Target Acquisition Systems

Suitability Assessment based on Joint Fires Observer Mission Criteria

Determination

Ivan Jan, Silinger Karel and Potuzak Ladislav

Department of Fire Support,University of Defence, Czech Republic

Keywords: Artillery, Joint Fires Observer, Laser Pointer, Laser Rangefinder, Magnetic Orientation, Night Vision,

Target Acquisition System, Thermal Imaging, True North Finder.

Abstract: Article focuses on the artillery target acquisition systems in the context of properties required for the

operations of joint fires observers (JFO). The aim of the article is to determine the optimal type (variant) of

the target acquisition system for equipping the joint fires observers. The choice of the optimal type (variant)

is based on the evaluation of properties of the currently employed artillery target acquisition systems in the

Czech Army in relation to the requirements for operation of the joint fires observers. The partial objective of

the article is to illustrate, using decision criteria, the requirements for the artillery target acquisition systems

in accordance with the activities of joint fires observer. Additionally, the need for shift from magnetic

orientation to gyroscopic orientation is highlited and illustrated by the experiment conducted during the

assesment. The result of the article is the selection of the optimal type (variant) of target acquisition system

for joint fires observer in accordance to currently employed systems, so the logistics flow will remain the

same.

1 INTRODUCTION

Despite the significant technological development of

artillery weapon systems and predictions of further

reductions in artillery numbers at the expense of

other branches, the artillery remains the key fire

support element (Šilinger, Blaha, 2017). The

findings from current conflicts clearly show the

importance and irreplaceability of artillery in the

current concept of the armed conflicts (Pikner,

Galatík, 2015).

Although the military technical systems have

achieved significant level of development, the

artillery observer remains an indispensable element

of the artillery fire control system. (Stodola, Drozd,

Křišťálová, Kozůbek, 2017). In accordance to

modern trends the cooperation of military branches

is deepened, especially within the individual

elements of firing support. (Stodola, Mazal, 2015).

Within the artillery, this trend is most evident in

ever-expanding cooperation with air support

elements. (Šilinger, Blaha, 2017). That is why the

joint fires observer (JFO) concept is introduced in

the Czech army to create a group of artillery

specialists, capable of requesting and controlling

target engagements by the elements of joint fire

support, especially by the artillery and air force.

Since cooperation with elements of joint fire

support requires specific equipment, JFOs must be

equipped with appropriate systems. (Blaha, Šilinger,

2018). Artillery target acquistion units of the Czech

Army have recently been equipped with adequate

systems, which are evaluated as the best available

means in the sensory equipment market for the

needs of artillery target acquistion (TA). For this

reason, the selection of the optimal type (variant) of

artillery target acquistion systems is based on newly

acquired types (Šilinger, Blaha, Potužák, Přikryl,

2016).

2 JOINT FIRES OBSERVER

Joint fire support is defined as the use of joint fires

to support various types of forces (airborne, naval,

ground and special) performing combat tasks. The

implementation of joint fires makes it possible to

maximize the capabilities of all elements of fire

Jan, I., Karel, S. and Ladislav, P.

Target Acquisition Systems - Suitability Assessment based on Joint Fires Observer Mission Criter ia Determination.

DOI: 10.5220/0006835203970404

In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO 2018) - Volume 1, pages 397-404

ISBN: 978-989-758-321-6

397

support available on the battlefield. (Pikner, Galatík,

2016). The advantage is the achievement of fire

supremacy over the adversary and creation of

suitable conditions for the fulfillment of tasks of

friendly forces. However, in order to achieve

maximum efficiency of joint fires, the interaction

between individual elements of the joint fire support

is crucial. This is based on the results of the planning

process, activity coordination, the timely and

flawless exchange of information (Šilinger, Blaha,

Potužák, 2017).

Joint fires are fires delivered during the

employment of forces from two or more components

in coordinated actions. It could be considered as

engagement of targets by units of field artillery, air

support and naval artillery.

Specially trained observer, who is able to

cooperate on target engagements with all joint fire

assets, realizes terminal control of joint fires. In the

framework of his activities, JFO must be able to

detect, identify and locate targets for the purpose of

joint fires assets requesting. Additionally he must be

able to control the engagements and asses battle

damage done by joint fire support assets. For these

activities, he needs specific equipment which will

enable him to provide quality, timely and accurate

information to the elements he is working with on

target engagement. The high-quality sensor systems

that the JFO is equiped withprovides are the basic

pillars of its activities. If the JFO were not equipped

with adequate sensor systems and could not provide

such information, the efficiency of joint fires would

drop substantially. (Šilinger, Blaha, 2017).

3 TARGET ACQUISITION

SYSTEMS IN THE CZECH

ARMY

Artillery target acquisition units of the Czech army

had recently been equipped with new systems. The

main objective of this modernization was to replace

obsolete artillery target acquistion systems with new

ones that allow for more precise determination of the

individual parameters as well as the technical

equipment unification with the standard in NATO

armies.

Operations of target acquisition units in the

Czech army is based primarily on the use of vehicle

platforms adapted to carry target acquisition

systems. The use of vehicle platforms for the

operation of artillery target acquistion units is a

specific feature of the Czech Armed Forces, which

has no similarity in other NATO armies.

Target acquisition systems in the Czech army are

based on vehicle platforms as well as on backup

target acquisition system sets, which are used in case

the vehicles are unfunctional. Therefore, both the

vehicle platforms and the backup sets are included in

the enumeration. In the Czech army, the following

systems of artillery target acquistion are currently in

use:

 Sněžka-M;

 LOS-M;

 LOV-Pz;

 GonioLight V w/ Vector 21 Nite;

 Sterna V w/ Vector 21 Nite;

 Sterna V w/ JIM LR, TLS 40.

Although capabilities of target acquisition

vehicles and backup set differ, they are, in all cases,

a full-featured means of conducting an artillery

survey.

3.1 Sněžka-M

Target acquisition system Sněžka-M is specific

system based on modified BMP-1 tracked chassis

(Modernizovaná Sněžka-M předána AČR, 2015).

This system has hydraulically protruded, three-

segmented arm, which carries a senzoric head

accommodating target acquisition devices. Senzoric

head contains these devices:

 Merlin 3 daytime surveillance camera;

 Merlin 2N night surveillance camera;

 Falcon-200 digital camera;

 THV-3000 thermal imaging camera;

 Zeiss LDM 38 laser rangefinder;

 Thales Squire ground surveillance radar.

The Sněžka-M is equipped with the GPS receiver

AN/PSN-13A DAGR and the inertial navigation unit

TALIN 4000 (Modernizovaná Sněžka-M předána

AČR, 2015) to determine its own position and

direction of observation of the sensor head. As a

backup target acquisition system, Sněžka-M is

equipped with Sterna V w/ Vector 21 Nite (section

3.5).

3.2 LOS-M

LOS-M (Light Observation System – Modernized)

is tracked target acquisition vehicle based on

modified BMP-1 chassis. It is the same chassis used

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398

on the Sněžka-M (Modernizovaný LOS-M pro

dělostřelce, 2014).

The LOS-M uses a telescopic arm to extend the

sensing head to a maximum height of 4,5 meters.

Sensoric head of the LOS-M contains these devices:

 Merlin 2 daytime surveillance camera;

 HK-170 CCD camera;

 LIRC 640 thermal imaging camera;

 Zeiss LDM 38 laser rangefinder;

 Infrared pointer.

The LOS-M is equipped with the AN/PSN-13A

DAGR GPS receiver and the Talin 3000 inertial

navigation unit (Modernizovaný LOS-M pro

dělostřelce, 2014) to determine its own position and

direction of sensing heads. (Talin: Inertial Land

Navigator, 2014). As a backup target acquisition

system, LOS-M is equipped with Sterna V w/ Vector

21 Nite (section 3.5).

3.3 LOV-Pz

LOV-Pz is target acquisition vehicle based on Iveco

M65E 4x4 wheeled platform (vtusp.cz, 2018).

Target acquisition devices are fixed within the

LOV-Pz in a gun station located on the roof of the

vehicle. Weapon station contains these devices:

 Puma FHD daytime surveillance camera;

 Falcon 135 CCD camera;

 Spirit 140 thermal imaging camera;

 Zeiss LDM 38 laser rangefinder;

 Infrared pointer.

To determine the position and direction of the

weapon station's observation, LOV-Pz is equipped

with the AN/PSN-13A DAGR GPS receiver and the

Talin 3000 inertial navigation unit (Talin: Inertial

Land Navigator, 2014). As a backup target

acquisition system, LOV-Pz is equipped with Sterna

V w/ Vector 21 Nite (section 3.5).

3.4 GonioLight V w/ Vector 21 Nite

Target acquisition set of the GonioLight V and laser

rangefinder Vector 21 Nite was delivered to the

Czech army as a backup target acquisition system

for first pieces of Sněžka-M and LOS-M vehicles

(Modernizovaný LOS-M pro dělostřelce, 2014). For

other manufactured pieces, this kit has already been

replaced by the Sterna V based set (section 3.5).

This target acquisition set is based on the

GonioLight digital magnetic compass (DMC)

complemented by the Vector 21 laser rangefinder

(LRF), AN/PSN-13A DAGR GPS receiver, data

terminal for processing and transferring of gained

data (GONIOLIGHT: Digital observation station,

2018). Vector 21 Nite is night vision capable so this

device gives target acquisition units night time

operations capability (VECTOR FAMILY:

Rangefinder Binoculars, 2017).

3.5 Sterna V w/ Vector 21 Nite

The Sterna V w / Vector 21 Nite is manufactured by

Safran Vectronix as well as the previous set

(STERNA: Gyroscope based target acquisition

system, 2018). Unlike the previous target acquisition

set, this type is based on the Sterna V gyroscopic

true north finder (TNF).

The only difference between the two kits is

different basic device used for the determination of

bearings. Difference between GonioLight V and

Sterna V is significant. GonioLight V is based on the

use of a digital magnetic compass (DMC), the

accuracy of which is strongly influenced by metallic

objects in its vicinity, making it impossible to use

near combat vehicles. On the other hand, the Sterna

V true north finder, uses a gyroscopic system that is

not affected by metallic objects. When functioning

in proximity of combat vehicles, use of electronic

devices can significantly affect measuring accuracy.

This affection is demonstrated on measurement by

DMC, with active cell phone in its vicinity (chapter

3.7).

Sterna V TNF uses gyroscopic system which is

not affected by these devices. Because of this,

delivery plan had been changed, because of this

aspect and it was decided not to buy more target

acquisition sets based on GonioLight V. Effects of

electronic devices on DMC measurement was

confirmed by experiment, whose resuls are stated in

section 3.7.

Like the previous target acquisition set, Sterna V

w/ Vector 21 Nite is complemented by AN/PSN-

13A DAGR and data terminal (STERNA-V:

Výnosná souprava dělostřeleckého pozorovatele,

2015).

3.6 Sterna V w/ JIM LR, TLS 40

Last evaluated target acquisition set used by the

Czech army is the Sterna V w/ JIM LR, TLS 40

(JIM LR: Long-range multifunction cooled infrared

binoculars, 2017). Just as the previous set is based

on the use of the true north finder Sterna V, but its

own observation device is different. In this case it is

a combination of multifunction long range cooled

Target Acquisition Systems - Suitability Assessment based on Joint Fires Observer Mission Criteria Determination

399

infrared binocular JIM LR and LRF Zeiss TLS 40

(TLS 40: Target Acquisition Binoculars, 2007).

This set is complemented by AN/PSN-13A

DAGR and data terminal.

3.7 Example of Direction Measuring

Affection of DMCs

Various metallic objects and electronic devices in

vicinity of magnetic device can affect magnetic

orientation. For these reasons, magnetic orientation

can be very inaccurate when basic principles are not

followed.

Magnetic orientation is used for aiming of target

acquisition systems. Different kind of orientation

should be prefered because of presence of areas with

magnetic anomalies, irregular course of magnetic

lines during the day and year, progresive increase of

infrastructure and time needed to use of magnetic

orientation.

Results of conducted experiment demonstrate the

influence of cell phones on magnetic orientation.

Purpose of the experiment was to determine the

influence of selected cell phones on local

deformation of magnetic line.

Figure 1: Errors of magnetic azimuths caused by NOKIA

5500.

Influence of two selected cell phones on

deformation of the local magnetic line during

direction measuring by DMC was measured on type

Leica Vector IV DMC/LRF. Measurement of

influence had been conducted in various directions

(22,5° jump) and distances (5 cm jump) from the

DMC. Affecting devices were cell phones NOKIA

5500 and NOKIA 6300. These two types were most

widely used at a time this experiment was done.

Cell phone was placed in the same height as the

DMC and was oriented in the same direction

(display pointing toward grid north). Results of

measurement are stated in figures 1 and 2. X-axis

represents each direction with interval of 22,5°

(determined to clearly show the course of errors).

Direction 1 represents the direction of magnetic

north. Distance of cell phone from center of DMC is

stated on Y-axis. Minimal distance of measurement

is 15 centimeters because due to the DMC

dimensions it was not possible to get it closer.

Calculated errors of magnetic azimuths on given

observed point are represented by the Z axis.

Figure 2: Errors of magnetic azimuths caused by NOKIA

6300.

Based on information stated in figures 1 and 2, it

is clear, that influence of cell phones on

measurement by DMC are widely different (even in

case of the same producer). Influence had been

manifested up to distance of 45 cm from DMC.

Within this distance, there is usually cell phone in

pocket of uniform, upper compartment of backpack

or during work in sitting position in pocket of pants.

Because the DMC functions in the same manner as

the compass needle, these results are to be

considered the same for these and similar devices.

According to results of the experiment, it is clear

that errors in measurement can be caused by

ignorance, inconsistency, or unruliness of the

operators. Accuracy of measurement is affected, not

only by cell phones, but also by power lines,

computers, GPS receivers, calculators, radios and all

objects containing metal components (combat

vehicles, helmets, pens, watches, knives, weapons

etc.) This equipment is necessary in combat

situations, and because of this, it is better to use

different kind of orientation (in case it is possible).

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4 MULTI-CRITERIA

EVALUATION OF VARIANTS

The most appropriate and at the same time the most

accurate way of choosing the optimal variant is use

of the mathematical methods. The goal is to assess

the suitability of the use of individual TA systems

for JFO activity. Before this mathematical

evaluation, it is important to determine basic

elements of the assessment process. Goal of the

assessment is to select most suitable target

acquisition system for JFO needs. Assessment object

are target acquisition systems, with limiting

condition that as an object are considered only target

acquisition systems used by the Czech army.

Because overall assessment is conducted on its

basis, evaluation criteria are one of the most

importatnt elements. Evaluation criteria define basic

requirements on target acquisition systems according

to features needed for JFO work. Target acquisition

systems used by the Czech army represents

evaluated variants.

4.1 Determination of Evaluation

Criteria

When using multi-criteria decision-making methods,

we distinguish two types of criteria, both

quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative criteria

are expressed by a numerical value representing the

the exact amount of specific value. Qualitative

criteria are expressed verbally, because numerical

expression is complex or not possible at all.

Subsequent conversion of qualitative criteria to

numerical expression is not complicated, however,

there is a certain distortion. For the assessment of

the suitability of the individual types (variants) of

artillery TA systems, specific criteria were

established. The criteria were determined on the

basis of the practical experience and knowledge of

the authors of the joint fires in order to achieve a

reliable assessment. Authors of this article created

following criteria:

 accuracy of own position grid determination;

 orientation accuracy;

 horizontal angles measurement accuracy;

 distance measurement accuracy;

 night obseravation capability;

 low visibility observation capability;

 speed of system preparation;

 laser pointing capability.

Determining the location coordinates is an

indispensable element necessary for the operation of

target acquistion units. These coordinates are the

underlying information that determines other data,

especially the coordinates of the targets and other

observed objects. This criterion is labeled as C

and

it is quantitative, minimazing type of criterion.

The accuracy of device's orientation is an

important aspect for the precision of any data

collected by means of an artillery TA units. When

measuring directions, the error system is defined by

the deviation in the orientation of the device and the

deviation in the determination of the directions. The

sum of the two deviations is the resulting error in the

measurement of horizontal angles. The resulting

error then negatively affects the accuracy of the

observed points (targets) coordinates. This criterion

is labeled as C

and it is a quantitaive, minimizing

type of criterion.

Accuracy in horizontal angles measurement is a

key ability of target acquisition systems. Location of

targets or other points is determined on basis of

direction to these points (see criterion C

). This

criterion is labeled as C

and it is quantitative,

minimizing type of criterion

Accuracy of distance measurement is another key

capability of TA systems. Distance to observed target

(point) is another value used for target coordinates

determination. The deviation in the measured distan-

ces is then reflected in the accuracy of the calculated

point coordinates. This criterion is labelled as C

and

it is quantitative, minimizing type of criterion.

Night observation is an essential capability of

artillery TA systems for securing continuous ability

to request and guide joint fires. This criterion is

labeled as a C

and it is qualitative, maximizing type

of criterion.

Low visibility observation capability is another

important capability of each TA system for ensuring

of continuous operation of target acquisition units in

all weather and visibility conditions. This criterion is

labeled as a C

and it is qualitative, maximizing

criterion.

Speed of systems preparation for work is

important for effective support of maneuever units.

This criterion is labelled as a C

and it is

quantitative, minimizing type of criterion.

Marking of targets by laser is one of the basic

capabilities that greatly facilitates the designation of

targets for the purpose of aircraft guidance. This

criterion is labelled as a C

and it is qualitative,

maximizing type of criterion. Total inventory of

criteria used for target acquisition systems

evaluation is stated in table 1.

Target Acquisition Systems - Suitability Assessment based on Joint Fires Observer Mission Criteria Determination

401

Table 1: Evaluation criteria.

Criteria Form Type

: accuracy of own

position grid

determination

quantitative minimizing

: orientation accuracy quantitative minimizing

: horizontal angles

measurement accuracy

quantitative minimizing

: distance measurement

accuracy

quantitative minimizing

: night observation

capability

qualitative maximizing

: low visibility

observation capability

qualitative maximizing

: speed of systems

preparation for work

quantitative minimazing

: laser pointing

capability

qualitative maximizing

4.2 Criteria Weight Determination

First step in multi-criteria evaluation is

determination of criteria weight. Due to the nature of

the theme itself, criteria and variants, the authors

decided to use Saaty's method for weighting the

criteria. This method consists of assessing the

preferential relationship of criteria among

themselves, and the subsequent calculation of the

criteria weight. In table 2, individual values of

importance between each criterion are stated.

Table 2: Saaty´s comparison chart (Grasseová, Mašlej and

Brechta, 2010).

C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 3 5 5 3 9 7 7

1/3 1 3 3 5 9 7 7

1/5 1/3 1 1 5 9 7 7

1/5 1/3 1

1 5 9 7 7

1/3 1/5 1/5 1/5 1 7 7 7

1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/7 1 1/5 1/5

1/7 1/7 1/7 1/7 1/7 5 1 1/5

1/7 1/7 1/7 1/7 1/7 5 5 1

Depending on the nature of the desired result, the

arithmetic average equation was used to determine

the criteria weights.











×



×



…×





(1)

where:

 



is the criterion non-standardized weight;

  is the criterion 1, 2, …, n;

  is the number of criteria;

 



is the criterion value of importance.

After calculating the non-standardized weights,

the final step is to calculate the standard weights of

the criteria. This is done by use of following

equation.









∑









(2)

where:

 



is the criterion standardized weight;

 



is the criterion non-standardized weight;

  is the number of criteria.

Table 3 lists the resulting calculations, non-

standardized and standardizedzed weights, and the

overall ranking of the criteria for the evaluation of

the individual TA systems.

Table 3: Resulting criteria weighs.

Criteria

Non-

standardized

weight

Standardized

weight

Orde

2,053 0,202 I.

1,733 0,171 III.

1,866 0,184 II.

0,994 0,098 VI.

1,145 0,113 IV.

1,118 0,110 V.

0,665 0,065 VII.

4.3 Determination of Variants

Variants are a key component of evaluation process.

Variants mean specific things, activities, options or

other elements that we decide on. As an evaluated

variants, target acquisition systems used in the

Czech army were selected. These systems have been

described in chapter 3 of this article. Variants are as

folows:

 V

: PPK Sněžka-M;

 V

: PzS LOS-M;

 V

: LOV-Pz;

 V

: GonioLight V w/ Vector 21 Nite;

 V

: Sterna V w/ Vector 21 Nite;

 V

: Sterna V w/ JIM LR.

In addition to specifying the individual variants,

their partial evaluation must be performed in

accordance with the criteria set out in Chapter 4.1.

Within the individual criteria, their ratings will be as

follows:

ICINCO 2018 - 15th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics

402

 C

: maximal deviation in position

determination in meters;

 C

: maximal angular deviation in orientation

in mils;

 C

: maximal angular deviation in horizontal

direction measurement in mils;

 C

: maximal distance measurement deviation

in meters;

 C

: this qualitative criterion will be rated "0" if

the device does not have the nigh vision capa-

bility and "1" if it possesses that capability.;

 C

: this qualitative criterion will be rated "0" if

the system does not have the thermal imaging

capability and "1" if it possesses that

capability.;

 C

: minimal time needed for target acquisition

system preparation in seconds;

 C

: this qualitative criterion will be rated "0" if

the device does not have the laser pointing

capability and "1" if it possesses that

capability.;

4.4 Variants Evaluation

Variants evaluation is the last step in the process of

choosing the optimal variant. Within the evaluation

process, it is important to distinguish the

composition of criteria in terms of its type

(qualitative / quantitative). Since eight criteria, three

qualitative and five quantitative, have been

identified in this article, the selection of methods has

been considerably narrowed.

The most appropriate method for selecting a

suitable variant for mixed criteria is a method based

on direct expert assessment of partial

evaluations.This method multiplies the values of

each variant by the weight of given criteria.

Results of variants evaluation is stated in table 4.

From the table, it is possible to read individual par-

tial evaluation of variants within the given criteria.

The partial evaluation of the variants was

determined on the basis of the production

documentation supplied by the manufacturers of the

individual devices.

Table 4: Variants partial evaluation.

Variants/

Criteria

2,4 0,5 0,4 5 1 1 6 0

2,4 1 0,8 5 1 1 6 1

2,4 1 0,8 5 1 1 5 1

2,4 5 0,1 5 1 0 3 0

2,4 1,8 0,1 5 1 0 4 0

2,4 1,8 0,1 5 1 1 4 1

Due to the character of the evaluation of the

variants, the criteria were omitted for all variants of

the same values. These are the following criteria:

 C

: accuracy of own position grid

determination;

 C

: distance measurement accuracy;

 C

: night observation capability.

Same values at criterion C

are caused by use of

GPS receiver AN/PSN-13A DAGR by all of

evaluated target acquisition systems

(rockwellcollins.com, 2018). Match within C

criteria was reached even though evaluated systems

use different types of laser rangefinders. All used

types of laser rangefinders has the same value of

maximal distance measurement deviation. Within C

criterion, all target acquisition systems are capable

of night observation.

Resulting variants evaluation are stated in table

5. Based on the multicriterial evaluation of the

variants, the most appropriate variant of the target

acquisition system for JFO activities is a set based

on Sterna V complemented by JIM LR and TLS 40.

5 CONCLUSION

Need for observer, who is able to request and control

strikes of artillery and air assets is based mainly on

practical experience of the Czech army as well as

other NATO partner countries. Given that the JFO

concept is a relatively new project under the Czech

army conditions and whose aspects are currently

being specified, it is necessary, besides training and

combat deployment, to specify the target acquisition

system whose capabilities most closely correspond

to the nature of JFO activity.

Since artillery units have recently been equipped

with new target acquisition systems, which are

characterized as one of the most advanced in the

current market for military sensors, it is

advantageous for the selection of system for the

work of JFO to be based on the experience of use of

these types. On the basis of multi-criterion

evaluation methods of the variants, the implemented

means were evaluated according to the needs of JFO

The result of the analysis is determination of optimal

variant of target acquisition system for JFO needs

which is the set of Sterna V w/ JIM LR and Zeiss

TLS 40.

Target Acquisition Systems - Suitability Assessment based on Joint Fires Observer Mission Criteria Determination

403

Table 5: Results of multi-criteria evaluation of target acquisition systems.

Variants/

Criteria

SUM Order

0,769 0,074 0,113 0 0 0,956 III.

0,684 0 0,113 0 0,065 0,862 V.

0,684 0 0,113 0,11 0,065 0,972 II.

0 0,129 0 0,33 0 0,459 VI.

0,547 0,129 0 0,22 0 0,896 IV.

0,547 0,129 0,113 0,22 0,065 1,074 I.

Form

quantitative quantitative qualitative quantitative qualitative

Type

max max max max max

Weight

0,171 0,184 0,113 0,110 0,065

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