Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract of Karamunting
(Melastoma malabathricum L.) Leaf and Flowers on Salmonella typhi,
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus
Isnaini
1
*, Lia Y. Budiarti
2
, Noor Muthmainah
2
, Dimas S. Baringgo
3
, Ririn Frisilia
3
, Nanda
Sulistyaningrum
3
, Irawati F. Batubara
3
, Wuri Sofiratmi
3
, Wiresa D. Renalta
3
1
Departement of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin, South
Borneo, Indonesia
2
Departemen Mikrobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin, South Borneo,
Indonesia
3
Student of Faculty of Medicine, University of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin, South Borneo, Indonesia
Keywords: Melastoma malabathricum L, Karamunting, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus
Abtract: Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum Linn) is native spesies from Borneo. This plant is easily found in
Borneo as shrub. M. malabathricum L has not been used optimally, only considered a pest. M.
malabathricum L contains flavonoid, saponin, tanin and alkoloid, which serve as antibacterial agents. In this
study we tested the antibacterial activity of M. malabathricum L leaves and flowers against bacteria
Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.
Testing of antibacterial activity using diffusion method by measuring the inhibition zone formed around the
paper disk. The results of phytochemical scheming of ethanol extract of the leaves indicates M.
malabathricum L to contain flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and alkaloid, and flowers to emit flavonoid, saponin
and tannin. Profoundly, its ethanolic exttract of the leaves have the antibacterial agents respectively lead to
the most effective inhibitory effect 28.2 mm in diameter on Salmonella typhi, and that of its flowers of 27.2
mm on Escherichia coli.
1 INTRODUCTION
Melastoma malabathricum L (karamunting) is a
native species from South Borneo. This plant is
easily found in Borneo as shrub. M.
malabathricum L has not been used optimally,
only considered a pest. Based on the study, M.
malabathricum L flowers contain flavonoid,
saponin, and tannin components (Isnaini et al.,
2010). Flavonoid have activity as antioxidant
(Unoufin et al., 2017), anticancer (Raffa et al.,
2017), antibacterial (Unoufin et al., 2017).
Flavonoid contained in the flower of M.
malabathricum L, namely quercetin, kaempferol,
and antosianin (Janna et al., 2006; Isnaini et al.,
2017). Quercetin, kaempferol and anthocyanin are
antibacterial (Borrás-Linares et al., 2015; Valle et
al., 2016; Yang et al., 2017).
Each part of the plant has a different activity
because of the different content. Antibacterial
activity of melaboma malabathricum L. leaves and
flowers is unknown in bacterial Salmonella typhi
ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
The research materials used were flower and
leaves M. malabathricum, isolate Salmonella typhi
ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, which was
cultured in Microbiology Laboratory of Medical
Faculty UNLAM, ethanol 70%, so that Mc conkey,
Mueller Hinton (MH ), CMC-Na, sterile aquades,
blank disc paper, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI),
standard solution of Mc farland I of 3.108 cfu / ml,
standard ampicillin disk, standard chloramphenicol
disk.
316
Isnaini, ., Budiarti, L., Muthmainah, N., Baringgo, D., Frisilia, R., Sulistyaningrum, N., Batubara, I., Sofiratmi, W. and Renalta, W.
Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract of Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Leaf and Flowers on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus.
DOI: 10.5220/0008362003160318
In Proceedings of BROMO Conference (BROMO 2018), pages 316-318
ISBN: 978-989-758-347-6
Copyright
c
2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
2.2 Extraction
Leaves and flowers of M. malabathricum L
obtained in Kelurahan Guntung Manggis,
Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. Identification of
plant species to be studied was done by Basic
Laboratory of Faculty of Biology MIPA UNLAM
with sample no. 095/TS-02/011. Extraction was
done by maceration method using 70% ethanol
solvent with a ratio of 1: 5 and soaked for 24 hours
with 3 repetitions. The ethanolic extract will be
evaporated using a rotary evaporator at a low
pressure with a temperature of 60 ° C until a thick
ethanolic extract is obtained.
2.3 Phytochemical Screening
The phytochemical screening used ethanol
extract. The identification of alkaloids using
Dragendorff reagent. The flavonoids were
identified using magnesium. The identification of
tannins were used 1% FeCl and identification of
saponin used olive oil, if the extract have saponin
will have stable emulsion (Moreira, 1979;
Buveniswari et al., 2011).
2.4 Preparation of Bacteria
The bacteria used in this study was grown on a
medium for Mc conkey. After that it was incubated
in the incubator for 24 hours at 370C. The colonies
have good colonies are selected, which form round
colonies rather convex, clear and slippery then
grown on BHI seedling for 6 hours at 37
0
C.
Further dilute the suspension with sterile aquades
until the turbidity is proportional to the standard of
Mc Farland I (3.108 cfu / ml).
2.5 Antibacterial Test
Microorganism standardized with Mc Farland I,
smeared with sterile cotton swabs on MH agar
medium, then blank paper disks immersed in
leaves and flowered ethanol extract of M.
malabathricum L for 3 hours were placed on MH
medium then incubated at 37° C for 24 hours .
How to measure antibacterial power by measuring
the diameter of a radical zone using a ruler in
millimeters. Replication is done 3 times.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Results of phytochemical screening of ethanolic
extract from leaves and flowers of M.
malabathricum L showed in table 1. In the extract
ethanolic from leaves of M. malabathricum L
content flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin and tannin, but
in the flowers there is not have alkaloid.
Table 1: The content of phytochemical compounds on
M. malabathricum L
Compds
Leaves
Flowers
Flavonoid
+
+
Alkaloid
+
-
Saponin
+
+
Tannin
+
+
Results of activities antibacterial from
ethanolic extract from leaves and flowers of M.
malabathricum L showed in figure 1 and figure 2.
Figure 1: Zone of Growth Inhibition caused ethanolic
extract of M. malabathricum L leaves
Extract ethanolic from leaves M.
malabathricum L has the greatest activity in
bacterial S. Thypii,but extract ethanolic from
flowers M. malabathricum L has the greatest
activity in bacterial E. coli. Differences in
phytochemical content of extract ethanolic from
leaves and floers cause different activities. The
extract ethanolic from flower does not contain
alkaloid compounds, so the activity antibacterial is
more effective for E. coli.
Antibacterial Activities of Ethanol Extract of Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Leaf and Flowers on Salmonella typhi,
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus
317
Figure 2. Zone of Growth Inhibition caused ethanolic
extract of M. malabathricum L flowers
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds. The
flavonoid derivative in the hydroxyl group in the β ring
is more active against microorganisms than in the 2-OH
group (Maftuch et al., 2016). This suggests that the
target of this component is a lipophilic compound
through a bacterial membrane. Flavonoids have the
ability to form complexes with soluble extracellular
proteins and bacterial cells (Bilal et al., 2017). There are
three mechanisms of flavonoids, which inhibit nucleic
acid synthesis, inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function
and inhibit energy metabolism (Maftuch et al., 2016).
Alkaloids form intercellate with double helix DNA
and uncouple respiration (Bilal et al., 2017). Tanin is a
phenolic polymeric compound. The antimicrobial
metabolism of tannins is associated with microbial
adhesion inactivation, enzyme cell envelope transport
protein, causing toxicity in bacterial filaments, and
tannins also bind to protein walls to inhibit bacterial
growth (Pandey and Kumar, 2013).
4 CONCLUSION
The differences in phytochemical content of leaves and
flowers of M. malabathricum L cause differences in
antibacterial activity
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to the Medical Faculty of the University
Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin in South Borneo,
which has provided grants to this research
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