The Experimental Method of Middle Distance Runners Hypoxic

Training

Zinaida Kuznetsova

, Alexander Morozov

and Alexander Kuznetsov

Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named after I.N.Ulyanov,

4, 100 Th Anniversary of V.I.Lenin’s Birth, Ulyanovsk, Russia

Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, 28, Nizametdinova str., Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia

Keywords: Artificial Hypoxia, Athletes, Average Distance, Hypoxicator "Peak", Diaphragmatic Mask "Elevation

Training Mask".

Abstract: The study is focused on the problem of various hypoxic effects use in the training process of athletes

specializing in middle distance running. The purpose - to develop and experimentally justify the method of

interval hypoxic training in the annual cycle of middle distance runners training. Hypothesis: the

development and application of interval hypoxic training method, which provides the consistent use of

hypoxia, adequate structure and volume of different directions training loads in weekly microcycles, will

improve the training efficiency and middle distance runners competitive activity effectiveness.The method

of hypoxic training includes hypoxic and information tools:Hypoxicator "Peak"(Russia) realizes exogenous

type of hypoxia and consists of series connected: mask, the body (filled with absorber of carbon dioxide)

and a breathing bag. Diaphragm mask "Elevation training mask"(USA) implements respiratory type of

hypoxia. To estimate athletes heart rate monitoring we used the method of obtaining information wireless

portable system GPS Garmin Forerunner 310XT (Garmin, USA).The concentration of oxygen in the blood

was investigated using pulse oximeter "Oxy-Pulse"(Russia). Hypoxic training technique of athletes

specializing in middle distance running is scientifically proved, developed and experimentally checked.

1 INTRODUCTION

Involvement in modern training process of hypoxia

methods can allow to increase volume and intensity

of training load.

The results of scientific researches show that

different variants of artificial and natural hypoxia

use were applied in different sports athletes training.

All of the above mentioned actualizes the

problem of additional hypoxia use, in particular

various types of artificial hypoxia, during the

preparatory period of athletes training.

2 ORGANIZATION AND

METHODS

For achievement of the purpose and the solution of

objectives the following methods of research were

used: the analysis and generalization of scientific

and methodical literature, pedagogical testing,

analysis of sports documentation, express

diagnostics of the functional state and reserve

opportunities of an organism "D&K Test" method

developed by S. A. Dushanin, pedagogical

experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.

Subjects. The study involved athletes specializing in

middle distance running at the age of 17 - 26 years.

One experimental (EG) and one control group (CG)

of 15 people with sports categories and ranks (mass

categories and CMS, MS) was formed. The study

was conducted on the basis of Sport school "Yar

Chally", and №12, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia

2.1 Questionnaire Survey

Сoaches, as well as sports professionals (20

persons). For this purpose, two questionnaires were

made. The first questionnaire was intended for

specialists and trainers in the field of middle

distance running, it included 15 questions. The

second questionnaire was developed for athletes in

middle-distance running and consisted also of 15

Kuznetsova, Z., Morozov, A. and Kuznetsov, A.

The Experimental Method of Middle Distance Runners Hypoxic Training.

DOI: 10.5220/0006874300840090

In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2018), pages 84-90

ISBN: 978-989-758-325-4

questions. The survey was conducted in order to

clarify the means and methods of hypoxia, which are

used in the training process of middle distance

runners. Questions presupposed a choice of several

answers.

2.2 Functional Diagnostics

All laboratory tests were conducted in the research

laboratory “Sports and health technologies” of the

Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University.

Functional diagnostics was conducted with the

use of hardware and software complex "VALENTA"

(Russia). The analysis included the following

parameters: cardiac output (IOC), cardiac index

(CI), stroke volume (UOK), stroke index (SI), heart

rate (HR, bpm).

The load test was set using the software module

"Poly-Spectrum-Sport" (Russia). For carrying out

the load test, a medical-grade veloergometer with a

computerized "e-Bike” control panel was used. The

set of equipment used in the experiment, including

all accessories in contact with the examined patient

during operation, according to the instructions

provided in the passport, meets the safety

requirements set out in the standards. The speed of

pedals rotation amounted to 62 revolutions per/min.

The analysis of load tests was carried out

automatically. Registration of the Protocol took

place individually for each subject.

To find out the level of adaptation to the loads of

different capacities of athletes specializing in middle

distance running, we used the method of express

diagnostics by Dushanin " D & K-TEST»

2.3 Methods

Based on the results of the survey we selected

hypoxic training methods. Hypoxicator

"Peak"(Russia) realizes exogenous type of hypoxia

and consists of series-connected: mask, the body

(filled with absorber of carbon dioxide) and a

breathing bag. During one breathing cycle (3-5

minutes) the oxygen content in the inhaled gas

mixture decreases from 21% vol. up to 12-14% vol.

and provides the necessary physiological effect.

Diaphragm mask "Elevation training

mask"(USA) implements respiratory type of

hypoxia. The mask allows to simulate different

Alpine conditions. "Breath resistance" - simulations

of different heights, and therefore – the amount of

oxygen that can be inhaled at one time. Different

altitudes 3,000 ft (Nozzle -1), 6,000 ft (Nozzle -2),

9,000 ft (Nozzle -3), are simulated.

To control the training process, to estimate

athletes heart rate monitoring we used the method of

obtaining information wireless portable system GPS

Garmin Forerunner 310XT (Garmin, USA).

The concentration of oxygen in the blood was

investigated using pulse oximeter "Oxy-

Pulse"(Russia).

Training Programme

Monday. In the developing microcycle during the

first training we used a diaphragm mask in interval

mode. The percentage of training exercises in the

mask was 10 %. Nozzle-the first. The intensity of

the resistance – 25 %. The total number of cycles -

Hypoxicator "Peak" was used 40 minutes after

the first training. Breath was conducted through

hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 5 min (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles - 4. The total time of hypoxic

training was 40 minutes. Saturation of oxygen in the

blood was 85 - 90 %.

Diaphragm mask "Elevation Training Mask" was

used during the second interval training. The total

number of cycles-2 (10% and 10%). The percentage

of training exercises in the mask was set to 20 %.

Nozzle-the second. The intensity of the resistance

was 50 %.

Tuesday. The diaphragm mask was used during the

first interval training session. The total number of

cycles - 1. (10%). The percentage of training

exercises in the mask was set to 10 %. Nozzle-the

second. The intensity of the resistance was 50 %.

Hypoxicator "Peak" was used 40 minutes after

the first training session. Breath was conducted

through hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 4 minutes (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles was 3. The total time of the

hypoxic training was 27 minutes. Saturation of

oxygen in the blood was 85 - 90 %.

Hypoxicator “Peak” was used 50 minutes before

the second training session. Breath was conducted

through the hypoxicator within 5 minutes and

breathing atmospheric air within -3 minutes (1

cycle). The total number of cycles was 3. The total

time of the hypoxic training was 28 minutes.

Saturation of oxygen in the blood was 85 - 90 %.

Diaphragm mask was used during the second

training in an interval mode. The total number of

cycles-2 (10% and 15%). The percentage of training

exercises in the mask is 25 %. Nozzle-the third. The

intensity of the resistance is 75 %.

The Experimental Method of Middle Distance Runners Hypoxic Training

Wednesday. Diaphragm mask "Elevation Training

Mask" was used during the first training in an

interval mode. The total number of cycles-2 (5% and

5%). The percentage of training exercises in the

mask was 10 %. When applying the second nozzle

resistance intensity was up to 50%.

Hypoxicator "Peak" was used 40 minutes after

the first training session. Breath was conducted

through hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 5 minutes (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles was 3, The total time of the

hypoxic training was 30 minutes. Saturation of

oxygen in the blood was 85 - 90 %.

Hypoxicator “Peak” was used 50 minutes before

the second training session. Breath was conducted

through hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 3 minutes (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles was 4. Total time of hypoxic

training was 32 minutes. Saturation of oxygen in the

blood was 85 - 90 %.

Diaphragmatic mask was used during the second

training in an interval mode. The total number of

cycles-2 (15% and 7%). The percentage of training

exercises in the mask was` 22 %. When using the

third nozzle, the resistance intensity was 75%.

Thursday. Diaphragm mask was used during the

first interval training. The total number of cycles – 1

(10%). The percentage of training exercises in the

mask was 10 %. The resistance intensity when using

the first nozzle was 25%.

Hypoxicator "Peak" was used 40 minutes after

the first session. Breath was conducted through

hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 5 minutes (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles was 3. The total time of hypoxic

training was 30 minutes. Saturation of oxygen in the

blood was 85 - 90 %.

Hypoxicator “Peak” was used 50 minutes before

the second training session. Breath was conducted

through hypoxicator within 5 minutes and the

breathing atmospheric air within 10 minutes (1

cycle). The total number of cycles was 2. The total

time of hypoxic training was 30 minutes. Saturation

of oxygen in the blood was 85 - 90 %.

Diaphragma mask "Elevation Training Mask"

was used during the second training in an interval

mode. The total number of cycles-2 (7% and 7%).

The percentage of training exercises in the mask was

14 %. Nozzle-first. The intensity of the resistance –

25 %.

Friday. Diaphragm mask "Elevation Training

Mask" was used during the first training in an

interval mode. The total number of cycles-2 (10%

and 10%). The percentage of training exercises in

the mask was 20 %. The intensity of the resistance

when using first Nozzle – 25 %.

Hypoxicator "Peak" was used 40 minutes after

the first training session. Breath was conducted

through hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 3 minutes (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles was 3. Total time of hypoxic

training was 24 minutes. Saturation of oxygen in the

blood was 85 - 90 %.

Hypoxicator "Peak" was used 50 minutes before

the second training session. Breath was conducted

through hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 5 minutes (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles is 3. Total time of hypoxic training

was 30 minutes. Saturation of oxygen in the blood

was 85 - 90 %.

Diaphragm mask "Elevation Training Mask"

was used during the second training in an interval

mode. The total number of cycles is 2 (15% and

10%). The percentage of training exercises in the

mask was equal to 25 %. The intensity of the

resistance when using second Nozzle – 25 %.

Saturday. Diaphragm mask "Elevation Training

Mask" was used during the first training in an

interval mode. The total number of cycles was 1(10

%). The percentage of training exercises in the mask

was 10 %. Nozzle- first. The intensity of the

resistance was 25%.

Hypoxicator "Peak" was used 40 minutes after

the first training session. Breath was conducted

through hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 5 minutes (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles was 4. Total time of hypoxic

training was 40 minutes. Saturation of oxygen in the

blood was 85 - 90 %.

Hypoxicator "Peak" was used 50 minutes before

the second training session. Breath was conducted

through hypoxicator within 5 minutes and breathing

atmospheric air within 5 minutes (1 cycle). The total

number of cycles- 2. Total time of hypoxic training

was 20 minutes. Saturation of oxygen in the blood

was 85 - 90 %.

Diaphragm mask "Elevation Training Mask" was

used during the second training in an interval mode.

The total number of cycles was 2(10 % and 10%).

The percentage of training exercises in the mask was

25 %. Nozzle-second. The intensity of the resistance

was 50%.

Sunday. Recreation. Conducting recovery activities.

Seminars were held with the participants of the

experiment on the introduction and use of the

diaphragm mask "Elevation training" and

icSPORTS 2018 - 6th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

hypoxicator "Peak", as well as information tools that

implement interval exogenous respiratory hypoxic

training, pulse oximeter "Oxy-Pulse" and the system

"Garmin forerunner 310XT".

2.4 Physical Fitness Testing

On the basis of the scientific and methodical

literature analysis for determination of efficiency of

experimental technique influence in training process

of the athletes specializing in running on average

distances, we chose and used the following control

exercises: run on 100 m, sec; run on 400m, sec.

2.5 Methods of Mathematical Statistics

All the data obtained were statistically processed

using the following criteria:

check the normality of the distribution, conducted

by the Shapiro-Wilk test;

- judgments on the equality of variances - f-Fisher

criterion;

- to test the hypothesis of the difference of two mean

values, a two-sample Student t-test for independent

samples and a pair of two-sample Student t-test were

used;

- in case of failure to comply with the normal

distribution of samples, the comparison was carried

out according to the nonparametric criterion of van

der Waerden, Kruskal-Wallis, Kramer-Welch.

The critical level of significance when testing

statistical hypotheses in this study was taken equal

to 0.05 (a=0.05).

We used the following symbols: X – arithmetic

mean; Sx – standard error of arithmetic mean; n –

sample size; p is the experimental significance level,

obtained by statistical processing of the data; t is the

student coefficient; x-the criterion of van der

Waerden; T – criterion of the Cramer-Welch.

Statistical processing was carried out on a

computer using statistical packages SPSS-17,

spreadsheets Microsoft Excel.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The survey involved coaches and athletes of national

teams, heads of federations, coaches of the republics

and regions of the Russian Federation, etc.in total,

20 specialists and 50 athletes engaged in running at

middle distances completed questionnaire. Experts

note that for many years they have been using a

rather narrow range of traditional means of hypoxic

exposure. Most often (almost 100% of the time) they

note their stay in the conditions of the middle

mountains (c. Kislovodsk, Russia) It should be noted

that the range of hypoxic agents used in individual

athletes varies and depends largely on the degree of

fitness, material and technical conditions. 85% of

respondents noted the need to plan the use of various

hypoxic effects in microcycles in the annual training

cycle. According to experts, at the preparatory stage

such microcycles should be up to 8.

In responses of experts the importance of the

correct combination of training load with various

hypoxic influences in the preparatory period (81% of

respondents) is noted. Among hypoxic events

offered to athletes, 87.3% of respondents noted

training in the middle mountains conditions; 9.3% of

respondents – devices that supply air with a low

oxygen content; 3.4% – hypoxic tents. As for

hypoxic events offered to athletes personally by

coaches, 74.3% of respondents call the middle

mountains conditions; 15.3% – the use of various

hardware; 10,0% - other means (tents, pressure

chambers). When analyzing answers to the question

of how hypoxic events affect the success of the

athletes’ performances the following results were

obtained: 73,0% of respondents noted stay in natural

hypoxia conditions; 16,7% - stay in artificial

hypoxia conditions; 10.3% – pointed to sleep in

hypoxia tents.

During the experiment training programs

providing the use of hardware hypoxic systems

before, during and after training as part of the

experimental technique were implemented.

The cross-experiment was carried out at the first

base – developing stage of the year cycle

preparatory period (November, December) for

training middle distance runners.

The control group (CG) included 20 runners, the

experimental group (EG) included also 20 runners.

At the first stage (4-week mesocycle) the

experimental technique was introduced to the EG

group runners. Each runner had access to a set of

equipment that he used every day (20 sets of

equipment). Athletes of the CG trained according to

the standard program for the Sport school.

At the end of the first stage in the EG and CG

groups all studied indicators characterizing

functional preparedness tended to change

significantly.

In the EG athletes’ changes are more vivid than

in the CG athletes. Thus, the increased VC in the EG

score was equal to 4159,07+of 32.03 ml, the

improvement was 104,33 ml (2.58 %), while in the

CG - 4149,67+19,46 ml, the improvement was 42,27

ml (1,03%).

The Experimental Method of Middle Distance Runners Hypoxic Training

Figure 1: Growth of athletes (EG and CG) respiratory and cardiovascular systems indicators for the period of the first stage.

The results of the FIV and ERV in the EG were

equal to 1,74+0.02 liter and 2,11+0,02 liter, the

improvement was 0.29 liter (19.84%) and 0,31 liters

(20% and 49%) respectively; in the CG - 1,50+0,01

liter and 1.81+0,03 liter, the improvement was 0.29

liter (3.98%) and 0,31 liter (4.63 %);

TV and IC in the EG were equal to 0,75+0,03

liter and 2,79+0,02 liter, the improvement amounted

to 0,09 liters (12,00%) and 0.47 liter (20% and 49%)

respectively, in the CG - 0.71, +0,03 liter and

2.40+0,03 liter, the improvement was 0.02 liter

(2,70%) and 0,04 liter (1,70%).

The results of the breath-holding test(s) in the

EG were equal to 97,50+0,41 sec and 57,13+0,43

sec, the improvement was 13 (14,03%) and 6

(11,00%), respectively, in the CG - 87,07+0,55 sec

and 52,87 +_ 0.77 sec, the improvement amounted

to 3 sec (3.48%) and 1sec (2,85%).

Indicators of heart rate (HR) at rest and

Skibinsky index in the EG were equal to 66.93 +

0.67 beats / min and 60.65.13+56.68 stan. units,

improvement was 1 beat/min (3.42%) and 11190.47

liter (21.29%), respectively, in the CG - 70.53+0.61

beats / min and 5130.55+70.56 stan. units,

improvement was 1 beat / min (0.66%) and 255 stan.

units (5.23%).

At the end of the first phase all investigated

indices of respiratory and cardiovascular systems of

the EG athletes exceeded those of the CG athletes.

In the CG all indicators have positive changes,

but they were minimal. But, despite the slight

changes, the difference was significant (p<0.05).

After the first stage in accordance with the

methodology of the cross-experiment the KG

became the EG, and the EG became the KG and the

experiment continued.

EG group athletes used hypoxia sessions on

experimental technique at the second stage of the

experiment.

By the end of the second stage results in the EG

changed as follows: VC - 4178,07+ 32.03 ml; In the

figures FIV and ERV in the experimental group the

result was equal to 1.76+0.02 liter and 2,13+0,01

liter; TV and IC were equal to 0, 0,76 +0,01 liter and

2.81 +0.02 liter; breath-holding test(s) - 57,71 +0,37

sec. and - 98,07+0,45 sec.; Indicators of heart rate at

rest were - 66,93+0,82 beats/min; and Skibinsky

index- 6128,78+62,053 stand. units.

KG athletes results were as follows: lung

capacity was equal to 4183,67+19,46 ml, the

improvement was 34 ml (0,82%); the reserve

volume of inhalation and exhalation is equal to

1.71+0.01 liter, improved by 0.21 liter (14,03%);

indicators of respiratory volume and breathing

capacity - 2,13+0,01 liter, the improvement was 0.28

liter ( 15.49%); respiratory volume - 0,78 +0,02 liter,

the improvement was 0.07 liter ( 8.89%); indicator

breathing capacity- 2.78 +0.02 liter, the

improvement amounted to 0,38 liter (15,80%);

indicator Genchi sample - 57,15 +0,78 sec., the

improvement was 5.0 sec. (8,11%); indicator Stange

sample - 99,07+0,55 sec., the improvement

amounted to 12.0 sec. (13,78%); indicator of heart

rate - 67,53+0,61 beat/min, the improvement was 3.0

sec. (4,25%); Skibinsky indicator - 6147,28+88,77

stand. units, the improvement amounted to 1016

stand.units ( 19.82%).

Summarizing the data of the EG and CG athletes

second stage research indicators of respiratory and

cardiovascular systems, it can be concluded that the

use of interval exogenous-respiratory hypoxic

training significantly improved performance in the

EG and CG (Fig. 2).

19,84

12,00

17,66

20,49

11,00

14,03

3,42

21,29

2,58

3,98

2,70

4,63

1,70

2,85

3,49

0,66

5,23

1,03

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

18,00

20,00

22,00

24,00

icSPORTS 2018 - 6th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support

Figure 2: Second stage period growth.

In addition, the residual effect of the technique

application in the EG at the first stage of the

research was revealed. This indicates that the

experimental technique has not only a pronounced

immediate effect, but also cumulative deferred one.

This confirms the effectiveness of the experimental

technique.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Thus, the analysis of scientifically-methodical

literature on the problem of interval hypoxic training

application in various sports showed that, despite

numerous studies of this problem a clear goal, tasks,

principles, content, organizational and methodical

features of exogenous-respiratory hypoxic training

use in the training process of the athletes

specializing in middle distance running are not yet

defined. Currently, the use of hypoxic activities in

the preparatory period is reduced only to the middle

mountains conditions, so it is necessary to expand

the system of hypoxic means use on the basis of

hardware and information tools implementation.

As a result of the carried out research the

hypoxic training technique of athletes specializing in

middle distance running includes use of hardware

and information means, such as hypoxicator "Peak",

diaphragm mask "Elevation training mask", system"

Garmin Forerunner 310XT", pulse oximeter" Oxy-

Pulse "and system of the received information

analysis" Connect ". It is scientifically proved,

developed and experimentally checked.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research was supported by Act 258 Government

of the Russian Federation (Sport Ministry), contract

№7. AO5. 32. 0012

The study was approved by the ethical reviewing

committee

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icSPORTS 2018 - 6th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support