Study on Energy Efficiency Level and Energy Conservation

Technology of Highway Passengers Stations

Tianjun Yang

Ministry of Transport Scientific Research Institute, Room 813-1, HePingli East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China,

100029

Keywords: Energy consumption of passenger stations; Energy efficiency classification; Energy conservation

technology; Highway passenger station; Climatic division; Index of energy consumption

Abstract: Through research on energy consumption and energy efficiency of highway passenger station, it displays

the consisting of energy consumption and entire level of energy efficiency on passenger station, which can

provide technical support for energy saving reconstruction and ultimately promote the development of green

transportation. Highway passenger station is an important node of the transportation system and an

important public service facility, which is different from the common public buildings, as well as, need

keeping a certain service level and has high energy consumption and great potential for reconstruction, what

is lacking for researching on energy consumption influential factors and energy efficiency level of

passenger station. Referring to the research results of energy efficiency of public buildings, considering the

factors of energy consumption from the site, station construction, layout, equipment and operation aspects,

energy consumption survey plans are designed based on five type of climatic divisions, through

investigating the energy consumption, it can objectively obtain the reality of the highway passenger station

energy consumption. Throughout data screening, it obtain energy consumption data of different building

climate zones and study the characteristics of energy consumption data of different climatic divisions.

Reference to evaluation method of energy efficiency level, indexes of unit energy consumption is putted

forward. The method of energy efficiency gradation is defined, threshold values of energy efficiency level

are confirmed basing on different climatic divisions, energy efficiency level of passenger station is divided

into three-level. According to analyzing the key technologies of energy saving and combining the

characteristics of energy consumption of the station, the intelligent energy-saving technology of passenger

station based on cloud temperature controller is putting forward.

1 INTRODUCTION

The ‘13th Five-year plan’ is a crucial period for

upgrading and transformation of the transportation

industry in China. This plays the leading role in

advancing the modernization of transportation.

Meanwhile, the traffic industry has also carried out

research in many aspects, such as construction pilot

cities with low-carbon transport system, green traffic

provinces, green port, green highways and

demonstration projects for energy conservation and

emission reduction. The Ministry of Transport has

gradually paid attention to the construction and

green services areas.

2RESEARCH REVIEW OF

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

As a significant node of the transportation system,

the highway passenger station is another significant

public building facility. It can draw on domestic and

overseas relevant laws and regulations, as well as,

energy efficiency management in the development

of green construction. (

ECCJ.2014,Moretra V D, et.al,

2009, Saidur R., 2009, Asia Business Council, 2014,

Ministry of Economy, 2014, Building Research Institute.

2014,)

Meanwhile, it also learns from the current

research of green station in domestic and overseas.

The Annual Energy Conservation and Emission

Reduction Capability Project for Transportation

‘Study on Evaluation Index System of Green Low-

carbon Highway Transport Stations’ in 2014. A draft

of the two traffic industry standards for ‘evaluation

Method for saving energy passenger station

construction projects’ and ‘Evaluation Method for

Saving energy of Freight Station (Field)

Construction Projects’ was proposed.

The significant technology of saving energy in

current condition focus on heating, frequency

conversion, climate compensation, adjustment the

balance of hydraulics, waste heat recovery, as well

as, heating system automatic control and heating of

floor radiation. There are plenty of technologies of

air condition area in current period, such as fire pool

cold storage, primary variable frequency and flow,

large temperature differential cooling, cooling tower

provides cold, air conditioning self-control, pump of

ground source heating, radiation ceiling, multi-zone

air conditioning energy-saving and the recycle of

heating in air condition system. Meanwhile,

transportation area pays more attention on the

technology using energy-saving. There is some

technology using public transport region, such as

setting up an energy management system,

regenerative braking energy recovery technology for

locomotives, distributed photovoltaic technology

and reproduction lighting technology.

It can be seen a large number of scholars have

conducted analysis of energy efficiency in buildings

and there are also relevant studies on the energy

efficiency classification of public buildings through

the description of the study. As a large-scale public

building, highway passenger stations require a

certain level and quality of service. The relevant

researches have been carried out in domestic and

overseas in recent years. However, there is a lack of

systematic analysis of the overall energy

consumption and grades of domestic transportation

terminals, the establishment of an energy efficiency

benchmarking system, as well as, the lack of

technical support for the reduction of energy saving

and emission of highway passenger stations. This

study will investigate and analyze the energy

consumption status of highway passenger stations

and establish a corresponding energy efficiency

rating assessment method and research on energy

conservation technology of passenger station.

3 RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR

INFLUENCING FACTORS OF

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The ‘Code of Design of Thermal Engineering for

Civil Buildings’(GB50176-93) sets the national

building thermal design into five points from the

perspective of design. It divides the country into five

districts, Freezing, Cold, Hot-Summer and Cold-

Winter, Hot-Summer and Warm-Winter and

Temperate Regions. Because different climates put

forward different requirements for the standards of

design building, as well as, the main facilities,

equipment and energy consumption characteristics

of the passenger station in a different region of

China depend on different climatic conditions.

Therefore, in the actual investigation, according to

different construction climate zones, it is necessary

to count the energy consumption of passenger

station.

The project team conducts on-the-spot

investigations of the highway passenger station

through interviews with technical personnel of the

station, expert consultation, and field trips. The

research plan mainly focuses on the following eight

aspects: (1)The basic conditions of the station (site

station level, daily delivery volume, traffic

convenience, room for development, etc.); (2) Site

layout processes conditions (general layout, process

flow, streamline design, etc.); (3) Production and

living facilities of the station (total area, area of

building facilities, area of station facilities, area of

office facilities, area of facilities, area of living

service facilities, etc.); (4) Station building

conditions (body shape coefficient, thermal

performance of fence structure, ratio of window to

wall, external shading, openable area of external

window, etc.); (5) Station equipment configuration:

ticket sales, station security inspection machines,

metering equipment, etc.; (6) Energy consumption

types and consumption (coal, oil, electricity, heat,

gas, etc.); (7) Station energy-saving management

(setting of energy-saving organization, system

construction, implementation of energy

conservation); (8) Other aspects (resource recycling,

new energy use, etc.)

4STUDY OF ENERGY

CONSUMPTION DATA

ANALYSIS AND EFFICIENCY

RATING

4.1 Treatment of Energy Consumption

Data Converted to Standard Coal

In order to facilitate the calculation, comparison and

analysis of various energy sources, they must be

uniformly converted into standard fuel refer to the

calorific value of different energy sources. It is

customary to use internationally standard fuel:

standard coal (coal equivalent) and standard oil (oil

equivalent). China uses coal as energy equivalent.

Comprehensive energy consumption is the sum of

all kinds of energy actually consumed in the

statistical reporting period of the energy-using unit

and the total sum calculated by the specified

calculation method and unit (

G.C. Dai., 2011, L.C. Li.,

2015)

. According to the ‘General Principle for

Comprehensive Energy Consumption Calculation’

(GB2589-2008), when calculating the

comprehensive energy consumption of passenger

station, various energy sources and energy

consuming workers are respectively converted into

the same unit of standard coal (tons) specified for

primary energy. Table 1 reveals the commonly used

energy index coefficients.

Table1. List of commonly used energy sources and

standard of coal coefficient medium consumption.

In enterprises view, integrated energy

consumption refers to the total energy consumption

of the major production systems, auxiliary

production systems and subsidiary production

systems during the statistical reporting period.

Therefore, the calculation of comprehensive energy

consumption by passenger station draws on the

method of ‘Comprehensive Energy Consumption

Calculation Principles’. The comprehensive energy

consumption calculation formula for a one-year

passenger station is:

()

=×

∑

Eep

(1)

In the formula:

——Comprehensive

passenger station energy consumption in one-year

passenger (kgce)；

——Several varieties of energy consumption

；

——The ‘i’ energy amount consumed in

production and service activities；

——Conversion factor of the ‘i’ energy source

4.2 Processing Methods in Survey Data

There are two common ways to justify the acute

value. One is Physical Discrimination, timely

detection and correction of errors caused by changes

in instrument, personnel and test conditions during

the observation process. The other one is

Mathematical Statistics. This method makes the

range of mistakes

±k

and the corresponding

confidence probability

−

,σ is dangerous rate.

Any measurement that exceeds this error range is a

low-probability event and is considered as a bad

value.

Rely on the calculating, to solve the bad value

for the research data in each of five different climate

region, the energy consumption of passenger station

in each station adopt 3σ method to calculate

deviation, if the measure value

(1 )≤≤

deviation

δσ

, it should modify the survey

data of the passenger station and continue to solve

the remain energy consumption data for other

passenger station.

Table 2. The number of sample before and after filtering.

Partition name

sample

before filtering

sample

after

filtering

Freezing area 63 54

Cold area 30 25

Hot-summer

and cold-winter

area

123 104

Hot-summer

and warm-winter

areas

96 82

Temperate

regions

114 95

4.3Unit Energy Consumption Index

Standard for Passenger Station

This research uses the main building energy

consumption as the research project, as well as,

considering the energy consumed by the special

service equipment, public welfare properties of

highway passenger station. It can use the energy

consumption of sending passengers to analysis the

energy efficiency level of the passenger station

through the statistics organization due to the

passenger station s in the same area have similar

architectural style, structure and management mode

etc. this is not related to the current classification of

the passenger station . The difference of the samples

of passenger station can analysis and assessment

base the ‘Saving Energy Evaluation Method for

Passenger Station Construction Projects’.

The total station energy consumption per

hundred passenger is

.Due to the vast territory of

China, the climate becomes complex and changing

and there are notable features in each climatic

region. Therefore, the national standard line should

not be demarcated during the evaluation of the

comprehensive energy efficiency index of the

passenger terminal, as well as, it should be based on

different climatic regions.

As the example of Hot-Summer and Warm-

Winter region, base the total data in this area can

calculate average station energy consumption per

hundred passengers

. The calculate formula is:

∑

BBn

（1）

In formula:

-- The average station energy

consumption per hundred passengers in Hot Summer

and Warm Winter Region (kgce/100per);

n—the number of passenger station s of survey

in Hot Summer and Warm Winter Region.

--the total of‘i’station energy consumption

per hundred passengers in Hot Summer and Warm

Winter Region

Consider the related data in scoring articles

under the "Effects" indicator in ‘Green Port Class

Assessment Criteria’(JTS/T105-4-2013),the scores

of the comprehensive energy consumption of port

production and the CO2 emissions of port

production units in the relevant data of the “saving

low carbon level” scoring clause are based on the

average of 26 typical terminal statistics. These two

indicators score of the lower than average of 20%, or

higher than 20%.

Put the average station energy consumption per

hundred passengers in Hot Summer and Warm

Winter Region

below the 20% as the excellent

indicator

, above the 20% as the normal

indicator

. Therefore, when the average station

energy consumption per hundred passengers in Hot

Summer and Warm Winter Region less than or equal

to excellent indicators represent high levels of

energy efficiency. Less than the normal indicator

and more than excellent indicatorsis a medium level.

More than the normal indicator represent low level.

Other climate region reference this method, the

control value is given in table 3.

Table3. Control index of unit energy consumption of

passenger station.

Climate region

Total energy

consumption per hundred

passengers in station

Freezing area 16.74 25.11

Cold area 5.6 8.40

Hot-summer

and cold-winter

area

2.33 3.49

Hot-summer

and warm-winter

areas

2.34 3.50

Temperate

regions

0.88 1.32

4.4Energy Efficiency Rating of Highway

Passenger Station

On the basis of the ‘General Principles for Energy

Productivity Indexes for Energy-using Products’,

The Ministry of Transport put forward the transport

industry standard ‘General Principles of Energy

Efficiency, CO

Emission Intensity Grades and

Assessment Methods for Transportation Industry’

(Draft for Soliciting Opinions). It identifies the

energy efficiency, CO

emission intensity levels and

assessment methods for transport enterprises. The

core content of the standard is to determine the level

of energy efficiency to stipulate the energy

efficiency and CO

emission intensity level of

transportation enterprises. There are three levels in

total, among which first class is optimal and third

class is the worst.

Learn from domestic and international research

achievements in building energy efficiency and

combine the transport industry standard ‘General

Principles of Energy Efficiency, CO

Emission

Intensity and Assessment Methods for

Transportation Industry’ to solicit opinions.

Comprehensively consider energy efficiency status

of highway stations in China and the future

development direction of highway passenger

stations. This classifies the energy efficiency rating

of highway passenger terminals (

Alan Meier, 1996,

J.W. Wen, 2009)

. The level of energy efficiency of

highway passenger stations is divided into three

levels, in which the level of primary energy

efficiency is high, the level of secondary energy

efficiency is generally, and the level of tertiary

energy efficiency is low. The energy efficiency

rating of highway passenger stations is shown in

Table 4 below.

Table4. Classification of energy efficiency of highway

passenger stations.

4.5 Analysis of Energy Efficiency

Standard Characteristics in Typical

Climatic Division

In order to analysis the current energy consumption

of passenger station in different climate region,

project term make the survey for the first and second

class of passenger station energy consumption to

freezing region, cold region, Hot-summer and Cold-

Winter region, Hot-Summer and Warm-Winter

region and temperate regions. Statistical analysis

was conducted on the data obtained from field

surveys and correspondence, as well as, statistics

Annual average energy consumption (Kgce), total

energy consumption per hundred passenger (Kgce).

The specific data are in the table 5.

Table5. Energy consumption of passenger station based on

climatic divisions.

From the analysis results in Table 5, the

highest of average annual energy consumption is

freezing region, follow by cold regions. This is

mainly due to the long heating time and high total

energy consumption in winter. Temperate regions

have the lowest energy consumption. The

characteristics of climate, level of economy and

lives habits have the effect on passenger station in

different climate area. It bases the annual average

energy consumption to analysis passenger station

operation management for energy effectiveness.

5 THE ANALYSIS AND

APPLICATION ON THE

SIGNIFICANTENEGY-SAVING

TECHNOLOGY

Tring best to reduce the building energy efficiency

to the lowest level based on meeting the utilize

function of building. It needs to adapt to different

technology achieving. First of all, it shall operate the

high level heat insulation to the surrounding

protection of the building. Then, applying the

Classification of energy

efficiency

Reference

First class

Second class

Third class

heating with highly efficient, cooling, lighting and

home appliance equipment and systems. The

purpose of these progress is decrease the efficiency

of transfer heating and cooling and fully using the

clean energy, expand cogeneration of heat and

power or combined heat, power and cooling, as well

as, the application of heat pump, energy storage,

heat recovery and variable flow technology.

Otherwise, maximum limited to have effect on

using natural resources is pretty important. Green

building is the conventional method of using natural

energy. Wind power is one of the most significant

resources of the earth. The utilizing of wind power

shows in wind power generation and the use of wind

energy promote ventilation indoors, as well as, the

latter way is the major for the building to use.

5.1 The Production of Saving Energy

The price of production and equipment gradually

decreases with the rapid development of energy-

saving technology. Some passenger station also

makes the great change and reform to energy-saving

and emission reduction. For instance, using

photovoltaic power make lighting of station and

electric charging, as well as, using saving energy

lighting products to transform the station etc.

Because the rapid development and application for

the internet, cloud technology, it gradually form the

intelligent machine. Base on the traditional energy-

saving methods to achieve cloud management, cloud

diagnosis, cloud perception, cloud calculation and

other cloud services with intelligent application.

Depending on the part intelligence of internet

technical, there are some representation products:

Temperature-controlled heating billing valve, cloud

thermostat and cloud remote control, central air

conditioning billing system etc.

5.2 Analysis for Case Study

5.2.1The Introduction of Cloud Thermostat

and Cloud Remote Control

The cloud thermostat is an air-conditioning

temperature-controlled device that based on

traditional thermostats and mobile internet

technology to implement a cloud operation and the

management of energy-saving. It applies to all ‘four-

wire and three-speed’ fan coils and can directly

replace traditional thermostats.

Figure1. Cloud thermostat and cloud remote control.

Cloud thermostat not only has the function of

central intelligent thermostats control, but also has

cloud management (mobile APP management, cloud

diagnosis, cloud perception, cloud calculation and

other cloud services), Time-saving management,

multi-room management, remote control and other

intelligent energy-saving modes.

5.2.2 Application of Case Study

There is a working area of passenger station which

has a construction 1,024 m

. It adapts cloud

thermostats providing the centralize control of

electric heating. There is only one cloud thermostat

in each room, which controls from one to three

electric heating. It utilizes the cloud center of the

original internet access product of company, each

computer or mobile phone can through the assigned

account to connect the internet. According to the

rights to management all electric heating in the

working area, it can set the management of

temperature range, overtime mode and plays a

benefit energy-saving effect. It does not need to set

up regional management equipment and terminal of

management room, as well as, the simple system,

convenient utilize and economical (it can save 8%-

10% energy when turn down 1℃). Meanwhile, the

fund of project equipment can through the savings of

electronic fee to repay. Cloud thermostat not only

has the function of central intelligent thermostats

control, but also has cloud management (mobile

APP management, cloud diagnosis, cloud

perception, cloud calculation and other cloud

services), Time-saving management, multi-room

management, remote control and other intelligent

energy-saving modes.

6 CONCLUSIONS

This report has conducted in-depth research on

energy consumption and energy efficiency rating of

highway passenger stations. Through statistical

analysis of energy consumption data of different

building climates, it propose an energy efficiency

rating method for highway passenger stations Study

setting of the energy efficiency rating scales to

obtain energy efficiency ratings for passenger

stations in different climate zones. According to the

characteristics of energy consumption of passenger

station, there are the studies for several technology

such as, the analysis and research of energy saving

technology, the cloud temperature controller and

cloud remote control device based on network and

cloud technology are studied. The system is easy to

use, easy to operate and saves the energy

consumption of the station. The research results can

assess the energy utilization efficiency of highway

passenger stations. Through horizontal comparison,

passenger stations can understand the level of energy

consumption for itself located what kind of position

in the same climatic region. Combining the energy

influencing factors and evaluation results can

provide scientific and technical basis for the future

energy-saving, emission reduction and

transformation of passenger stations. This has

positive significance for promoting a conservation-

oriented society, a low-carbon economy, green

transportation, as well as, sustainable development

of the station.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research project is supported by management

center of transportation energy conservation and

emission reduction. Transportation energy

conservation and emission reduction capacity

building project No. 2015-jnjp-069.

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