The Influence of Rhythm Activity Learning on Student

Understanding Skills Movement

Helmy Firmansyah, Tri Martini and Teten Hidayat

Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229, Bandung, Indonesia

helmy.firmansyah@upi.edu

Keywords: Rhythmic, Activity, Skills.

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to know whether there is influence of learning rhythmic activity (SKJ and

SBP) to understanding and movement skills of students. Method used in this research is experimental

research method of One Group Pre-test Post-test Design research with 40 research samples students with

Simple Random Sampling method. While the data collection used in this study is a questionnaire in the

form of multiple choice and fitness skill gymnastic skills test. The study used SPSS Version 18 calculation

with ANOVA calculation method, based on hypothesis result, it can be seen that the understanding of SKJ

is 14,75, SKJ movement skill is 14,30, and SBP appraisal is equal to 16,00, SBP skill of 15.15. The

conclusion is that the learning of rhythmic activity has an effect on the understanding and movement skills,

and SBP is more dominant in the result of its comprehension and skill compared to the SKJ.

1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of national education is of course

contained in the purpose of physical education

according to KEPMENDIKBUD No. 413 / u / 1997

"Physical education is an integral part of education

aimed at increasing individuals organic, motor,

intellectual and emotional through physical activity."

The purpose of physical education requires teachers

to be creative and innovative in the learning process.

It relates to the purpose of physical education in

terms of learning gymnastics type gymnastics

fitness, generally senam kebugaran jasmani (SKJ)

and senam bugar parahyangan (SBP) learning

achievement not only ends in the physical fitness of

learners but cognitive and affective aspects in terms

of understanding the motion and skills of the

learners should be developed (Wadsworth, 1996).

A physical fitness gymnastics is one kind of

fitness gymnastics which become a learning media

in physical education at school, where its activity is

not only physical but also requires motion

coordination including physical fitness component,

memory and physiological based concentration and

FITT principle (Frequency, Intensity, Time and

Type) (Caspersen et al., 1985). With the holding of

gymnastic fitness training at school has an important

role in providing the opportunity to learn motion and

motor skills. Although in reality the potential of each

learner is different, not all learners will understand

the motion and skilled in the move after SKJ and

SBP. Thus the authors are interested to conduct

research on the influence of learning SKJ and SBP

for understanding and movement skills in students of

class X. Review whether learners who love to move

in the field of dance art, both traditional and modern

will experience difficulties in understanding the

movement of SKJ and SBP whose movement in the

form of different physological functions with dance

although there are elements of dance in it as in the

SBP.

Gymnastics physical fitness (SKJ) is a mass

gymnastics required by the Indonesian government.

Mass gymnastics means gymnastics followed by

many people and accompanied by rhythmic songs

from various provinces re-arranged. SKJ is a mass

gymnastics required by the government of Indonesia

(Chanal et al., 2005). Senam mass means gymnastics

followed by many people. This sixth is usually

accompanied by rhythmic songs from various

provinces re-arranged (Oktara, 2010). The content of

SKJ, among others, warming exercises consisting of

11 movements, the core movement 5 types of

movement, and movement cooling (Cooling down).

Similarly SBP, created with a movement of

gymnastics that combines the movement of physical

fitness fitness, dance, chacha, and pencak silat

366

Firmansyah, H., Martini, T. and Hidayat, T.

The Inﬂuence of Rhythm Activity Learning on Student Understanding Skills Movement.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2017) - Volume 2, pages 366-369

ISBN: 978-989-758-317-9

(martial arts). The type of music that is used is the

musical arrangement of the special area of West

Java special Sundanese and the movement is

relatively easy. So in addition to bringing learners in

learning the gymnastics, they will also recognize the

art of local culture, especially sunda in music and

pencak silat movements contained therein. With the

structure of motion that has been raw SKJ and SBP

during the implementation of learning in schools

requires understanding and skills generated through

the process of training, especially with music as a

medium accompaniment of motion.

Movement understanding is an aspect contained

in cognitive goals. Understanding of movement

refers to the new Bloom's Taxonomy version of the

cognitive domain comprising six categories: 1)

remembering, 2) understanding) 3) applying, 4)

analyzing / deciphering), judging and creating

(Anderson and Krathwohl, 2001). The understanding

of each individual will differ according to his ability

in receive and process the information it receives.

While movement skills become the ultimate goal of

all learning process of motion determinant of

success is determined by the quality of movement

that displays correctly. Fundamental Movement

Skills (FMS) are movement patterns that involve

different body parts such as the legs, arms, trunk and

head, and include such skills as running, hopping,

catching, throwing, striking and balancing. They are

the foundation movements or precursor patterns to

the more specialised, complex skills used in play,

games, sports, dance, gymnastics, outdoor education

and physical recreation activities. Fundamental

movement skills are best categorised into groups

because it makes planning, teaching and assessment

easier. The three categories adopted in this resource

are body management, locomotor and object control.

Many skills can be included in these groups

(Department of Education Westren Australia, 2013).

Basically all the tasks in everyday human life

need to be implemented by involving various skills

developed through various exercises and

experiences. Mahendra and Saputra (2006), suggests

five variables that show the characteristics of skilled

appearance:

 Smoothness. Professionals do their work with

ease, beautiful, smooth, and minimal effort;

 Automaticity. Individual expert who performs

his duties without full awareness (without

thinking);

 Mental effort. As skills increase, mental effort

decreases. Tasks that seem easy, will cause

very little mental fatigue, and less need of

monitor. A real sign, will easily continue the

conversation as the body does its job;

 Stress. Individual appearance does not

decrease under stressful conditions though;

 Point of View. When first learning a skill, the

individual must be aware of various activities,

while the expert does not.

The concept of human motion in the theory of

Fitts and Posner in (William, 2011) suggests that the

process of learning the motion of skills occurs in

three phases, namely: cognitive phase (initial phase

in learning skill movement), associative phase

(movement mastery/sequence motion), Phase

autonomous (skill movement automatically). The

concept of human motion divided by the difference

of movement, movement skills can be categorized

(William, 2011):

 Discrete motor skills are motion skills where

in the implementation can be distinguished

obviously the starting point and the end point

of the movement. Example: roll front 1 (one

time). the starting point of movement at the

time of the squats and placing both the palms

of the hands and the nape on the mat, while

the end point when the perpetrator in the squat

position back;

 Serial motor skills are discrete motion skills

performed several times continuously.

Example: roll ahead a few times;

 Continuous motor skills are motion skills that

can not easily be marked the starting point or

end point of the movement. Example: the

front roller is then forwarded with other skills

so as to form a series of motion of various

movements.

Bambang and Sukadiyanto (2014) said if a

person performs the task of motion, it will generate a

stimulus of intrinsic feedback. These stimuli leave

traces in the nervous system called perceptual traces.

Each response produces a trace that is getting closer

to the desired target. Each time a student exercises

or experiments with a movement, the more

perceptual the trace becomes and the less likely it is

the error. Students actively use the knowledge of the

results in relation to the perceptual traces to make

the more careful movements. After a movement is

performed, the student will compare the feedback it

receives with a perceptual trace, and the difference

that occurs is an error to respond to. Direction of

motion in the intended direction can produce change

because the continuous feedback adds a perceptual

trace. The concept of a perceptual trace allows one

The Inﬂuence of Rhythm Activity Learning on Student Understanding Skills Movement

367

to: (1) determine the location of his limbs correctly,

(2) as a basis for knowing how far a motion slips

from the place set after the whole motion is done.

2 METHODS

The method used in this study is the experimental

method. Because want to know the effect of SKJ and

SBP to skills movement and understanding of

movement with statistical processing through SPSS

Version 18 with ANOVA calculation method. The

population in this study is the students of class X

SMP Negeri 1 Cipatat with the number of students

as much as 270 people. Sampling using Simple

random sampling technique of 10-15% or as many

as 40 people, then given treatment of SKJ and SBP.

The research design used is One-Group Pretest-

Posttest Design.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Based on table 1, the average questionnaire result or

questionnaire of SKJ understanding movement is

19.30 with 95% confidence level or 5% significance,

the average yield is in the range of 18.11 to 20.48

with minimum result is 14.00 and maximum 23.00.

While the average SBP for 20.05. with a 95%

confidence level or a 5% significance, the average

yield is in the range 19.10 to 20.99 with the

minimum result being 17.00 and the maximum of

24.00.

Table 1: Descriptive.

Average for SKJ skill is 14.30, with 95%

confidence level or 5% significance, average yield is

in range 13.50 to 15.09 with minimum result is

12.00 and maximum is 18.00. While the average for

SBP skills is 15.30 with 95% confidence level or 5%

significance, average yield is in range 14,36 to 16,23

with minimum result is 10,00 and maximum 24,00.

Table 2: Anova.

Description:

Ho: rejected = F table (sig) <F count (F) <F table

(sig) = acceptable.

Based on table 2 that F calculates 37.740 with

probability or F table 0,000. Since F table is smaller

F count then Ho is rejected or average of four

different groups.

Table 3: Multiple Compressions.

Test of significance of average difference

between SKJ and SBP. Based on the probability

value: If the probability is> 0.05, then Ho is

accepted and if the probability is <0.05, then ho is

rejected.

The test results of significance can be seen from

the presence or absence of an asterisk (*) in the

Mean Difference column, the asterisk (*) in the

Mean Difference column means significant

differences.

Based on table 3 probability value is 0.667 which

means greater than 0.05, then Ho accepted, then the

value of 0.00 probability means less than 0.05 then

Ho is rejected. The average difference of SKJ

questionnaires and SBP questionnaires was no

significant or not real difference, nor did the SBP

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Sig.

Between

Groups

490.938

163.646

37.740

.000

Within

Groups

329.550

4.336

Total

820.488

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368

questionnaires differ significantly with the SKJ

questionnaires. The SKJ questionnaires differ

significantly with SKJ motion skills (KG_SKJ) and

with the skills of SBP (KG_SBP) motion and vice

versa. The SBP questionnaire differs significantly

with SKJ motion skills (KG_SKJ and SBP skills

(KG_SBP) and vice versa.

Essentially, a skill is the result of a decision-

making process that occurs within the viewer. Thus,

the main focus of the offender is to assess the

information, which leads to the decision-making of

the action to be performed. To find out how these

skills can occur, in this module 8 we will discuss

various skills earning process from the point of view

of information processing theory.

There are three stages in the processing of

information that aims to understand the nature of the

process of information processing in the control of

motion skills. Of course there are various ways to

understand it; one of them is to assume the discrete

stages of information processing, from the start of

the input information as input to output. For that

purpose, let us consider there are three stages, as

Schmidt (1991) in Mahendra (2007), namely

stimulus identification, response selection, and

response programming. In this stage of analysis of

human performance, some psychologists consider

that whenever information from the environment

enters the processing system, that information is first

processed in the first stage, that is, the identification

of the stimulus. When this stage is completed, the

remaining information is passed to the second stage,

the selection of the response, which proceeds to the

third stage, i.e. the response programming, until an

action is generated.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of processing and data analysis

through statistical process processing process then

the authors can draw the following conclusions:

 SKJ and SBP exercises have an effect on

understanding and movement skills;

 For teacher are expected to apply SKJ and

SBP exercises in physical education or daily

activities in order to improve and maintain

physical fitness. In connection with the

research that the authors do, should be held

further research with a large number of

samples and a more in-depth study.

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