Citizen Participation in Urban Planning-Management Processes

Assessing Urban Accessibility in Smart Cities

Raquel Pérez-delHoyo

, María Dolores Andújar-Montoya

Higinio Mora

and Virgilio Gilart-Iglesias

Department of Building Sciences and Urbanism, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain

Specialized Processor Architecture-Laboratory, Department of Computer Science Technology and Computation,

University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain

Department of Computer Science Technology and Computation, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain

Keywords: Inclusive City, Citizen Participation, Cloud System, Sensing Technologies, Smart City, Social Inclusion,

Sustainable City, Technology-Aided Urban Design, Urban Accessibility.

Abstract: The concept of Smart City, supported by the latest technological advances in the field of Information and

Communication Technology, offers great potential to meet the challenges of cities in the economic

globalization context. As a consequence, the present work is focused on the deployment of these

technologies through public participation activities to generate knowledge for the processes of urban

planning, design and management.The methodology proposed in this work allows obtaining information

about accessibility problems directly from citizens, based on their own experience. Citizens have a

communication channel that allows them to inform, at any time and in any place, about all the accessibility

problems they encounter when they move around a city in their daily activity. The work presents a Case

Study focused on a experience of citizen participation which has been developed to evaluate the

accessibility of urban environments in Benalúa neighbourhood of Alicante in Spain. A diverse group of

neighbors of different ages, gender and abilities have participated in the experience. After the

experimentation it was concluded that the research offers new forms of communication to facilitate

information flows between the Administration and citizens, allowing their integration and feedback.

1 INTRODUCTION

In the current context of economic globalization,

cities must assume new roles and a greater

responsibility by adopting new policies and

strategies (Martinez-Fernandez et al., 2012). Cities

are the entities with the greatest capacity to innovate

and operate in increasingly open and competitive

environments. In this sense, the concept of Smart

City —hereinafter SC—, supported by the latest

technological advances in the field of Information

and Communication Technology —hereinafter

ICT—, offers great potential to meet the challenges

of cities in this new global context.

People are the main resource that cities have in

order to create competitive advantage (Florida,

2005; Cossetta and Palumbo, 2014). In recent years

it has been estimated that participation has been

growing significantly in all public spheres. There is

a worldwide consensus on the need and benefits

about incorporating citizens into public

management. Therefore, the design of cities of the

future represents a collective challenge today, which

not only involves governments but also includes

citizens. Therefore, the concept of public

participation must be now understood as integrated

into the normal functioning of societies, as part of

everyday urban processes and dynamics. In this

regard, the use of ICT and their integration into the

functioning of the city is essential. It is a fact that

changes and technological advances are leading to a

new model of society that is increasingly informed,

with greater citizen awareness and predisposed to

participation (Castells, 2011).

At present, new technologies of computing,

sensing and telecommunications provide knowledge

and intelligence to the city (Gabrys, 2014) and play

an important role in many aspects of their daily

management (Neirotti et al., 2014; Angelidou,

2015). The deployment of these technologies in the

context of SC to generate knowledge for the

206

Pérez-delHoyo, R., Andújar-Montoya, M., Mora, H. and Gilart-Iglesias, V.

Citizen Participation in Urban Planning-Management Processes.

DOI: 10.5220/0006704202060213

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS 2018), pages 206-213

ISBN: 978-989-758-292-9

 2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All r ights reserved

processes of urban planning, design and

management based on public participation activities

is the object of this work.

The improvement of the quality of life is one of

the most recurrent and demanded urban issues. One

of the most important aspects that influence the

quality of urban life is the inclusion of all citizens.

Therefore, cities require an inclusive urban life

(Colantonio and Dixon, 2011) and in order to

achieve this, they need to be accessible (Steinfeld

and Maisel, 2012). Accessibility is a quality of life

element with universal interest, and a right of all

citizens (United Nations, 2006). Difficulties of

accessibility, deterioration of the built environment,

or difficulty of social relations, are some of the

problems that directly affect the quality of urban life.

In this context, this research studies the capture

of urban accessibility diagnoses from public

participation processes through the use of the latest

ICT, with the objective of generating knowledge for

the planning, design and management

—maintenance— of accessible cities. The rest of the

work is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the

motivation and objectives of the work. Section 3

gives an overview of the work related to assessing

the accessibility of urban environments. Section 4

describes the proposed methodology. Section 5

explains the experience developed in an urban

environment as a Case study from which a diagnosis

of accessibility has been obtained. Finally, Section 6

shows some conclusions of the paper.

2 MOTIVATION AND

OBJECTIVES

Today there is consensus on the advantages and

benefits of citizen participation in urban decision-

making. In this regard, regulations have even been

developed. The city is the entity where the space of

participation acquires greater importance. However,

in most cases citizens do not achieve to be an active

part of urban planning, design and management

processes. Therefore it is necessary to have an

impact on opportunities in order to achieve effective

citizen participation and promote actions that are

based on citizen participation.

It is demonstrated that new ICT offer great

potential to meet the challenge about how citizens

can participate in the construction of the city. All

cities want to be SC and deploy these technologies

to improve many aspects of their daily management.

However, they do not have enough simple and

economically viable technological proposals. In this

sense, the aim of this research is to offer effective

methods for citizen participation using the latest

technological advances in the field of ICT that can

actually be implemented in medium-size cities

—cities with urban centre sizes in population

between 100 000 and 250 000— (Dijkstra and

Poelman, 2012). Therefore, our main goal is to

research for really smart and inclusive cities through

the implementation of sustainable technological

methods, without excessive cost and respectful with

the environment.

Inclusive design promotes the creation of

accessible spaces open to all citizens. But the

concept of inclusive city refers not only to

facilitating the use of these spaces but also to

involve the citizens in their conception, development

and maintenance (Fletcher, 2006). This means that

all the agents involved: planners, designers, users

and managers, must participate in the processes of

planning, design and maintenance of the city. The

inclusive city is therefore a responsibility of all, and

tools are necessary to make possible communication

between all agents.

The purpose of this research is to make way in

this direction, proposing new channels of open

communication. Inclusion and citizen participation

to improve the quality of life (Arnstein, 1969) is an

aspiration of most European countries. In this

context, this paper aims to promote —in the context

of the SC and with the use of the latest ICT— the

active participation of citizens in the processes of

improving urban accessibility in order to achieve the

inclusion of all citizens, and their identification with

the urban environment.

This proposal is part of the objectives of the

European Disability Strategy 2010-2020: A

Renewed Commitment to a Barrier-Free Europe

(European Commission, 2010a), developed in the

framework of the strategy Europe 2020: A Strategy

for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth

(European Commission, 2010b).

3 BACKGROUND:

TECHNOLOGY USED FOR

ASSESING URBAN

ACCESSIBILITY

Assessing the accessibility of urban environments

has been associated mainly with processes to inform

citizens about the number of urban opportunities

—available services, offer of activities, commerce—

Citizen Participation in Urban Planning-Management Processes

207

at a certain time and place. The accessibility of an

environment growth as the number of opportunities

that it offers increases, regardless of the capacities of

the citizens/users. These processes have been mainly

based on the calculation of proximity relations and

intensity of use, and have been mainly used by

technologies of Global Positioning Systems

—GPS— for positioning and Geographic

Information Systems —GIS— for the visualization

of the data and the spatial analysis. One of the

applications of greater impact has been the one of

planning of itineraries —travel times—. Most of the

proposals offer an application for users’ mobile

devices in order to interface and interact with the

system. From its origin, the main challenge of these

processes was to improve the individual assessment

of the accessibility of the environment, but with

improvements always focused on the average citizen

without disability (Kwan, 1998; Kwan and Weber,

2003, Kwan and Lee, 2004; Ford et al., 2015).

Progressively, the dimension of disability began

to be taken into account with the introduction of the

concepts of absolute and relative access, to measure

the differences in time in the performance of specific

routes or the impact of the removal of certain

obstacles (Church and Marston, 2003). The main

limitations of these technologies are related to the

differences of scale, acceptable in specific actions

but not effective for the urban scale.

Increasingly, the evaluation of the aspects that

affect the operation of the city is based on the

evidence, on the behaviour or movement of the

citizens (Gilart-Iglesias et al., 2015; Pérez-delHoyo

et al., 2017b), beyond street observation and audits

(Mackett et al., 2008), surveys or questionnaires

(Coppola and Papa, 2013; Beale et al., 2006),

interviews (Venter et al. 2002; Hashim et al., 2012)

or mathematical or statistical studies based on the

data obtained (Prasertsubpakij and Nitivattananon,

2012; Soltani and Allan, 2005). These participatory

evidence-based processes are undoubtedly a

challenging field of research for improving the

accessibility of the urban environment. Self-

reporting tools have allowed obtaining information

from certain places with the collaboration of citizens

(Shigeno et al., 2013). Other proposals use social

network communities to generate and complement

the information about accessibility issues in cities

(Menkens et al., 2011; Prandi et al. 2014). These

proposals also obtain information from the user by

means of self-reporting tools.

Cloud computing paradigm is one of the most

promising technologies to build new services for

users and enterprises (Targio et al. 2015; Marston,

2011). Mobile devices enable access to a wide range

of applications and services (Mora et al. 2015;

Makris et al., 2013). The proliferation of systems

and the high penetration rate of mobile devices in

the hands of citizens provide users an opportunity to

conduct a citizen-centric digital revolution in many

aspects of daily life.

4 METHOD

4.1 Characteristics of the Proposed

Methodology

The main objective of urban and territorial

development is the people who live in a certain

geographic space and, consequently, the degree of

success of the actions developed must be measured

in terms of the quality of life achieved, expressed in

terms of facilities, services, characteristics of the

environment, among other factors (Fernández,

2012). In this sense, the present work proposes a

methodology focused on people for the analysis and

diagnosis of the accessibility in urban environments.

That is, a method of citizen participation to assess

whether the characteristics of the urban

environment, the existing facilities and services, are

favourable and accessible to all citizens.

On the other hand, the concept of participation

implies that all the stakeholders that intervene in the

urban process can interact. It is not enough to keep

citizens informed, then new channels of open

communication are necessary (Fernández, 2012).

Therefore, the methodology proposed in this

research offers new forms of communication to

facilitate information flows between the

Administration and citizens, allowing their feedback.

In addition, the methodology allows systematic and

scalable participation.

4.2 Method Description

The method includes two parts that are described

below:

4.2.1 Method of Citizen Participation to

Evaluate the Accessibility of Urban

Environments —Capture of

Accessibility Information—

To assess the accessibility of urban environments it

is necessary to obtain information about the real

state of their characteristics. In addition, in order to

guarantee the maintenance of accessibility

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208

conditions, it is necessary to evaluate these urban

environments periodically.

In general, Administration safeguards that

accessibility standards are met when designing

urban spaces. There is a control by the

Administration so that the existing regulations are

fulfilled, before and after the execution of those

urban spaces. However Administration does not

have the resources to develop a periodic evaluation

of those spaces in order to keep their accessibility

settings in good condition. The development of a

process of citizen participation to assess the

accessibility of urban environments can undoubtedly

improve this situation, considering that are the

citizens who coexist daily with these accessibility

problems.

The methodology proposed in this work allows

obtaining information about accessibility problems

directly from citizens, based on their own

experience. Citizens have a communication channel

that allows them to inform, at any time and in any

place, about all the accessibility problems they

encounter when they move around city in their daily

activity. The method is conceived to integrate all

citizens in the participation regardless of their

abilities; it is not therefore a method directed

exclusively towards people with permanent or

temporary disability.

To collect data an Android application, “App”

has been designed. In this way, citizens have a

simple user interface for mobile devices that allows

them to report any accessibility problems they

encounter in the city. The idea behind this

functionality is that the accessibility issues are

notified at the same time they were detected by

users. The application reports the location of this

claim and a picture of it. The “App” for

Accessibility-Issues Self-Reporting Service has been

described in an own previous research conducted by

this research group (Mora et al., 2016). The

operation of the application is shown through a Case

study in Section 5.

4.2.2 Method for Managing Accessibility

Information by Administration

Having the real information about accessibility

problems in urban environments available, allows

the Administration to carry out a proper maintenance

of these public spaces in order to keep effective

accessibility. In addition, information flows are

produced systematically, so that accessibility

information is always kept up to date.

Administration can have the information

provided by citizens at their disposal through a Web-

Application for Accessibility Monitoring. The way

the information are organized and displayed is

shown in Section 5.

The method described in this paper (Figure 1) is

part of a comprehensive System for Monitoring

Urban Accessibility which consists of a distributed

architecture taking advantage of the new ICTs in a

context characterized by deployment of a wireless

communication infrastructure and the cloud

computing paradigm in SC environments. The

general overview of this System has been described

in an own recent previous research conducted by this

research group (Mora et al., 2017).

Figure 1: Citizen participation method proposed for

assessing urban accessibility in Smart Cities.

4.3 Diagnosis of Participatory

Accessibility

As part of this work, an experience of citizen

participation has been developed to evaluate the

accessibility of urban environments in Benalúa

neighbourhood of Alicante in Spain. A diverse

group of neighbours of different ages, gender and

abilities have participated in the experience. It was

proposed to take a route that, starting from the centre

of the neighbourhood, crossed the streets that led to

the main facilities and services. Citizens had to

identify the architectural barriers and accessibility

deficiencies that found during the proposed route.

All the participants had a mobile phone and could

install the “App” for Accessibility-Issues Self-

Reporting Service in a simple way. The experience

carried out is described in Section 5.

Citizen Participation in Urban Planning-Management Processes

209

5 CASE STUDY: BENALÚA

NEIGHBOURHOOD IN

ALICANTE

In this section we present the study that was carried

out in Benalúa neighbourhood in the city of Alicante

—Spain— (Figure 2). In order to determine the

degree of social inclusion, inaccessible points

between the different connections of the

neighbourhood were identified. The starting point of

the experimentation was the most representative

square of the neighbourhood —this square is located

in the centre of the neighbourhood and is the place

where the neighbours meet for any activity or

celebration—, and the routes from that square

towards the nearest places of services of the area.

The application developed has allowed us to map

the different points that prevent citizens with motor

disabilities from following the optimal and habitual

routes towards destination points, i.e. city

equipment. These barriers avoid the complete

integration of the resident citizen in the

neighbourhood of Benalúa.

Figure 2: Neighbourhood of study in the city of Alicante

—Spain—.

5.1 Research Scene

The neighbourhood of Benalúa is located

approximately one kilometre away from the historic

centre of Alicante. It is a residential neighbourhood

that belongs to the expansion district of the city,

built on the basis of a grid formed by blocks of

(100x40) meters and streets of 10 and 15 meters.

The neuralgic centre of the neighbourhood is a

square that occupies the extension of a block. In the

rest of the blocks, mostly residential, there are

facilities that serve not only Benalúa neighbourhood

but also the city of Alicante —Courthouses,

National Police, and Water Service, among others—.

Most of the residential buildings in the

neighbourhood were built in the 60s, 70s and 80s of

the last century, so it is not a new neighbourhood.

The neighbours are of very diverse incomes and

careers, and it is characterized for being quite

inclusive.

The reasons that give the neighbourhood a high

degree of quality, in relation to many others

consolidated in the city, derive directly from its

original planning that has allowed its operation in

order to adapt to new demands, while housing

important equipment for the operation of the both

neighbourhood and the whole of the city.

5.2 Case Study

The next Figure 3 shows the paths followed during

the monitoring tests for accessibility analysis that

will allow identifying the degree of inclusion in the

neighbourhood of Benalúa.

Figure 3: Routes followed in the study.

As Figure 3 shows, the study started in the main

square of the neighbourhood, shaded in red. Also the

city services included in the experimentation are

highlighted in the figure with a cross.

The routes followed in the study were

determined from the optimal routes suggested by

google maps. The first route studied included the

path from the square to the nearest bank branches.

Then, the route continued from the bank branches to

the courts of the city of Alicante. After that, the path

continued to the main supermarket in the area that

receives the most influx of people. Finally, the route

to the Office of the Director General of Police was

followed.

After following the routes —as it was described

in a previous work of the authors (Pérez-delHoyo et

al., 2017a)— information was saved by the Urban

Accessibility Information Service, which uses a

web-based user interface from a third party

application —Google Maps JavaScript API v3—

that show the accessibility problems by means of

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210

Key Accessibility Indicators —hereinafter KAI—

from users-routes analysis and reported claims of

users. Furthermore, the studied points were

categorized as Claim, Inefficient with Claim,

Inaccessible with claim or Inaccessible.

Figure 4 shows the KAI obtained and

represented by the Urban Accessibility Information

Service in the Case study of Benalúa

neighbourhood.

Figure 4: KAI obtained and represented in the Case study.

The first route studied included the path from the

square to the nearest bank branches. Here, one

inaccessible point and two claims were reported

(Figure 4). Figure 5 shows one of the incidences

reported, which refers to Point Number 275

categorized as Claim.

Figure 5: Point Number 275 categorized as Claim.

In second place, a second route was analysed,

from the bank branches to the courts of the city of

Alicante, specifically to the criminal court number 8

and the social court number 2. Five claims were

identified in this path, as it is shown in Figure 4.

Some points such as the entry to the criminal courts

(Figure 6) categorized as Claim were not

inaccessible but they require following longer and

different routes for people with disabilities. It was

also observed that as we move away from

downtown, the accessibility level decreases. In

addition, it was found as in the same street, opposing

sidewalks that belong to different blocks have

different levels of accessibility.

Figure 6: Point Number 280 categorized as Claim.

Finally, the last part of the study included the

path to the main supermarket in the area that

receives the most influx of people, were one

inaccessible point and one claim were reported.

Also, the route followed to the Office of the Director

General of Police registered two claims (Figure 4).

6 CONCLUSIONS

Technology today is a great ally to promote citizen

participation actions, but these actions also require

returning to the community responses to their

contributions and requests. This research takes a step

forward in this direction proposing new efficient

communication channels between citizens and

Administration using the latest ITC. The proposed

method will facilitate a greater interest of citizens in

the issues of their city.

Citizens should be involved during all stages of

the construction of the city, from planning and

design to management and maintenance. To work in

Citizen Participation in Urban Planning-Management Processes

211

this line has been the main objective of this work,

which has considered citizens as the core of the

project. The method of citizen participation to

evaluate the urban accessibility that has been

described involves all citizens, with or without

disabilities, as well as the Administration. This will

contribute to improving not only the quality of life

but also social cohesion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Association of People with Cerebral

Palsy in Alicante —APCA— "Infanta Elena"

Centers, their support as the Observing Promoter of

this project.

This work has been funded by Conselleria de

Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte of

Comunidad Valenciana —Spain— within the

programs of support for research under project

AICO/2017/134.

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