The Impact of Landslide in Tangkil Village Banaran Ponorogo

Incidents of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Siswanto Agung Wijaya

, Mei Dia

and Pramudana Ihsan

Department of disaster management, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East java, Indonesia

School of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East java, Indonesia

Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East java, Indonesia

Keywords: Landslide, Natural Disaster, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Signs and Symptoms.

Abstract: Landslide is one of the natural disasters. In April 2017 Landslide happened in Ponorogo District, East java,

Indonesia. The number of victims which affected this natural disaster was 145 people. One of the impact of

natural disasters to the communities are psychological disturbance. Prolonged psychological trauma as an

effect from a catastrophic event called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a mal-adaptive

reaction which is similar to traumatic. This study aims to identify PTSD events and identify the signs and

symptoms of PTSD after landslide in Banaran Village, Ponorogo District. Descriptive quantitative research

design was used in this study. 50 of 57 victims of landslide in Tangkil Village, Banaran, Ponorogo, were

participated in this study. Purposive sampling was applied to obtain a research sample. The Civillion

questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results of this

study indicates that 50% of the landslide victims experience with PTSD. Further, the dominant signs and

symptoms of PTSD in landslide victims suffer from fear feeling. Post-disaster PTSD incidents after natural

disaster are incidents that cannot be avoided but can be mitigated. The readiness of Health Care Workers

and Health Care Volunteers in providing activities such as counselling.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a country which vulnerable to incidents

natural disaster. This is because Indonesia lies at the

meeting of three continents of the Eurasian plate, the

pacific plate and the Australian plate. The

consequences of the collision between the plates,

formed ocean trenches, folds, ridge and fracture in

the archipelago, the distribution of volcanoes and

distribution of earthquake sources. Thus Indonesia is

prone to natural disasters such as volcanoes, floods,

tsunamis and landslides.

One of the natural disasters that often hit several

cities in Indonesia is a landslide. Ponorogo district,

East Java is one of the cities often experience

landslide disaster. Data from Ponorogo district

statistics agency in 2013 showed 50.04% of 863,900

Ponorogo residents were vulnerable population.

When the landslide occured in 2017, the number of

victims directly affected as many as 39 families and

this is equivalent to 145 people. A total of 117

victims were able to save themselves, 28 victims

were buried by landslides and the rest survived with

assistance. However, in order to avoid the increasing

number of victims of the continued incidence of

landslides in the area of the Banaran, 300 people

from the area Banaran moved to the refugee camp.

In general, natural disasters have the impact of

damage to the environment, loss of property,

casualties and health problems to victims such as

physical disorders and psychological disorders. Post

traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological

disorder resulting from the trauma that arises after

an event such as a disaster event. Trauma itself can

occur due to several factors, namely biological

factors, psychological factors, and social factors.

MPTSD is defined as an ongoing maldaptive

reaction to a traumatic event (Nevid, 2005).

According to Zlotnick et al, PTSD may last for

months, years, or up to several decades and may

arise after a few months or after exposure to

traumatic events (Nevid, 2005). So the impact of the

disaster experience can affect the life of each

individual itself. According to Kinchin (2007) As

many as 1.50% of the population experience Post

Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) within a period of

Wijaya, S., Dia, M. and Ihsan, P.

The Impact of Landslide in Tangkil Village Banaran Ponorogo.

DOI: 10.5220/0007544804530456

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School (ICPS 2018), pages 453-456

ISBN: 978-989-758-348-3

453

four years due to experience various peritiwa

(Nirwana, 2012). Research results in the United

States showed 15-43% of women and 14-43% of

men experienced traumatic events, 3-15% of women

and 1-6% of men experienced Post Traumatic Stress

Disorder (PTSD).

In this case, the role of health care personnel is

needed to detect signs and symptoms of PTSD post

disaster on affected victims. Enforcement of PTSD

diagnosis in victims can be done 3 - 6 months after

the disaster is passed. Some ways can be done to

overcome PTSD incident. One of them is to conduct

post-disaster trauma counseling. Post-disaster

trauma counseling will help victims in stabilizing

their emotions (Nirvana, 2012). Implementation of

counseling can help the victim accept and

understand the reality. Counseling is able to activate

the sympathetic nervous system that is part of the

flight response. Classical conditioning occurs when

a person experiencing a trauma event returns to the

site of a trauma, an unconscious psychological

reaction and a specific reflex response. From that the

researchers interested to examine how the Post

Genetic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Landslide

Disease on the villagers Tangkil Village Banaran

Ponorogo who returned live to his own house.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety

syndrome, an autonomic lability, and experiences

flashbacks from a very painful experience after

physical and emotional stress beyond the limits of

ordinary people's resilience. In addition, PTSD can

also be defined as a state of extreme physical and

mental weakening that occurs after a person sees,

hears, or experiences a traumatic event and / or life-

threatening event (Sadock & Sadock, 2007).

According to Jiwo (2012) the symptoms of post-

traumatic stress disorder are generally grouped into

three types namely:

(1) Intrusive memories, is a repetition of the trauma

experience, shown by always remembering the

sad events that have been experienced namely,

flashback, excessive emotional and physical

reactions triggered by memories of miserable

events;

(2) avoidance and numbing., includes avoidance of

activities, places, thinking, feelings, or

conversations related to trauma; loss of interest

in all things; avoiding activities once enjoyed;

feelings of alienation from others; shallow

emotion; memory impairment; difficulty

maintaining; close relationships;

(3) Symptoms of anxiety and increased emotional

arousal include, increased sensitivity, indicated

by insomnia, irritability / irritability, difficulty

concentrating, excessive alertness, excessive

response to everything.

The clinical feature of PTSD is to re-experience

a painful event, a pattern of avoiding and shutting

down emotions, as well as a fairly constantly

maintained state of mind. This disorder may not

arise for months or even years after the event.

Mental status checks often reveal guilt, rejection,

and derision. Patients also describe dissociative and

panic attacks, even illusions and hallucinations can

also be induced as a result of PTSD. Cognitive

testing may indicate that the patient has a decreased

memory and attention power. Associated symptoms

may include aggression, violence, poor impulse

control, depression and substance-related disorders

(Sadock & Sadock, 2010).

3 METHODS

Descriptive quantitative research was used in order

to explaining the existing phenomena by using

numbers to explain the character of individuals or

groups about the incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress

Disorder (PTSD) (Syansudin & Damayanti, 2011).

Purposive sampling was used to collect the data. The

population in this study were 57 people in Tangkil

village, Banaran, Ponorogo who directly

experienced by landslide on April 2017 and went

back from refugee’s area to their home. 50 eligible

respondents were participated in this study. The data

were collect using Civillion questionnaire for

measuring symptoms of PTSD. This questionnaire is

developed by Weathers (1993).

After initial data collection, the researchers

conducted a 5-day study. On the first day researcher

got research permit from research permitting agency

of Ponorogo district. On the second & third days of

research, researcher met with representative of

officer in Banaran sub-district office & Tangil

Village Office. After identifying the eligible sample,

the researchers distributed the inform consent and

questionnaires as well. At the end, the data were

analysed using descriptive statistic.

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4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

On April 1, 2017 there has been a landslide disaster

in the village Tangkil Banaran Ponorogo cause

dozens of damaged houses, loss of property and the

death of 28 souls. Landslide survivors have lost their

homes, and property. Many victims are shocked and

traumatized by the landslide. Trauma itself is the

feeling of facing an event or a series of events that

are harmful, both for the physical and psychological

a person, which makes him no longer feel safe,

making him feel helpless and sensitive in facing

danger. The traumatic experience can cause mild

outcomes, such as the victim to be doubted and

fearful. In fact, fear of trauma often spreads to many

things. If the trauma is not quickly handled properly

will affect Post Traumatic stress disorder.

As described in a study conducted by Sumarno

(2013) entitled “Post-Traumatic Psychological

Impacts Due to Merapi eruption” described the post-

traumatic psychological impact experienced by

respondents due to too long lived in refugee posts so

that residents feel saturated because there is no

routine that if developing (monotonous distress), and

the presence of new dwellings so it takes time for

the adaptation process around the new environment.

This then triggers the psychological impact of the

disaster. Stressors or trauma events are a major

cause in the development of Post-Traumatic Stress

Disorder.

Based on the result of the research, it can be seen

that the majority of landslide victims experience

PTSD by 50% (25 respondents), because in Tangkil

village many people at age 48-56 are vulnerable and

it is known that female is the most with the

percentage of 58% (29), while the male 42% (21).

Education can also affect the knowledge of disaster

victims in dealing with trauma caused by landslide

disaster. Non-school respondents were 42% (21), so

that respondents who had PTSD was the highest

percentage.

Researchers assume that gender, age and

education will affect a person's susceptibility in

experiencing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. At the

age of children and the elderly will be more

susceptible to experience PTSD than in adults. This

is because in children who still have a sense of

dependence on adults will feel shocked or sad

prolonged if the adult who made the place dependent

have died due to the natural disasters. The elderly

also experiences impaired motion, cognitive,

sensory, and social can affect the process of

adaptation and ability of the elderly it becomes very

sensitive, depression, sleep disorders and trauma

caused by natural disasters. The sex of the victim

will also affect a person experiencing PTSD because

the ability of female coping mechanisms is lower

than that of men. Education may affect PTSD due to

knowledge in coping mechanisms and inadequate

coping methods in dealing with trauma caused by

natural disasters.

The researchers' assumptions are reinforced by

the Weems (2007) theory which explains that risk

factors that cause a person to experience PTSD

include age, sex and education. PTSD can occur in

all age groups but children and old age are the age

group that is more susceptible to PTSD. Children

have special needs and vulnerabilities when

compared with adults, because there is still a sense

of dependence with others, emerging physical and

intellectual abilities, and lack of life experience in

solving problems so as to influence the development

of one's personality. And in the gender it is

explained that women will have a greater risk of

developing PTSD than men. This is because, the

likelihood of serotonin synthesis in women.

Serotonin synthesis will read chemical messages in

neurotransmitters in the brain that will provide

communicable between brain nerve cells. Low

serotonin will affect the susceptibility of depression

to a person. While the lack of a person's education

level will affect the high number of incidents PTSD

5 SUGGESTION

5.1 For Further Researchers

With the existence of this research, it is hoped that

further research can be developed in qualitative

research by describing it. So that it can be more

detailed about the incidence of landslide victims.

5.2 For Health Officers

The role of health workers can be expected to

improve services specially to deal with the

psychological consequences of trauma caused by

disasters by conducting counseling or counseling

about trauma prevention. Forming a program to

handle a disaster and disaster management is needed

in this case.

5.3 For the Community

The community can handle or deal with trauma so as

not to experience prolonged stress and trauma,

namely Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

The Impact of Landslide in Tangkil Village Banaran Ponorogo

455

5.4 For Community Nursing

Professionals

This research can be used as a basis for counseling

or counseling for disaster victims who experience

trauma or stress due to a disaster so that the trauma

or stress they experience can be handled properly so

as not to experience trauma or prolonged stress

which is commonly called Post Traumatic stress

disorder. In community nursing can also be formed

cadres for disaster management.

6 CONSLUSION

The majority of symptoms affect biological factors

by 47% of respondents who answered very much (5)

in the questionnaire, namely the feeling of fear of 9

signs and symptoms.

Most of the victims of landslides suffered Post

Traumatic Stress Disorder by 50% (25 people) from

100% (50 people) in Tangkil Hamlet, Banaran

Village, Ponorogo.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers want to thank the respondents who

have supported and collaborated with researchers so

that this research can be published in accordance

with existing data. Researchers hope that there is the

same follow-up research that can improve the

method of handling post-traumatic stress disorder.

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