Diagnostics of Functional State and Reserve Capacity of
Young Athletes’ Organism
Alexandre Kuznetsov
1
, Ilsiyar Mutaeva
2
and Zinaida Kuznetsova
1
1
Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, 9A per. Geleznodorozhnikov, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia
2
College of Povolzhskaya State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism,
ul. Batenchuka, d.21, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia
Keywords: Functional State, Reserve Capacity, Diagnostics.
Abstract: The diagnosis characterizing the functional state and reserve capacity of young athletes’ organism gives
physical activity according to the possibility of adjusting intensity zones. Methods of functional diagnostics:
polymyography, HR variability with active orthostatic test, research of physical working capacity (PWC170
test), the express -diagnostics of a functional state by Dushanin’s method and the "Reaction to Moving Object"
(RMO test). Research material. Complex diagnostics of young athletes’ functional state and its further
complex assessment by means of the received indices were carried out. The correlation and factorial analysis
of the indices was carried out. Generalization and analysis of experimental research conducted with young
athletes, allowed to identify the factors that determine and shape their functional training level. Results. The
diagnosis and evaluation of young athletes functional training includes assessment of body systems taking
into account the specifics of the sport; training loads correction plan, implementation of rehabilitation
measures, individualization of training mode and correction of social conditions. Young athletes training in
difficult social and environmental conditions is possible when considering the necessary components of
training techniques, among which the dominant diagnosis, control and prevention save health and improve
functional fitness.
1 RELEVANCE
The study of factors determining and forming young
athletes’ functional readiness at the present stage of
training is the basis for the creation of diagnostic
programs and evaluation criteria. The problem of
diagnostics and assessment of functional state and
reserve capacity of young athletes’ organism is
actualized.
In accordance with contemporary methodology,
research and functional training diagnostics of young
athletes’ organism the following principles were
taken into account:
system approach; complexity, taking into account
functional diagnosis of the leading factors potentially
determining athletes’ competitive activity
effectiveness;
- choose the most informative modern methods and
means of diagnosis using physical loads of
different intensity;
- determine the leading components of functional
training.
Functional state of the organism is characterized
by the combination of its physiological functions and
psycho-physiological qualities, which bear the
greatest burden in ensuring the professional activities
(Rybina et al., 2015). In this regard, performance on
the functional status cannot be established based on
the study of one or several indicators and requires the
integrated assessment of a number of body functions,
directly or indirectly contributing to the effective
implementation of training and competitive activities
of young athletes.
The above was the basis to identify factors that
determine and shape functional training level,
conduct research on the diagnosis of the functional
state and reserve capacity of young athletes’
organism.
2 METHODS
In terms of the interdepartmental laboratory of the
Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I. and Kuznetsova Z.
Diagnostics of Functional State and Reserve Capacity of Young Athletesâ
˘
A
´
Z Organism.
DOI: 10.5220/0006513901110114
In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2017), pages 111-114
ISBN: 978-989-758-269-1
Copyright
c
2017 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
Povolzhskaya State Academy of Physical Culture,
Sport and Tourism (Russia), in compliance with the
requirements of research young athletes specializing
in running at various distances indicators of physical
health were studied: organism functional state and
reserve capacity; psychofunctional state; heart rate
variability with active orthostatic test; functional state
of the neuromuscular apparatus. Methods for
assessing the functional capacity of the organism
were used: Bicycle ergometry, determination of heart
rate variability indicators, physical performance,
aerobic performance, method of express-diagnostics
of the functional state, reserve and adaptive
capabilities of the organism "D&K-Test" by S. A.
Dushanin, evaluation of physical working capacity
PWC170 method
(Dushanin et al., 1984,Solodkov et
al., 2003, Rybina et al., 2015). The study of the
skeletal muscle contractile relaxation characteristics,
functional state of the Central nervous (CNS) and the
neuromuscular system (NMS) was performed using
computer polymyographic method. On the basis of
the athletes polimigra quadriceps femoris recording
we studied the following parameters: the speed of
arbitrary tension in the muscles; the relative speed of
the random voltage taking into account the body
weight of athletes; maximum random relative
strength; the speed of arbitrary relaxation. To assess
the functional state of the CNS a number of time
parameters: motor response speed of the voltage on
the electromyogram; motor response speed of the
voltage on the chart; motor response speed of
relaxation in the diagram; the rate of development and
the strength of excitatory process; rate of
development and the strength of the braking process;
the balance of nervous processes "inhibition-
excitation"; the functional state of the Central nervous
system was used.
The research was conducted with students of the
Department "Theory and methodology of cyclic
sports" 1-5 courses of the specialization "Theory and
methodology of athletics” in Naberezhnye Chelny.
The research was conducted in the period from 2010
to 2016.
3 RESULTS AND THEIR
DISCUSSION
Generalization and analysis of experimental research
conducted with young athletes, allowed to identify
the factors that determine and shape their functional
training level. Among the identified factors were: the
morphofunctional indicators of the body basic
physiological systems functionality, sources of
muscular activity energy supply, psychological state,
general and special working capacity level and
correlation of these factors with the age and readiness
of young athletes. Factors forming the functional
preparedness of young athletes: sporting activities,
combination of this activity with the school. The most
important factor in determining functional readiness
of young athletes are methodical bases of the
educational and training process, which incorporates
the terms of training sessions organization, the
training regime, the volume and intensity of training
loads, the conditions of classes, calendar of events,
conducting training camps, providing conditions for
training.
Factor analysis helped to identify the main signs
of improvement in the functional training of young
athletes: improving general and special physical
performance, functional status and reserve capacity of
the organism increase, improving the efficiency of
functional systems, improving regulatory
mechanisms, maintaining emotional state, revealing
individual typological features of muscle activity
energy supply.
The methodology structure and content of the
programme the diagnosis and evaluation of young
athletes’ functional training includes assessment of
body systems taking into account the specifics of the
sport; assessment of functional, adaptive and reserve
capabilities of individual systems and body functions
at rest and after exercise; training loads correction
plan, implementation of rehabilitation measures,
individualization of training mode and correction of
social conditions. Young athletes’ general health
methodology testing with the use of ergometric tools
allows to evaluate the functional and reserve
possibilities of an organism.
Our results are consistently interpreted and put in
the data bank functional training of young athletes.
The obtained results allow to develop practical
recommendations for decision-making on correction
of young athletes’ training program.
Evaluation of young athletes’ functional training
takes place on the basis of the obtained results.
Mathematical analysis of heart rate variability in
the prone position and in the active autoprobe showed
that students-athletes have the tendency to slow heart
rate, high voltage functional state of the heart
observed in the period of main competitions, the
voltage of regulatory mechanisms is observed in
young athletes specializing in sprint distances.
Analysis of the vegetative ensure the workability of
young athletes revealed a predominance of
sympathetic regulation after competitive load.
The indicators characterizing the contractile
capabilities of the muscle and the activity of
inhibitory processes during the experiment undergo
considerable changes. The relative speed of arbitrary
tension allows to match the indices of athletes
specializing in various running distances. In our
example, an increase of this index in athletes
specializing in running on average distances. It is
known that the speed of muscles relaxation is directly
dependent on the functional state of the higher
regulatory systems, is the most important system-
forming factor of coordination and, accordingly,
technical skill, which also makes a significant
contribution to the level of special physical working
capacity of athletes. Therefore, we obtained data
sufficient to characterize the state of the young
athletes neuromuscular system. According to many
scientists speed of different muscle groups arbitrary
relaxation less dependent on their structure, but is
determined, mainly, by the braking systems
functional activity. The better brake control and the
sooner "veternarians" all motor neurons that send
motor impulses to the muscle twitch, the quicker the
flow of these pulses and the higher is muscle
relaxation speed (Nazarenko et al., 2016; Chernova et
al., 2017).
Indicators of functional state and reserve capacity
of the organism were assessed twice – before and
after the pedagogical experiment.
The growth indicators of anaerobic metabolic
capacity, describing better ability to perform the
amount of exercise in the third and fifth zones of
intensity, the athletes made -10,26%. An indicator of
aerobic metabolic capacity, as a measure of the ability
to perform physical activities in the first, second and
partially in third zones of intensity, young athletes
increased by 13.44%. Overall metabolic capacity
serves as an indicator characterizing the body level of
health increased by 12.53%. The power of
phosphocreatine source of power supply determines
the lactate component of the body speed capabilities
and the power of sportsmen muscular activity power
supply phosphocreatine source. Young athletes’
phosphocreatine source of power supply has changed
by 19.47%. The power of glycolytic source of energy
supply is on an improving trend: increase for the
period of the experiment is 25.23%. The power of
aerobic source of muscle activity energy supply as a
qualitative indicator of the athletes’ load became
10.96%. The efficiency of muscle activity energy
supply aerobic source for the period of the experiment
changed by 5.55%. Heart rate (criterion of aerobic
source use efficiency) increased by 4.16%.
Young athletes training taking into account the
advantages and disadvantages of muscular activity
supply system has a positive effect on performance
and functional reserve capacity of the organism. The
range of individual changes in the parameters
characterizing the functional state and reserve
capacity of young athletes’ organism helps to control
the variables of training loads aimed at developing
physical qualities and functionality.
4 CONCLUSION
Thus, the diagnosis characterizing the functional state
and reserve capacity of young athletes’ organism,
gives physical activity according to the possibility of
adjusting intensity zones.
Training of young athletes in difficult social and
environmental conditions is only possible when
considering the necessary components of training
techniques, among which the dominant diagnosis,
control and prevention save health and improve
functional fitness. The factors that determine
functional training level should be considered in all
stages of sports training as the cornerstone of young
athletes’ professional skills formation.
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