Visualizing Text Data in Space and Time to Augment a Political News

Broadcast on a Second Screen

Christina Niederer

, Kerstin Blumenstein

, Markus Wagner

, Štefan Emrich

and Wolfgang Aigner

Institute of Creative\Media/Technologies, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria

drahtwarenhandlung - Landsiedl Popper OG, Wien, Austria

Keywords:

Mobile, Information Visualization, Second Screen, Non-experts, TV, Map, Time-oriented, Text Data.

Abstract:

While second screen scenarios – that is, simultaneously using a phone, tablet or laptop while watching TV or

a recorded broadcast - are ﬁnding their ways into the homes of millions of people, our understanding of how

to properly design them is still very limited. We envision this design space and investigate how interactive

data visualization can be leveraged in a second screen context. In this paper, we present the design process of

a tablet application visualizing content from the stenographic minutes of the Austrian National Council.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, watching TV has changed based

on the signiﬁcantly higher usage of mobile de-

vices (Courtois and D’heer, 2012). Traditionally, me-

dia content was consumed with one device. TV view-

ing habits are changing: Viewers are increasingly

using several mobile devices in addition to the TV

screen. Watching TV and using a second screen (2

screen) device (e.g., tablet, smartphone, or laptop)

has great potential in enhancing the user experience

of viewers (Geerts et al., 2014). The study of Buse-

mann and Tippelt (2014) depicts the rapid increase

of such settings and the potential for 2

screen ap-

plications. However, so far 2

screen applications

have not had signiﬁcant economic success (Poggi,

2014). Hence, research is still needed to gain a better

understanding of successful 2

screen viewing set-

tings. Current studies show that the application of

screen settings (Kusumoto et al., 2014, Murphy

and Hughes, 2014, Van Cauwenberge et al., 2014)

changes TV viewing experiences into a personal and

social-interactive engagement. De Meulenaere et al.

(2015) focus particularly on how 2

screen applica-

tions are expected to ﬁt into the viewer’s everyday

life.

TV broadcasts (e.g., documentaries or magazine

broadcasts) are generally based on an extensive re-

search generating a vast amount of data. Due to the

restricted broadcasting time, this data cannot be fully

integrated into the program. Yet, the utilization of in-

teractive data visualization in regular TV formats is

relatively uncommon apart from classical infograph-

ics and maps visualizations in news programs and

weather shows. Most of the visualizations exhibit a

relatively low information density (Boria, 2016). It

is our aim to bring in the perspective of Information

Visualization (InfoVis), the interactive visual explo-

ration and communication of data, to the realm of 2

screen systems.

Even though 2

screen applications have been

documented in the research literature (e.g., (Centieiro

et al., 2014, Cesar et al., 2008, Eversman et al., 2015,

Geerts et al., 2014, Murray et al., 2012, Vanatten-

hoven and Geerts, 2017)), only a few of them inte-

grate InfoVis. The companion app for the drama se-

ries “Justiﬁed” contains a network graph (Nandaku-

mar and Murray, 2014) for visualizing character rela-

tionships. Nandakumar and Murray’s (2014) has been

continued by Silva et al. (2015), who tried to visualize

the characters as an extended pie chart version.

We contribute a design concept for visualizing

text data in space and time to augment a political

news broadcast “Hohes Haus” (ORF, 2017) on a 2

screen. We decided to target our interface designs

on tablet devices following the survey of Blumen-

stein et al. (2016) which shows that visualization on

mobile devices is more common on tablets than on

smartphones. In the paper at hand, we describe our

three-stage-design process: (1) deﬁnition of design

requirements based on literature research, (2) design

of high-ﬁdelity concept screens, and (3) small-scale

192

Niederer, C., Aigner, W., Blumenstein, K., Emrich, Š. and Wagner, M.

Visualizing Text Data in Space and Time to Augment a Political News Broadcast on a Second Screen.

In Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP 2018) - Volume 3: IVAPP, pages

192-199

ISBN: 978-989-758-289-9

heuristic evaluation. In the following sections, the

design requirements (see Section 2.1), the data basis

(see Section 2.2), and the interface design (see Sec-

tion 2.3) will be described in detail. Afterwards, we

come up with a presentation and exploration work-

ﬂow (see Section 2.4) and evaluate our concept with

a small-scale heuristic evaluation (see Section 2.5).

2 DESIGN PROCESS

The design of the 2

screen InfoVis concept for the

political TV program “Hohes Haus” follows design

requirements deﬁned as main aims for the developed

tablet 2

screen application.

2.1 Design Requirements

Studies (Holz et al., 2015, De Meulenaere et al., 2015)

show that viewers use 2

screen applications for dif-

ferent practices: 1) to complement the ﬁrst screen

by ﬁlling in the gaps necessary to fully comprehend

the ﬁrst screen narrative; 2) to retrieve information

that extends the ﬁrst screen; 3) to diversify the con-

tent within the broader narrative; and 4) to provide

the means to interact with the content, the content

provider, and/or remote others. We designed a con-

cept for parallel usage during the broadcast as well as

for stand-alone exploration to allow for deeper data

analysis. The visualization tool focuses on the loca-

tion and context-oriented aspects of the data (topics of

the minutes and the corresponding locations). Thus,

the main aim is to show the connection between the

topic of a particular minute and the corresponding lo-

cation on a map over time. With this aspect of the

data, we aim to establish a connection to the viewer’s

location, thereby allowing them to relate parliamen-

tary topics to their respective immediate environment.

The presented design requirements to visualize tex-

tual time-oriented and spatial data are based on litera-

ture research in the ﬁeld of 2

screen and InfoVis, as

well as an analysis of the stenographic minutes data.

D1: App for tablets: The application (app) should

be designed for tablets, considering the given

problems for touch interfaces such as “occlusion”

or the “fat ﬁnger problem” (Siek et al., 2005).

D2: Synchronization: The 2

screen app has to

support viewers via an intelligent synchronization

between TV and interactive visualization (Blu-

menstein et al., 2015). By ﬁltering the data of a

particular topic of the broadcast, we aim to reduce

the cognitive load for the user (Geerts et al., 2014,

Van Cauwenberge et al., 2014).

D3: Time-oriented and spatial data: We visualize

the given topics of the stenographic minutes in re-

lation to the corresponding location over time on

a map. The type of map we selected for visu-

alization allows non-expert audiences to explore

the data (Blumenstein et al., 2015, Geerts et al.,

2014).

D4: Overview and details on demand: To provide

areas for overview and details on demand, the in-

terface should be designed to follow the visual in-

formation seeking mantra (Shneiderman, 1996).

D5: Filter always visible: Used ﬁlter widgets should

constantly be available to users by positioning

them on the top of the main view (Johnson, 2014).

D6: Parliament magazine “Hohes Haus”: The po-

litical news broadcast discussing topics of the

Austrian National Council is broadcast every Sun-

day on the Austrian TV station “ORF 2”. The tool

should be designed to be used in parallel during

a broadcast, but also as a stand-alone exploration

tool.

2.2 Data

Data Pre-Processing: The used data is publicly avail-

able from the Austrian Parliament (Parlament.gv.at,

2017). In a pre-processing step, the stenographic

minutes of all plenary meetings since 1996 have been

downloaded from the website and fed into a database.

Meta-data from the minutes (e.g., who was speaking,

at which time, were there interjections and by whom,

calls to order) were extracted and saved accordingly.

Further information on the politicians (afﬁliations to

parties over time, role within parliament - i.e., gov-

ernment or opposition) were added to the database to

broaden the query-spectrum.

Natural Language Processing: To extract and

analyze the data, natural language processing (NLP)

was applied (Bird et al., 2009). Due to the large

amount of ready to use NLP-libraries in Python,

it has been chosen for the DB-queries and anal-

ysis algorithm implementation. When applying

NLP-libraries, we encountered a major obstacle: as

they are primarily aimed at English text-corpora,

publicly available German corpora are too small for

reasonable training. Therefore, the ﬁrst step was to

reduce the complexity of the NLP-queries. Second,

the largest available German corpus (IDS Mannheim,

2017) was tested. This corpus is freely available

for academic research purposes. The following

data is used for the conceptual approach for a 2

screen tablet application: legislative period, date of

Visualizing Text Data in Space and Time to Augment a Political News Broadcast on a Second Screen

193

Figure 1: Main Screen as starting point out of a broadcast, showing the highlighting concept of a particular topic on the

visualization. 1) ﬁlter for topic, person and institution 2) selected ﬁlter properties 3) detail area showing stenographic minutes

of the Austrian National Council 4) ﬁlter for time component 5) drop down selection for predeﬁned region 6) button for "my

location" and "zoom out for entire map" 7) overview map.

the session, locations or areas, topic, and person.

Information on institutional afﬁliation, professional

function, and a photo are also extracted from the DB.

2.3 Interface Design

For the entire tablet application (addressing design re-

quirement D1) we use a collection of well-established

visualization methods and interaction concepts for

the target group of non-experts.

Layout & Interface: As shown in Figure 1, the inter-

face of the tablet application is split into two areas to

provide a structured layout and to separate visualiza-

tion from the reading area. First, the “main area” with

the map visualization on the left and second, the “de-

tail area” on the right (Figure 1 (3)), showing excerpts

of the stenographic minutes depending on the infor-

mation given in the main view (addressing D2 and

D4). The user can open the ﬁlter sidebar on the left

(Figure 1 (1)) and below (Figure 1 (4)) by using the

handle elements. As seen in Figure 2, the ﬁlters are

bundled in a hidden sidebar to provide enough space

for the exploration of the data so as not to overwhelm

the user.

In the upper part, currently ﬁltered topics, mem-

bers of the National Council, and institutions out of

the broadcast are shown, designed along the common

concept of tagging (Toxboe, 2017) (see Figure 1 (2),

addressing D5). The user can delete a ﬁlter by tap-

ping the “x” or opening the ﬁlter sidebar by tapping

the tag element. The ﬁlter sidebar contains a tab-bar

navigation through the different sections (i.e., “top-

ics”, “persons”, and “institutions”), a full-text search,

and a list with check boxes as ﬁlter results, seen in

Figure 2. The ﬁlter results are sorted by frequency

of occurrence. The sorting concept is implemented to

show relevant elements to the viewer and guide them

to relevant information based on the data. The rele-

vance of information is based on the frequency with

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194

Figure 2: Filter Sidebar: Representation of the ﬁlter with

the integrated sparklines showing the relevance of the re-

sults, calculated by the frequency of the topics incidence,

people or institutions over the selected legislative period.

which a topic is addressed over time.

Additionally, the ﬁlter results are supported by

sparklines (Tufte, 2006) to show the relevance of

the results calculated by the frequency of the topics

incidence, people, or institutions over the selected

legislative period. Selected list elements are pinned

on top to give the user selection feedback. A range

slider is used to allow DB ﬁltering by the user

during a given legislative period by years. To make

it easier to use, a snapping effect per month is applied.

Main Area: The main view is a map visualization rep-

resenting the topics of the stenographic minutes with

regard to the respective location, which is circled on

the map (addressing D3). The transparency of the cir-

cles varies in order to provide the user with informa-

tion on the frequencies of the topics at a certain loca-

tion. We use circles instead of the common “pinning”

icon for indicating a certain location on a map (un-

like Google Maps). The circle symbol makes it easier

to show a bundle of multiple locations on the map.

We try to use a common metaphor for frequency rep-

resentation by mapping the frequencies of topics to

the transparency. The location circles represent both

end-points and clusters of locations. By tapping on an

end-point location, a zoom-in action is triggered and

the user gets a detailed location view on the map. By

tapping on a region cluster, it dissolves into the indi-

vidual locations displayed as new circle elements on

the map.

Two additional buttons for “my location” and

“zoom out for entire map” (Figure 1 6) as well as

a mini map (Figure 1 7) complete the map visual-

ization. A drop down menu provides a selection of

“national,” “international,” and “European Union

(EU)” for an easier selection of countries and regions

on the map.

Detail Area: The detail view contains excerpts of the

stenographic minutes. The selection adapts automat-

ically (Neil, 2014) depending on the ﬁltered element

and the zoom-in state of the map (main view). One

excerpt contains the clipping of the transcript, the

member of the National Council related to the tran-

script, and the institutions. By tapping on a topic tag

within the excerpt, all relevant circles in the map and

ﬁlter tags are highlighted (see Figure 1). The user

thus receives a focused view on a particular topic. By

tapping on the “...” button, the users get a detailed

view of the particular transcript as an overlay (see Fig-

ure 3), so they can read the details of the transcript. A

portrait of the speaker is integrated into the layout.

2.4 Presentation & Exploration

Workﬂow

Interactive information visualization systems of-

ten follow the visual information seeking mantra

overview ﬁrst, zoom and ﬁlter, details-on-demand

by Shneiderman (1996). Thereby, the user ﬁrst re-

ceives an overview of the provided visualizations con-

taining all loaded data. Using the system’s mecha-

nisms (e.g., ﬁltering, zooming, selecting) the user has

the possibility to interactively explore and analyze the

data and search for patterns of interest. As a result, the

data is visualized in detail. In case of a 2

screen ap-

plication, the seeking mantra is provided by two dif-

ferent instances: 1) the overview ﬁrst, zoom and ﬁlter

related TV content provided by the journalist; 2) the

generated details-on-demand are then presented to the

viewer as starting point for further exploration. Thus,

the application layout and information on the map are

structured around three main levels:

Present the related: The user starts the exploration

with pre-ﬁltered information on topics of the

broadcast.

Provide the context: Excerpts of the particular

stenographic minutes are integrated on the right

to provide information on a deeper level to the

user.

Self-organized exploration: Enable deep data anal-

ysis by ﬁltering data of interest (topics, people,

institutions, and time) to the user.

To allow fully self-controlled exploration of the pro-

vided data, the concept also supports reverse ex-

ploration based on the three levels described above

Visualizing Text Data in Space and Time to Augment a Political News Broadcast on a Second Screen

195

Figure 3: Detailed View: By selecting an excerpt, the detailed view is shown as an overlay with details of the transcript, name,

function, and portrait of the speaker.

(Present the related ⇒ Provide the context ⇒ Self-

organized exploration). By starting within the de-

tailed view and going from the map to concentrating

on the dataset ﬁltering on one speciﬁc aspect of the

data, reverse exploration is achieved.

2.5 Heuristic Evaluation & Results

To get feedback in an early design phase, we de-

cided to conduct a heuristic evaluation (Nielsen and

Molich, 1990) with two experts. In this section, we

describe the evaluation process and discuss the results

in detail.

2.5.1 Heuristics

Experts have evaluated the paper prototypes with

adapted heuristics conceptually grounded on the

“principles for information visualization” by Forsell

and Johansson (2010) and the “10 Usability Heuris-

tic” by Nielsen and Molich (1990). We chose the par-

ticular heuristics by complementing these two heuris-

tic sets to cover the overall usability of the system.

The following heuristics constitute the basis for the

evaluation:

• Information coding (Forsell and Johansson, 2010)

• Minimal actions (Forsell and Johansson, 2010)

• Flexibility (Forsell and Johansson, 2010)

• Orientation and help (Forsell and Johansson,

2010, Nielsen and Molich, 1990)

• Spatial organization (Forsell and Johansson,

2010)

• Consistency (Forsell and Johansson, 2010,

Nielsen and Molich, 1990)

• Recognition rather than recall (Forsell and Jo-

hansson, 2010)

• Aesthetic and minimal design (Nielsen and

Molich, 1990)

• Data set reduction (Forsell and Johansson, 2010)

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196

Table 1: Findings of the heuristic evaluation and suggested solutions to mitigate shortcomings.

Heuristic (Rating) Issue Solution

Information

Coding &

Consistency

(2) Unclear visual representation of

clusters on the map. Participants

misinterpret the number indicating

the number of grouped locations to

the circle element. Also the deter-

mination of a cluster element and

locations constitutes as problem.

Further research is required to explore the best representation of

the cluster elements on the map. Adapt the circle element show-

ing the number of grouped locations in the middle of the circle.

This representation corresponds to the actual state-of-the-art in

the visualization of clusters on a map. It can therefore be as-

sumed that the problem is not solved and the connection between

the number and the density of the topics will be reinforced. Fur-

ther research is required to explore the best representation of the

cluster elements on the map.

Consistency (2) Handle element opening side-

bars is unused and unclear. During

the observation the subjects do not

use the handle elements to open the

sidebars, indicating that they do not

recognize the element.

Remove the handle elements, because the user can open the side-

bars in different ways by tapping a ﬁlter-tag and the date-element

at the bottom.

Information

Coding

(3) The sparklines in the ﬁlter side-

bar are unclear due to missing axis

descriptions.

Rearrange the ﬁlter list in the following way: checkbox, sparkline

and the name of the result. Implement an interaction possibility to

tap on the sparkline, zoom in and show axis description. Instead

of the bar chart, a line chart can be integrated with an arrow at

the end, indicating the trend. A user test can indicate which type

of visualization technique is better understandable for the target

group.

Flexibility,

Consistency,

Recognition

rather recall

(1) “more”- button in the excerpt

section was interpreted in different

ways. They all guess the meaning

of the “more”-button.

Instead of the button, implement a link called ”more information”

to prevent false interpretations. Further, also provide a possibility

opening detailed information by tapping on the excerpt.

2.5.2 Study Design

Based on the heuristics described above, two experts

reviewed the paper prototypes. The participants had

more than 3 years expertise in the ﬁeld of usability

and visualization. The male participants were aged

28 and 33 years. During the evaluation, we used the

high-ﬁdelity mock-ups and for the observation, hand-

written notes and video recordings were taken. Each

participant was asked to imagine a realistic TV setting

in combination with the 2

screen application.

2.5.3 Results

The identiﬁed issues were rated according to

Nielsen’s severity rating: 1) cosmetic problem only;

2) minor usability problem; 3) major usability prob-

lem; 4) usability catastrophe (Nielsen, 2010).

Table 1 provides detailed information about the is-

sues of the interface. Overall, the participants sug-

gested improvements concerning consistency and in-

formation coding. Only one issue was ranked by the

experts as a “major usability problem” (Issue 3). Re-

ﬂecting the ﬁndings of the performed heuristically

based expert reviews, the provided visualization tech-

niques and gestures were ranked as known.

3 CONCLUSION & FUTURE

WORK

The contribution of the paper at hand is the design of

a 2

screen app on a tablet device for visualizing tex-

tual data in time and space while watching the politi-

cal news broadcast “Hohes Haus”. In this context, the

viewer receives additional information with regard to

the presented topics of the broadcast.

The concept allows for two kinds of data explo-

ration: 1) obtaining information that is adapted to the

TV broadcasting process (parallel usage); 2) interac-

tive data exploration and analysis at their own discre-

tion (stand-alone exploration).

During the design development, we identiﬁed a

usage pattern in the context of a TV broadcast pro-

cess: Present the related – Provide the context – Self-

organized exploration. This differs from the process

of user-driven interactive data visualization and ex-

ploration, which can be described by the mantra of

Shneiderman (1996): “Overview ﬁrst, zoom and ﬁlter,

then details-on-demand”.

Future research possibilities might include identi-

fying how users of 2

screen apps could be guided

during data exploration in relation to the context of

Visualizing Text Data in Space and Time to Augment a Political News Broadcast on a Second Screen

197

the TV broadcast and how they could be motivated to

perform data exploration which goes beyond the cor-

responding context. It might be necessary, for exam-

ple, to provide not only the TV broadcast related data

but also the data used for story creation. Additionally,

further research is needed to validate the appropriate-

ness and usability of established InfoVis concepts a as

well as the design and evaluation of novel concepts in

relation to 2

screen approaches based on large-scale

usability studies with the target group.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the Austrian

Wirtschaftsservice (aws), the Austrian Ministry

for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT)

under the ICT of the future program via the VALiD

project (no. 845598), the Austrian Science Fund

(FWF) via the KAVA-Time project (no. P25489), the

Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and

Economy under the FFG COIN program (MEETeUX

project, no. 7209770), and a PhD scholarship (no.

1587) by the Internet Foundation Austria (IPA).

Many thanks to S. Größbacher for her support and

feedback to our manuscript.

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