The Perspective of Local Community's on Mangrove Resilience and

Needs Conservation Along the Southern Coast of Lombok Island,

Indonesia

Agil Al Idrus, Abdul Syukur and Lalu Zulkifli

Postgraduate Program and Department of Sciences Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas

Mataram, Jalan Majapahit No 56 Mataram Nusa Tenggra Barat, Indonesia

Keywords: Community’s perspectives, resilience of mangrove, conservation.

Abstract: Mangroves are well known by local communities as plants. They are essential for coastal protection of marine

organisms, habitats, resouches, and their livelihood. This study formulates the value of resilience and

vulnerability of mangrove from the perceptive of local communities as the basis of conservation. The collected

data through from direct observation, questionnaires, interviews and discussions were analyzed using

descriptive statistical analyses. The results showed that the most important value of mangrove resilience is

from the local people perspectives. The development of mangroves are straight forward and could grow on

their own. Mangrove plants can restore environmental conditions for the habitat of marine organism. The

local people can look for organisms that had economic value for a source of livelihood. Therefore, the

consideration of conservation for magrove could become of great benefit for suronding communities on a

grand scale.

1 INTRODUCTION

Resilience has provided a way for thinking about

policies for the future, an important consideration in

a world characterized by unprecedented

environmental change (Chapin et al, 2009). The main

elements of the resilience approach includes

attention to drivers and change processes, treating

social-ecological systems as complex adaptive

systems characterized by cycles and uncertainty, and

social systems and ecosystems as coupled and co-

evolving (Berkes, 2010). The issues of resilience and

vulnerability are likely to become more important in

the framing of resource management questions in the

future. Therefore it is possible to develop strong local

support for sustainable management of mangrove

forests in areas where a positive attitude towards

mangrove conservation prevails (Badola et al., 2012).

In addition, the ecological knowledge’s

understanding has huge potention for local

communities and can be a component in the

protection of coastal ecosystems for the sustainability

of biodiversity (Syukur, 2013). However, the local

community's ecological potential has not been

formulated in conservation formulas, such as

mangrove conservation. The local communities need

the ecological knowledge in order to be able to

identify the needs of mangrove conservation at local

levels. Therefore, the objective of this research is to

see the recovery of mangrove vegetation and biotas in

the ecosystem playing a role as an indicator of

resilience.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted from April to October 2017

on the southern coast of East Lombok. The study

conducted and involved the people in Tanjung Luar,

Ketapang Raya and Jerowaru (Figure 1) with

geographic position 116 ° 27'0''- 116 ° 30'0 '' LU and

- 8 ° 48'0 ''-8 ° 51'0). Research sample was determined

proportionally to take into account the length of stay

of minimum 20 residents. They factored in education

level, livelihood and distance of residence in the

mangrove location. In addition, snowball sampling

technique is used to gain depth of information about

the ecological knowledge structure of local

communities (Aswani and Lauer 2006;). The research

data was analyzed by a discrete statistic method that

Al Idrus, A., Syukur, A. and Zulkiﬂi, L.

The Perspective of Local Community’s on Mangrove Resilience and Needs Conservation Along the Southern Coast of Lombok Island, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0007547805990603

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School (ICPS 2018), pages 599-603

ISBN: 978-989-758-348-3

599

to get conceptual pictured about society, ecology,

knowledge, structure, and description in a ecological

perspective (Few 2009).

Figure 1. Research location

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Diversity of Mangrove Species and

Diversity of Fauna Species

The vegetation of mangrove in the study area

represents the potential of mangroves on the southern

coast on Lombok Island (Table 1). The mangrove

species found on all the location are Avicennia

marina, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba and

Xylocarpus moluccenis. In addition, the species of

mangrove found in two locations are Avicennia

lanata dan Bruguiera cylendrica. The different

number of mangrove species on each sampling area

may reflect environmental conditions. Furthermore,

the dominant mangrove species found in Tanjung

Luar is Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia lanata in

Kedome, Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba in

Lungkak, Sonneratia alba in Teluk Jor and also

Sonneratia alba in Teluk Ekas. The mangrove species

are lower, compared to other locations such as in Gili

Sulat where the number of species totaled eleven

(Agil et al., 2015).

Table 1. The diversity of mangrove species in the study

area.

Species Tan

jung

Luar

Kedo

Lung

kak

Poton

Bakau

Teluk

Jor

Teluk

Ekas

vicennia

marina

√ √ √ √ √

√

vicennia

lanata

√ √

ruguiera

lendrica

√ √

Ceriops

decandra

√ √

√

umnitzera

rasemosa

√

hizophora

iculata

√ √

√

hizophora

mucronata

√ √ √

hizophora

losa

√ √ √ √ √

√

Sonneratia

alba

√ √ √ √ √

√

ylocarpus

moluccenis

√ √ √ √ √

Total

umber

of S

ecies

6 7 6 9

The mangrove species in each sampling area have

ecologically contributed to the sustainability of the

biota diversity. In this study, we found a diversity of

animals associated with mangroves (Table 2). The

types of animals associated with mangroves are a

form of mangrove ecological services. The diversity

of fauna species that can be found within the areas

such as crustacean, insects, fish, vertebrates (Varanus

sp, Chrysopelea sp, Cerberus sp.), mamalia

((Lutrogale sp danCallosciurus sp.), primate groups

and birds (Agil et al., 2015), mangrove can be

referred to the home for biodiversity (Ellison, 2008;

Nagelkerken et al., 2008;). Furthermore, the

environmental services from mangrove plays a role in

the regulation of gas for the balance of CO

and O

the atmosphere. As well as climate regulation, genetic

resources, regulator of species and biophysical

dynamics and increase biodiversity value (Larkum et

al., 2006).

Table 2. The diversity of fauna in the study area.

Class Species Location

Tan

jung

Luar

Lung

kak

ton

kau

luk

Jor

Teluk

Ekas

Gas

tro

poda

Cerithidea

cin

ulata + + + + + +

Cerithidea

uadrata + + + + + +

Chicoreus

ucinus - - - + - -

Chicoreus sp. + + + + + +

itoria

cabra + + + + + +

ittoraria

melanosto + + + + + +

ICPS 2018 - 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School

600

urex s

. - -- + --

erita

undata + + + + + +

Oliva sp. - -- + --

omacea

canalicula

ta + + + + + +

Strombus sp. + + + - - -

Sulcospira

sp. + + + + + +

Telescopi

telescopium - - + - - -

Terebralia

ulcata

Volema

myristica

Crust

cea

Uca s

. + + + + + +

Scylla

errata + + + + + +

Rep

lia

Varanus

alvato

- + - - - -

Cryptophis

boschmai

3.2 Assessment of Local Communities

on the Ecological Function of

Mangrove

The diversity of mangrove services in the perspective

of local communities is the value of environmental

services obtained from the presence of mangroves.

The communities interviewed as respondents can

distinguish between species of mangroves based on

morphological characteristics, such as; life spots and

fruit types Furthermore, they stated that mangrove

are important for many habitats, such as; fish

holothuroidea, mollusca, birds and reptile. The local

knowledge of mangroves represents its ability to

describe it is many services ((Table 3).

Distribution of scores on the results of

respondents assessment (Table 3), it shows that the

number of respondents who choose the benefits from

the mangrove in the category are useful and very

useful, was prominent.

Table 3. The distribution of respondents based on the results

of an assessment of the ecological role and benefits of

mangroves for the community's, n= 100.

Description Results of respondents'

assessment

ben

fit

les

qui

Bene

fit

very

bene

fit

Habitat and fish

feedin

roun

0 12 15 30 40

The small fish habitat 0 3 13 31 45

Habitat of marine life

other fish

0 0 14 44 42

The sources of marine

fertility

0 0 15 20 65

Provisioning services

material out

uts

Foods 80 20 0 0 0

Wood 0 0 5 10 85

Cegulating and

maintenance

Purification of wate

0 0 20 25 55

Flood control 0 0 15 20 65

Regulation of the

climate via carbon

sequestration

0 5 25 35 30

River flow 0 0 10 20 70

Cultural services

(non-material)

Cognitive

development

0 15 15 25 45

Recreation 0 0 5 10 85

Aesthetic experiences 0 0 10 20 70

3.3 The Perspective of Local

Community’s on the Resilience of

Mangrove

Resilience is a parameter for assessing ecosystem

changes to recover after receiving a disturbance.

Resilience is the observation of a disturbance to the

system that can absorb and retain the same function,

structure, and identity and it is the ability to self

organize as well as its capacity in adapting toward

environmental change and social-ecological systems

as complex adaptive systems (Walker et al. 2008;

Chapin et al, 2009; Berkes, 2010). Moreover,

resilience is a property of a system, and in Social-

Ecological Systems (SES), humans have the added

capacity to anticipate change to some degree and

influence future paths.

The local communities in the study area have

adequate knowledge of mangrove services (Table 3).

In this case, they can identify changes in mangrove

conditions as an object of assessment of the mangrove

resilience and associated biota. However, resilient

objects are extensive and complex in mangrove

ecosystems, so this study used mangrove resilience

indicators of cover value and mangrove density, using

example such as species of biota ;fish, shrimp, crab

and molluscs. The assessment of mangrove

resilience, respondents were given choice in several

The Perspective of Local Community’s on Mangrove Resilience and Needs Conservation Along the Southern Coast of Lombok Island,

Indonesia

601

categories namely (e.g., mangrove category has

recovered between 75% - 100%, the mangrove

category has recovered between 50% - 75%% and the

mangrove category has recovered <50%. Here is the

results of respondents' assessment of mangrove

resilience in the study area (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Respondent's assessment of mangrove resilience,

n = 100.

The results of the respondents' assessment

presented in Figure 2, are the mangrove condition has

not recovered to 50% which is quite limited compared

with those who have recovered above 50% -100%.

However, the condition of biota (e.g., fish, shrimp,

crabs and mollusks), more than 50% of respondents

said, has not recovered to 50%. It explains the reason

of mangrove has a faster recoverey compared to the

biota associated with the location, or biota of

economic value in the location. Those who are

exploited have a slower recovery.. Nevertheless, the

findings of this study were indicators of mangrove

resilience from a community perspective in

accordance with the concept of ecological resilience.

The respondents are able to identify mangrove

resilience and formulate conservation efforts for its

preservation. This in turn generates their social

awareness and views regarding management options.

It can be stated that they desire the mangrove area to

be protected, especially from the effort to change the

mangrove land into pond land, salt fields and new

settlement. Furthermore, they are also expected the

mangroves used in an environmentally friendly

manner through the development of eco-friendly

cultivation and tourism.

4 CONCLUSION

The local people's perspectives on the mangroves

resilience are significant. The knowledge of local

people on mangrove enviromental service is

extremely relevant in the effort to maintain a balance

ecosystem. The local people’s knowledge about the

natural system is a great value to scientific research

and understanding leading to better conservation

efforts by all who are involved.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to the Directorate General of

Strengthening Research and Development,

Directorate of Research and Community Service,

Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher

Education of Indonesia for providing the funding

for carrying out this study. The authors would also

like to thank Dr. Alifman Hakim, a scientist from the

University of Mataram Indonesia, for his constructive

criticism and comments during the preparation of this

article.

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