Migrant Street Vendors and Their Impacts in Pasar Anyar Bogor
City
Seli Septiana Pratiwi
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Street. Dr Setiabudi No.229, Bandung Indonesia
Keywords: Street Vendors, Migrant.
Abstract: Social transformation is motivated by the desire to have a better life in the future. This desire encourages
people to migrate. However, the people who migrate do not equip themselves with skills, causing
difficulties in facing job competition. Unskilled people ultimately choose informal-sector jobs, one of them
being a street vendor. The development of street vendors, especially in urban areas, causes many problems,
including social disorder. This research employed a qualitative approach, the subjects of the research were
street vendors who migrated from outside the city chosen as the research location. The process of collecting
data by observation, interviews, and triangulation of data collection techniques. The street vendors choose
public places as their selling locations, causing congestion and chaos. The chaos affects the mobility of the
people. In addition, people do not get their rights as pedestrians, because the sidewalk that is intended for
pedestrians has changed in its function. The people are actually not aware that they have supported the
existence of the street vendors. This becomes a dilemma, where on one the one hand, the street vendors can
accommodate the public needs of cheap goods, but on the other hand the existence of street vendors causes
the city to be chaotic. Furthermore, these street vendors are mostly non-skilled migrants, thereby increasing
the burden of the city. To solve the problem required cooperation between government, street vendors, and
the community, especially for the public need awareness to not support the existence of street vendors by
not becoming consumers of street vendors.
1 INTRODUCTION
Speaking about society also means speaking about
various things that affect their lives. Based on the
dictionary, society is defined as a group of people
living together in a place or territory with certain
rules of association and certain similarities. Society
of course always experiences so much dynamics that
social transformation cannot be avoided. Changes in
the society are related to the desire for a better life in
the future. Therefore, sooner or later society will
change according to its future orientation.
Changes in the society, especially in urban
societies, can be caused by an increasing number of
populations due to migration. Giyarsih and Alfana
(2013) revealed that based on the results of the 2010
census of Indonesian population there was an
increase of 1.04% growth. Fertility, mortality, and
migration become decisive in this phenomenon, as a
major source of changes in population structure. To
make matter worse, rural people who migrate tend to
not consider the importance of having job-related
skills.
In the process of achieving a better future, it is
not infrequent that people are involved in social
mobility. Population mobility is divided into two,
namely the permanent one or migration, and the
non-permanent one, including circulation and
commutation. The mobility is influenced by the push
and pull factors. Employment is one of the factors
that push people to migrate. A vision of a modern
urban life, abundant employment opportunities, and
the ease of getting a job are the misconceptions that
affect migration.
The migrants do not understand that to enter
formal employment in the cities requires them to
have certain skills. Unskilled migrants ultimately
choose informal-sector jobs. Mohabir et al., (2016)
said that the movement of migrant workers from
rural to urban areas has not only continued to
happen, but it has increased due to the pressing
economic reforms in private companies, tight
competition, and foreign investment. According to
Pratiwi, S.
Migrant Street Vendors and Their Impacts in Pasar Anyar Bogor City.
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sociology Education (ICSE 2017) - Volume 2, pages 269-275
ISBN: 978-989-758-316-2
Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
269

Law No. 25 of 1997 concerning Manpower Affairs,
informal-sector business is the activity of an
individual or a family, or several people carrying out
a joint effort to conduct economic activities on the
basis of trust and agreement, and without legal
entity.
One of the informal-sector jobs is a street
vendor. Bhowmik (2012) also Bromley (2000)
mentioned that street vendors are an important
element of the urban informal economy. The
migrant street vendors who are deemed to have
succeeded and are financially stable then invite their
families and relatives to join them to work in the
city. The migrants who take their family or relatives
do not pay attention to their relatives’ expertise. The
success that has been achieved in the city as street
vendors becomes the reason for the family members
and relatives of the migrant street vendors to also
work in urban areas. They share the same belief that
the city can be a solution to improve the family
economic well-being.
Subsequently, the migrants who join the street
vendors who have previously come to the city
collect some business capital to open similar
businesses, namely to be street vendors. This
becomes a continuous pattern and there seems to be
no end to it. Bhowmik (2012) argued that despite
many efforts by the government to eradicate them,
street vendors remain a rapidly growing
phenomenon in many cities due to the demands of
low-income people for cheap goods. In certain
countries at a particular political moment, street
vendors can defend themselves from the
government’s efforts to remove them from urban
public spaces. It is indeed undeniable that there are
many regulations that prohibit the existence of street
vendors, especially in certain areas.
The capital expended by street vendors is not big
compared to the sellers occupying the authorized
stalls. Still, however, street vendors have to pay
some costs, such as unofficial retribution for space
renting and security. Their existence also
disadvantages the pedestrians, as the street vendors
use the space that is destined for pedestrians.
Permatasari et al., (2013) reported that the presence
of street vendors in large cities is quite disturbing the
community. The street vendors usually choose to
trade in public places, causing sidewalks to switch in
their functions. In addition, the roads for motor
vehicles are sometimes used as their selling places.
This use of public space has caused reduced
mobility for the people.
The choice of selling places then causes many
problems, especially related to orderliness. Issues
regarding hygiene, safety, and disorder around the
spaces used by the street vendors cannot be avoided.
This is due to a shift in the functions of the places,
such as sidewalks and roads. Heaps of garbage,
puddles, theft, and congestion are always found
around the places where the street vendors do their
business. Careful observation reveals that these
street vendors come from the same region, and their
number has continued to increase. A number of
regulations governing migration and the existence of
street vendors are considered unable to suppress the
increasing number of migration and street vendors.
In handling street vendors, the government as a
regulator and policy maker requires cooperation
from the community, so the policies that govern the
street vendors can function properly.
Previous research focused more on the impact
generated by the presence of street vendors and the
efforts made to overcome the presence of street
vendors. In this study not only discuss about the
effect of the existence of street vendors but also
discussed that the problem of street vendors should
be coupled with the government attention to the flow
of migration. This research sees that the problem of
street vendors is related to the migration by
community, especially the unskilled community.
Looking at the reality that there should be
questioned how the process and factors behind the
arrival of migrant’s street vendors? The existence of
street vendors will surely disrupt social order, so it is
actually anything what factors cause migrant street
vendors choose to sell at public facilities and caused
social order? Disruption of activities undertaken by
the community certainly needs the handling of
relevant parties to address the issue of street
vendors, what to do in an effort to cub migrant street
vendors? In answering these question, a more in-
depth study of the where about of migrant street
vendors is required.
2 METHODS
The research employed a qualitative approach with
the case study method. Qualitative approach was
chosen because the researcher would like to see the
relationship between migration and the presence of
street vendors; hence, an in-depth approach is
needed. Secondly, the researcher would like to find
the problems caused by the presence of the street
vendors that influence people's lives. Thirdly, the
qualitative approach was selected to allow for the
emergence of new problems during the research,
which is in line with the researcher’s desire to see
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the problems related to social order due to the
presence of street vendors and how they affect the
lives of the surrounding communities. As noted by
Creswell (2015), qualitative research is well suited
to address the research issues that need to be
explored to gain an in-depth understanding.
In addition, case study method was chosen
because the present research took place in Pasar
Anyar, Bogor city. The selection of this research site
was prompted by the fact that the backgrounds of the
street vendors are known and they are given
continuous supervision by the BUMD (Region-
Owned Enterprises) of Bogor city, which in this case
is the PD. Pasar Pakuan Jaya. Furthermore,
compared to other traditional markets in Bogor city,
the number of visitors of Pasar Anyar is greater
because it is the ultimate destination for some of the
city’s public transportation routes. Therefore, the
street vendors who sell their products in Pasar
Anyar, Bogor city, have more advantages compared
to other street vendors. It is because of these
advantages that the researcher chose to use the case
study method. Another reason is that Bogor city is
one of the cities in the buffer zone to the capital city
with fewer traditional markets, located in close
proximity to each other. Creswell (2007) revealed
that case study research seeks to provide an in-depth
understanding of the case or comparison of some
cases. Such cases enable the involvement of
individuals, groups, programs, events, or activities.
This study uses observation data collection
techniques, interviews, literature study and
triangulation of data collection techniques. The
observations were made to see the true conditions of
migrant street vendors in their daily lives. Interviews
are used to extract information that can’t be obtained
through observation. Library study was conducted to
complete the research data through the literature
related to the research problem and triangulation of
data collection techniques were conducted to
complement the field facts of the observation and
interview activities. Data analysis was performed by
means of data reduction, data presentation, and data
verification.
3 RESULTS
Pasar Anyar in Bogor city was established in 1881.
The Management of Pasar Anyar Bogor has changed
several times. Once managed by the Department of
Trade, Industry, and Cooperatives (Disperinkop) of
Bogor city, currently the market is managed by two
parties, the government and private parties. Pasar
Anyar in Bogor city is a traditional market that
belongs to the category of class I. The classification
of Class I market means that Pasar Anyar is
equipped with complete facilities; a good flow of
goods and people, both inside and outside
Pasar Anyar in Bogor city is included under the
Unit of Pasar Kebon Kembang. Since Peraturan
Daerah (Perda) Bogor city No.13 Year 2005
concerning the Management of Street Vendors, the
street vendors in Pasar Anyar must move from their
business location, and if they still want to do
business in the same location they should have the
permission from Bogor Mayor or the appointed
official. Therefore, the street vendors in Pasar
Anyar, Bogor city, is divided into two, namely one
under the government, which in this case managed
by PD. Pakuan Jaya Market, and another one under
the private sector, in this case managed by
Paguyuban PKL or the association of street vendors.
The Association consists of street vendors who feel
disadvantaged by the Bogor city Regulation of
No.13 of 2005.
There are 217 merchants under the management
of the Unit of Pasar Kebon Kembang. The street
vendors under the management of Pasar Kebon
Kembang Unit are referred to as “pedagang binaan”
or literally supervised merchants which are spread
around block A, B, E, F, and G. Meanwhile, the
street vendors belonging to the Association are
spread from the front of block C and D, the front of
the grand mosque, the front and side parts of Plaza
Dewi Sartika, and the front of the kiosk buildings
after the train crossing. The merchants under the
management of Pasar Kebon Kembang sell goods in
the forms of wholesale shoes, sandals, apparels, and
textiles, different from the street vendors under the
Association who sell vegetables, fruits, sea catch,
ready-to-eat food and drinks, and household utensils.
The street vendors under the management of the
Unit of Pasar Kebon Kembang are governed by a
number of regulations made by the Market Unit.
These regulations include market security,
environmental hygiene, and fees for the use of
market facilities. Each item of the fees is managed in
a structured manner, where there are officers who
are assigned to collect the fees, and how the fees
paid are spent is made transparent. Therefore, there
are sanctions for traders who damage the market
facilities and fail to pay the fees for a certain period
of time. The regulations concerning the kinds of fees
to pay are almost the same as those for the street
vendors under the Paguyuban or association, in
which the traders are required to pay a certain
amount of fees for basic costs, security, and hygiene.
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Based on the primary data obtained through
interviews and observations, it is found that the
majority of the migrant street vendors, especially
those under the management of Pasar Kebon
Kembang Unit, come from outside West Java. They
mostly come from Padang, Medan, and East Java.
There are also migrant street vendors originating
from several areas in West Java, Central Java, and
other regions of Sumatra and Kalimantan. The
migrants were motivated to migrate, especially to
Bogor city, primarily because their family members
have previously migrated there. In addition, there are
also migrants who migrate because of a better
business opportunity in Bogor city and because they
have friends from the same place of origin in Bogor.
Vioya (2010) concluded that the population density
in the Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,
Tangerang, Bekasi) Metropolitan regions continued
to increase from 1987 to 2007, despite a slight
decline in 2001. Seen from the density of population
per regency and city, the population density in this
core area tends to decrease, but the level of density
of the outer circle has increased.
Population migration is currently not only
targeting the capital city of Jakarta but also the
buffer areas, including Bogor city. Actually, when
the migrants move, some of them are able to get a
better job, even if the family members or relatives
who brought them have succeeded by working as
street vendors. In general, the reason for choosing
this job as a street vendor is because of the small
amount of business capital needed, the fact that their
family members have initiated the business, and
because they have no skills to work in other fields.
The job as a street vendor pioneered by the family
members in the end attracts the migrants to conduct
a similar business or to participate in developing the
family business already established.
The migrants should actually adapt to urban
living, because the conditions of the city, the values,
and norms in urban areas are different from those in
their place of origin. Parson stated that the AGIL-
scheme in the structural- functional theory shows
four requirements that must be met by the social
system, namely adaptation, goal attainment,
integration, Latent Pattern Maintenance. In this
regard, Ritzer and goodman (2010) explained that
the main target of societal functionalists is the social
structure and the large-scale public institutions, their
interrelationships, and their influence on the actors.
Based on the theories, the family members or
relatives who already moved to the destined area
will provide support to the other migrants in the
process of their adaptation. In addition, the presence
of family members and relatives facilitates
communication with the native residents. Without
the help of their family members or relatives, the
migrants may have difficulties in communicating
with the native residents because their language is
certainly different from the one used in the new
place. The migrants should be able to understand
local languages in order to build good social
relationships for migration purposes. The presence
of street vendors in Bogor city then affects many
aspects of community life.
3.1 The Shifting Functions of the
Public Facilities
The migrants who choose to work as street vendors
in Pasar Kebon Kembang Unit have special reasons
for choosing this place as a selling location. One of
them is because Pasar Kebon Kembang Unit is
visited by many people, thus facilitating the process
of buying and selling. In facilitating street vendors,
stalls or kiosks are needed to display their goods.
The stalls used by the street vendors then crowd the
public facilities, hampering the mobility of
pedestrians and motor vehicles. However, the
community has actually unconsciously supported the
existence of these street vendors, although their
presence disadvantages them, especially the road
users.
The kind of support given by people is in the
form of more frequent shopping from street vendors
compared to shopping from the kiosks inside the
building. This habit certainly makes it difficult for
the government as a policy maker, although the
government has made a number of rules to discipline
these street vendors in the hope that people can get
their rights as road users and the functions of public
facilities can be restored. The people also need to
realize that their behaviour is a violation of the rules
set by the government.
3.2 Congestion
The chaos around the location of the migrant street
vendors is indeed unavoidable, as long as the street
vendors do their business, then congestion will
occur. The existence of street vendors has created
narrower roads and sidewalks, because when made
into a trade centre, the community’s activity at these
locations is very high. Public transportation adds to
the congestion by stopping or driving slowly to drop
and pick up passengers. In addition, congestion is
caused by many vehicles that are parked carelessly
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so that the roads become increasingly narrow and
disorganized.
3.3 Hygiene
Likewise, hygiene around the location of migrant
street vendors is poorly maintained. The placement
of adjacent selling facilities makes it difficult to
control the hygiene of the selling locations. Trash is
often seen to be accumulated on the corners; puddles
are difficult to remove because they will impact on
the surrounding sales stalls. The puddles block water
circulation, causing flooding when it rains. Setiadi
and Usman (2011) reported that the street vendors in
Pasar Anyar, Bogor, is included under a group of
individuals with behavioural deviations that become
“problems” for themselves and for others.
Based on the primary data in the form of
interviews, it is indicated that the migrant street
vendors in Pasar Kebon Kembang Unit always get
coaching/supervision, especially related to the
hygiene and security around the selling location. The
market managers provide bins around the selling
locations. This is to keep the garbage from getting
piled up on the corners of the selling locations or
along the road. The merchants are also always
reminded to clean the selling location when they
have finished with their activities. The merchants
who are members of the management of Pasar
Kebon Kembang Unit are regulated by the managers
in establishing their business. This is to facilitate the
process of monitoring traders and market visitors.
Although a landfill has been provided, the
merchants’ selling locations are not completely
clean of garbage. In addition to trading activities, the
visitors’ habit of littering also causes a lot of trash
along the merchants’ selling locations. Nasution and
Hasibuan (2016) explained that the necessary
cooperation between officers and the community
provides the motivation and responsibility of each
party on the importance of protecting the
environment from waste. Based on the primary data
in the form of observations, it is found that there are
no puddles around the merchants’ trading locations,
because the traders coat the floors of the selling
locations with wooden boards. This is different from
the situation of the selling locations of the traders
under the Association, garbage from trading
activities and thrown by visitors pile up there. In
addition, puddles of water due to trading activities
are visible. This behaviour affects buyers'
convenience when shopping.
3.4 Security
The security around the location of selling is also a
concern of the managers of street vendors, both the
management of Pasar Kebon Kembang Unit and the
Paguyuban or association. Each manages to place
security officers to protect the public from possible
criminal acts. Nevertheless, it is not rare that thefts
happen to buyers, particularly when the location of
selling is packed with buyers. People who shop need
to keep attention to their belonging, because the
security officers who have been placed in the
location cannot always keep their eyes on every
visitor.
Based on the primary data from observations, it
appears that the security guards are always in patrol,
but when the market is very crowded, the mobility
of these officers becomes difficult, especially to
reach the middle location of the market. The officers
are also difficult to monitor the visitors one by one
during busy days due to the limited number of the
security personnel. When the market is very busy,
security guards will patrol outside or at locations
that are easy to reach.
Although the migrant street vendors are under
the management of the Unit of Pasar Kebon
Kembang, it does not mean that these vendors are
allowed to sell there permanently. The government
is preparing possible efforts to regulate the migrant
street vendors and restore the function of public
facilities. The government's policy must be a win-
win solution, especially for the life of the
community.
3.4.1 Regional Regulations
To overcome the problem of migrant street vendors,
Bogor Municipality Government makes a number of
regulations such as Regional Regulation No. 8 of
2006 on Social Order and Regional Regulation of
Bogor city No.13 Year 2005 on the Regulation of
Street Vendors. Both regulations stipulated by the
Government of Bogor city are expected to suppress
the number of migrant street vendors in the city of
Bogor. The implementation of the regulations, of
course, requires cooperation from the community.
3.4.2 The Regulations by Virtue of Perda
No.8 Year 2006 concerning Social
Order
The government as the regulator and policy maker
has actually made an effort in disciplining or
regulating street vendors, including the Municipal
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Government of Bogor which issued the Regional
Regulation (Perda) No. 8 of 2006 on Social Order. A
number of regulations have been made, including
sanctions granted to traders as well as buyers.
However, the habit of buyers to shop from street
vendors is difficult to change, not to mention the fact
that the street vendors also offer a cheaper price than
the authorized merchants. The regulation of the
street vendors has also been attempted by the
government, which in this case is implemented by
the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP). The Unit
of Pasar Kebon Kembang also frequently makes
arrangement of the traders and measures the stalls so
as not to block the way.
A different situation can be observed from the
street vendors under the management of the
Paguyuban or Association. The street vendors
become the target of the disciplinary operation of
Satpol PP, and even on several occasions the selling
location of the street vendors is guarded by the
officers. This condition causes traders to do “hide
and seek” with the officers. The traders also have no
plans to be relocated to the kiosks inside the market
building. This is a dilemma because the merchants
need a place to earn a living and the buyers need the
goods at a cheaper price and a closer place to buy
the goods. Based on the primary data from the
interviews, the policy made by the government in
controlling street vendors is meaningless, because
the community as an aggrieved party has actually
supported the existence of the street vendors.
Therefore, cooperation of the community in
implementing the policies that have been made by
the government is necessary.
3.4.3 Relocation
Based on the primary data from the interviews, the
managers are making a strategy to move these
traders to the kiosks in the building and also change
the habits of the visitors from shopping from street
vendors to shopping at authorized merchants. The
strategy is necessary because the visitors of the
market who have been accustomed to shopping from
street vendors can continue shopping from other
street vendors instead of from the authorized
merchants when the old street vendors are relocated.
This certainly will disadvantage the merchants who
have been relocated, as they will have no visitors.
The government wants all migrant street vendors
in Bogor city to become authorized traders or
merchants who occupy the kiosks in the building
Market. The traders need to cooperate with the
government if not all traders can be accommodated
in the same location. This is so because the number
of street vendors is not proportional to the capacity
of the market building. The government has had
several discussions with migrant street vendors in
solving the problem of relocation, but has not found
a solution, because the traders refused to relocate to
a new place that is considered far from community
activities.
A similar strategy was previously implemented
by the Government of Lamogan Regency, in which
traders refused to relocate to a new location due to
the price of the kiosks in the new market, their
pessimism to compete in Pasar Baru Babat, and the
requirement to pay monthly retribution [15].
Rejection is unavoidable, especially considering the
street vendors in the city of Bogor are planned to be
relocated to market buildings far enough from the
location of Pasar Anyar, so the traders object to the
suggestion and become pessimistic if they will get as
many customers or buyers in the new place as in
Pasar Anyar. What is feared by the street vendors in
Pasar Anyar has actually been experienced by the
street vendors on Jalan Raya Magelang-Yogyakarta
5-8, in that the welfare of the street vendors after
relocation, primarily in terms of income and the
ability to save, decreased.
Indeed, relocation is one way to regulate the
migrant street vendors in Bogor city and also to
implement the Regional Regulation No.8 of 2006 on
Social Order. However, the migrant street vendors
are hoping that another effort will be made by the
government as a win-win solution. Moreover, these
migrants depend on the income of being street
vendors for their living. The migrant street vendors
in Pasar Anyar Bogor, either under the management
of Pasar Kebon Kembang Unit and under the
management of Paguyuban, have no other expertise
than trading.
3.4.4 Communication between the
Government and Migrant Street
Vendors
Communication between the government and
migrant street vendors should be opened to exchange
information about the expectations of both parties.
In this case, the community also needs to be
involved in the process of policy making. Especially
on the relocation problem, there should be a win-win
solution for both migrant street vendors and the
community represented by the government. Bogor
city Government which handles the problem of
migrant street vendors can learn the lesson in
handling street vendors from the case of Sempadan
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Afvoer Bono, where the government did not have
good communication with the street vendors,
especially in making policy, causing the people
around the location of the street vendors to be
directly affected. Communication is not only for the
regulation of migrant street vendors in Bogor city
but also as an educational effort for the community
in terms of migration control.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of the impact of migrant street vendors
on the society shows that many problems arise
because of street vendors, whether directly or
indirectly affecting the community. The direct
impacts include reduced mobility, both for
pedestrians and road users. The indirect impacts,
among others, include the increasing number of
street vendors, of which the communities are not
aware, causing the burden of the region to increase.
The presence of migrant street vendors makes the
city look chaotic, especially in terms of the shifting
functions of public facilities, environmental hygiene,
security, and congestion that always occur when the
activity of these street vendors takes place. The
government as the regulator and policy maker has
made various efforts in disciplining street vendors,
including regulations governing traders and buyers
in street vendors, relocation, and communication
with migrant street vendors. Cooperation is needed
from all parties, namely the government, street
vendors, and community, to solve this problem.
People also need to realize that buying from street
vendors is an activity that violates the rules and
indirectly supports the existence of street vendors.
Based on the research results are negative
implications due to the presence of migrant street
vendors in Pasar Anyar Bogor city.
Recommendations that can be given to the policy
makers that before the policy is taken on migrant
street vendors should be analyzed in depth from the
socio-economic aspects of migrant street vendors,
and for further research is expected to explore more
deeply about the presence of street vendors,
especially in Bogor city.
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