final developed solution should be able to

provide ways to deal with multiple devices and

multiple users of the system; should be

reconfigurable to reflect changes in the environment

and/or user information needs; and finally, the

device updates should be delivered to users within

reasonable amount of time. Considering those

requirements, the developed approach provides two

major advantages. Firstly, the behaviour of the

system could be easily changed by configuring only

underlying ontology and, secondly, CEP usage at

runtime makes system event-driven and reactive to

frequent changes in the environment.

(Itria et al., 2014) present an approach for critical

situation detection that uses CEP architecture for

real time event analysis as well as event correlation.

While event analysis consists of data processing,

event correlation corresponds to establishing a

relation between input events that were gathered

from various sources, for detecting patterns and

situations of interest in the emergency management

context. This solution describes the engine,

developed in the context of the Secure! Project

(Secure, 2016). That solution has two main

requirements: the correlation module has to be

adaptable to the possible changes of the source

environment, and it has to process available

historical data in order to evaluate the actual events

considering also what has happened before. After

submitting the system for testing, authors state that

their approach can be easily used and maintained. It

is also extensible to other scenarios where the

application requires nearly real-time correlation, like

intrusion detection system (Ficco and Romano,

2011) and monitoring of critical infrastructures.

Solution for power grid monitoring using CEP is

presented by (Cerullo et al., 2014). Authors claim to

be able to provide a detailed treatment of the

security issues resulting from the adoption of

Wireless Sensor Networks and QoS-enabled IP

connections. The proposed solution attempts

enhancing current information security and event

management technology, by improving its capability

of detecting and mitigating attacks targeting the

heterogeneous network infrastructure. As an

example, in power grid scenario, the attacker may

prevent some nodes from sending events to the

connected collector, thus hiding changes in the

power grid conditions. The WSN security probe

generates alarms based on the analysis of the

network and periodically calculates the package

generation rate at every node and the developed

engine is capable of correlating those alarms to

protect the visualization server. (Wang and Kuang,

2015) propose a traffic prediction method based on

Predictive Complex Event Processing (PreCEP) and

Bayesian networks to improve the prediction

accuracy. The prediction model is trained with

historical data and it is used to predict future events

based on the recent output of basic CEP engine.

Authors address the prediction problem for moving

objects that can be vehicles or even pedestrian and

conclude that the performance of PreCEP still needs

to be improved. Currently the parallel method only

works when learning the structure of models and

training models for different context.

Cloud platform monitoring system, JTangCMS -

JTang Cloud Monitoring System, is proposed by (Lu

et al., 2016). Authors claim that proposed solution

can deal with the flexibility, scalability, efficiency

and performance challenges of cloud monitoring.

The system gathers all the data using dissemination

framework that allows transferring huge amount of

runtime information with high throughput and low

latency using DDS - Data Distribution Service

which partitions the input into smaller parts. After

transferring all the data, it has to be analysed and,

therefore, was developed a decision-making support

system using CEP, named JTangCMS. Performed

evaluations of the implemented algorithm and DDS-

based data delivery system state that JTangCMS is

efficient solution and does support intelligent

decision making. In (Li et al., 2013) authors propose

the overall structure and workflow for a CEP-based

monitoring system, which can be applied to a private

cloud to alert system failures.

(Bruns et al., 2014) proposed ambulance

coordination architecture that provides real-time data

processing and deliver comprehensive data to the

end users. The developed architecture consists of

two core components: CEP and FSM- Finite State

Machines. CEP focuses on gathering and analysis of

the sensor data streams, emitted by the ambulance in

order to automatically detect changes of the

operational states defined in the FSM. Authors

defend that efficient and fast patient care requires

reliable and up to date information and, therefore,

On the Use of CEP in Safety-critical Systems

105

present an approach that determines the actual state

of all ambulances as well as possible relevant

mission incidents. Presented solution attempts

completing research of (Brotcorne et al., 2003), (Li

et al., 2011), (Ciampolini et al., 2004). (Zappia et al.,

2014) also present patient related data and usage of

CEP systems in healthcare area. The goal is to use

RFID technology to be able to support clinical

management of the patients. Proposed solution is

focused mainly on the following scenarios: patient

identification and tracking, and drug administration.

The proposed distributed system is based on event

abstraction, event aggregation and event

transformation, and uses those to offer a hierarchical

and distributed data processing architecture where

CEP used data is provided by different processing

nodes. Overall, the projected solution, based on CEP

and RFID technologies, is used to support clinical

risk management by means of detecting possibly

dangerous patient conditions as well as patient take

care. Solution for critical situation detection in

elderly daily life is proposed by (Xu et al., 2014).

Authors focus their study on personal assistance as

well as possible risks and identification of the

required assistance situations. These situations are

detected by analysing data received from the

sensors. This study is focused on ALL – Ambient

Assisted Living technologies and uses sensors to

monitor welfare parameters and environmental

conditions as described by (Wolf et al., 2009).

Another RFID solution is proposed by (Yao et

al., 2011). Authors propose an RFID framework,

using CEP, for managing hospital data, gathered

from different sources, and try detecting patterns and

medically significant events. Therefore, authors

created prototypes that attempt showing that CEP

has the ability of providing alerts to the healthcare

professionals as well as increasing quality of

healthcare and patient safety. One of the main goals

consists of identifying the patient and tracking all

the necessary procedures since there may be

mistakes from part of the hospital staff. Also, the use

of the system provides all the necessary historical

data for emergency handling as well as for health

problems and medication identification and

response. All of those characteristics show that this

approach may reduce errors as well as provide faster

and more efficient risk management.

CEP scaling solution for processing CPS -

Cyber-Physical System data (Ollesch, 2016) uses

elevator example to describe the challenges of CEP

technology in a CPS context. One of the main

aspects is the calculation of the floor, since it may be

calculated wrongly as well as the sensors themselves

are subject to errors and can be disturbed (in the

example was considered the use of Kinect sensor)

since, for example, passengers would obstruct the

Kinect sensor. CEP systems are based on rules and

using this example was possible to proof that some

parts of the system design should be adjusted.

Considering Esper system (Esper, 2016) as example,

its rules are embedded inside program code and

cannot be externalized. Consequently, each change

affects the source code of the CEP application. In

particular, (Wang et al., 2014) also study Esper as

example and define the event process functions, like

event attribution extraction and composition

determination. Authors investigate the challenges in

designing a CEP method for Cyber-Physical System,

and propose a semantic enhancement CPS event

model. (Balogh et al., 2016) propose a conceptual

architecture for system monitoring that ensures the

correct behaviour of the system considering a set of

different monitoring rules. It was developed a

prototype using the VIATRA-CEP Event Processing

Language (Viatra, 2016). Posteriorly monitoring

rules are distributed over the nodes. System

evaluation was based on development and

monitoring of safety-critical embedded systems in

the railway domain.

(Beer and Heindl, 2007) overview the state of art

in testing dependable event-based systems and

identify the challenges that have to be addressed in

the future. Authors consider two case studies during

their testing: large-scale project for business-unit

transportation systems and a small-scale

telecommunications project for AIRBUS. Authors’

main focus is on testing and they state that it is an

important topic and cost reduction of testing may be

achieved by developing new and more efficient

techniques of requirements tracing as well as test-

case design and validation. Authors based part of

their work on (Luckham, 2002) who proposed CEP

usage for managing multiple events and event

causality in order to elicit meaningful events in an

event-based information system. This is because

CEP can analyse incoming data and transform it into

out coming events. (Lang and Capík, 2014) present a

procedure for performing predictive analysis of

complex events occurrence in time critical complex

event processing systems. Similarly, to (Tendick et

al., 2016), authors state that using CEP it is possible

to identify and apply business intelligence rules over

the streams of events and this technology is critical

in an environment where time plays an important

role, such as, real time decision making. Authors

analyse the possibilities and use of the available

methods and techniques for classification and

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106

Table 1: Quality attributes.

Dependability

Reliability

Security

Safety

(Baldoni et al., 2015

(Zappia et al., 2012)

(Evchina and Lastra, 2016)

(Itria et al., 2014)

(Cerullo et al., 2014)

(Wang and Kuang, 2015)

(Lu et al., 2016)

(Li et al., 2013)

(Bruns et al., 2014)

(Zappia et al., 2014)

(Xu et al., 2014)

(Yao et al., 2011)

(Ollesch, 2016)

(Wang et al., 2014)

(Balogh et al., 2016)

(Beer and Heindl, 2007)

(Lang and Capík, 2014)

prediction in complex event processing. For this

purpose, it was designed and implemented an

application CepPredictiveAnalysis, which uses

defined methods for predictions and despite certain

limitations, the system gives acceptable accuracy in

financially-oriented applications.

Over the next section we present our analysis of

the described solutions, concerning previously stated

quality attributes.

5 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS

After briefly describing the considered quality

attributes in Section 2, we consider that it is

important to confirm whether described systems and

solutions of CEP systems in safety-critical

applications consider any of those.

The summary of quality attributes analysis is

presented in Table 1. It is important to notice that

some of the solutions may have partially addressed

some of the quality attributes, but we just consider

overall approach and the authors focus and goals in

the designed architecture.

The summary of quality attributes analysis is

presented in Table 1. It is important to notice that

some of the solutions may have partially addressed

some of the quality attributes, but we just consider

overall approach and the authors focus and goals in

the designed architecture.

After analysing the results, we concluded that

most of the systems are focused on their

performance and operability and do not consider

safety neither security. Those quality attributes are

often considered less important than assuring system

proper functioning or performance. Most of the

authors, as expected, consider the proper functioning

of their systems and focus on Dependability and

Reliability attributes. Those are more functional

characteristics and any designed and developed

system is expected to work as intended. Some of the

authors consider how their system is affected by

security attributes and if their data is secure and only

one study considers risk and hazardous situations

management and system awareness of those. It is

important to notice that we performed our analysis

of quality attributes based on authors’ description

and designed system specifications.

Though, some of the described works may

provide parts of considered by us quality attributes,

but those were not mentioned. Also, although we

just have one level analysis, as previously stated, we

investigated authors’ main focus and what their

work was trying to achieve.

6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE

DIRECTIONS

Safety-critical systems are necessary to perform

critical operations if safe environment that will not

endanger any life or property. Thus, those systems

should be carefully designed and have a set of

qualities and characteristics that would attempt

ensuring their proper functioning. In this paper we

present some of the most important studies that

incorporate the use of CEP engines in software-

critical systems. We describe performed studies and

some of the authors main goals and conclusions.

After considering the main system characteristics

On the Use of CEP in Safety-critical Systems

107

and quality attributes we attempt investigate which

of those are considered in the selected

investigations.

We conclude that there are some characteristics,

which are highly important, that are not considered

by all the authors. Those may have high impact

while dealing with critical data as well when

processing received information. Both safety and

security are focused on providing correct system

data by concerning authenticity of the received

information, system components safekeeping. Our

goal was to analyse some of the available solutions

of application of CEP engines in safety-critical

environments and describe some of the most

common areas where those are used. We believe that

there are still some system characteristics that have

not been fully covered by existing works and we

presented two of those, namely, safety and security.

After concluding our research and while

considering the results, we believe that security and

safety are equally important quality attributes and

have been neglected by some of the available

solutions. Therefore, as our future research direction,

we will investigate some of the mechanisms that

should be considered in safety-critical systems and

that would provide necessary system safety.

Currently, there are some protection mechanisms

that are already used by most of the developed

systems, such as, authentication, data encryption,

safe connections, hardware authentication and

investigating methods from which safety-critical

systems could benefit and that would not

compromise systems performance.

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