A Survey on Dynamic Business Processes and Dynamic Business
Processes Modelling
Bouafia Khawla and Bálint Molnár
Information Systems Department, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
Keywords: Dynamic Business Process, Requirements, Environment, Dynamicity, Changing Factors, Running Time.
Abstract: Organizations as sets of business processes (BP) that can be analyzed and improved by approaches such as
BP modelling. Many books, articles, thesis, and previous research are focus on static BP and workflows but
neglect the need of dynamic BP which is very interesting. For that reason, the aim of this paper is to discuss
and review various sources related to the topic of dynamic BP definition, requirements and changes can be
changed during the time under the effect of various factors.
Business is rapidly changing today to meet the requirements of the changing environment or other factors.
All those changes of a business must be solved using various approaches because this gap triggered significant
research efforts to solving dynamic BP modelling problems and ensuring the processes dynamicity.
The main goal motives this work is to survey a group of currently active researchers and investigate some
fundamental concepts in this domain related with the concepts is strongly support dynamic BP to can guide
to find a representative model can express all proprieties and answer the different questions presented later in
the introduction.
1 INTRODUCTION
Processes have become an important asset for daily
life in organizations because an adequate BP
Management (BPM) of an organization (e.g. software
development companies) can help achieve
organizational objectives.
Organizational environment as companies and
enterprises always changing and oblige BP to change
during its runtime, for that Over the years, approaches
for supporting process change have received much
attention from the research community because of the
advanced development of hardware and software that
are applied at different stages of the design process;
the representation issues can be captured in abstract
the models can be implemented in program code
using various approaches .
In this paper, we will present a literature survey
using research papers, theses, articles and books to
cover the domain needed for ours research and try to
find a definition that represent precisely the concept
of dynamic BP
The method of reviewing used is divided into
steps that are formulated as questions, the review
steps are as follows:
Question 1: How can dynamic BP defined and the
meaning of dynamic BP modelling?
Question 2: During the execution time (run time),
which factors have impact on dynamic BP?
Question 3: Which process components or elements
can be changed at run time?
Question 4: What are requirements of dynamic BP
that must be known?
Question 5: How ensure BP dynamically?
Several research efforts have focused on detailed state
of the art that addresses this problem but on static BP
not on dynamic. For that reason, we will be base our
discussion on that concept of dynamic BP which
plays an important role in changing effects nowadays.
This survey organized as follows, we will be
starting with the introduction, includes the reviewing
method, in the second section we will present
dynamic BP and its modelling and give some
differences points between dynamic and static BP,
after that various factors impact the dynamic BP to
change are presented in the third section. Section four
describes the components can be change during
runtime of the process, the requirements of dynamic
BP summarized in section five, after that we will try
to find an answer to ensure the dynamicity, finally we
will settle our ideas in a conclusion.
556
Khawla, B. and Molnár, B.
A Survey on Dynamic Business Processes and Dynamic Business Processes Modelling.
DOI: 10.5220/0007627105560563
In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2019), pages 556-563
ISBN: 978-989-758-372-8
Copyright
c
2019 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
2 DYNAMIC BP AND DYNAMIC
MODELLING
Research on BP (Aris, 2013) is a very active topic in
recent years because processes are a dominant factor
in workflow management, Modern enterprises and
organizations operate in a dynamic environment
(Branke, 2012) that is constantly evolving, so it must
adapt their processes and establish a framework for
modeling and analyzing workflow processes.
The notion of process plays a major role in the
definition of information system (IS) management, it
has a relevant role related with the concept of
information, use of BP can be considered diverse
according to the view of the company or the structure
of resources used.
Processes are divided into two categories: abstract
and executable processes (Oasis,2007) (Konig et al.,
2008). These two kinds are specified at different
abstraction levels. An abstract process only describes
the control-flow while an executable process captures
both the control-flow and the data-flow as well as
other aspects related to the execution, such as services
bound to activities. Thus, an abstract process is a
model of its corresponding executable process.
First, we will start with the concept of BP which
defined as follows:
Definition 1. A BP is a collection of activities that
takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output
that is of value to the customer. Or is a set of activities
undertaken in a specific objective that can
accomplish a specific organizational goal. Some
examples of this include taking customer orders and
managing bank accounts. (Brahimi and Bouzidi,
2008) (Mejia et al., 2010).
Modeling is a key element of process control and
ownership that allows the detailed description of a BP
and which can then be mapped to illustrates
pictorially, through graphs and charts, how certain
processes flow into others. As we mentioned in our
previous work (Khawla and Molnár, 2017) that the
modelling of BP is divided in two kinds of models:
static and dynamic modeling summarized below:
Static modeling simplifies a representation of BP
at a point in time. As such, they ignore dynamic
behavior, which may change over time as a result of
resource competition, interactions or other sources of
uncertainty. In fact, static models are very useful in
understanding and representing the structural features
of BP and can be valuable means of communication.
However, BP often display complex interactions
(Billington and Weber, 2003) (Rosenberg, 2010) that
can only be understood by unfolding behavior
through time.
Dynamic modeling is that it enables the outcome
of a changed process to be evaluated prior to it being
implemented into the physical environment.
In this section, we will focus research efforts on
the definition of dynamic BP and its modelling.
Generally, dynamic BP definitions refer to
changes within the external and internal
environment, and the consequences can be traced
through adding, deleting, replacing components
representing activities (Russell et al, 2006).
We can conclude from the table below (Table 1)
which shows various sources related to the definition
the concept of dynamic BP:
Definition 2. Dynamic BP is the process that can
change some BP activities during run time (at certain
points) under various conditions not predefined in the
beginning, it can react and adapt from internal or
external environment changes, it is flexible and agile
in its environment to express the concept of BP
dynamicity. All properties of dynamic BP concept
(Adaptive, Variable, flexible, Ad hoc and dynamic)
are related and used together with various relation
degrees in order to respond to different scenarios
Definition 3. Dynamic BP modeling is the
representation of a BP, the model includes activities,
components, functionalities, resources, individuals
(participant) that need to be understood before
modelling, so the result of modelling exercise could
be implemented and simulated.
After reviewing the table (Table 1), we obtained
the answer needed for our first question, next section
we will try to answer our other questions.
3 CHANGING FACTORS IMPACT
THE DYNAMIC BP
There are various reasons that require process change,
including requirements derived from new business
strategies, new policies, new laws and new
applications (Papazoglou et al., 2002) (Ryuf et al.,
2008), changing market conditions and application
environments (Wang et al., 2012) (Papazoglou et al.
2011) (Andrikopoulos et al., 2012), problems with the
original process, and BPs reengineering and process
enhancement needs (Van and Papazoglou, 2011).
Enterprises either commercial businesses or
government organizations are faced with a range of
challenges recently. These challenges and deferent
factors impact their components during BP execution
(runtime), these factors where summarized from
various research in that domain:
A Survey on Dynamic Business Processes and Dynamic Business Processes Modelling
557
Table 1: Definitions related with dynamic BP and dynamic BP modelling.
Reference (s) Definitions related with dynamic BP and dynamic BP modelling
(Hayes and Lavery, 1991) Four main concepts are popular for defining the ability of a BP to adapt to the changing
environment. those are: dynamicity, flexibility, agility and adaptability.
(Dadam andReichert, 2009)
Not all authors define the concept of dynamic process clearly, Ad hoc processes are always
used together with flexible and dynamic processes and it is mostly used with adaptive
p
rocesses, but it is never used with variable processes. Variable processes are always used
together with flexible and dynamic process and it is mostly used with adaptive process.
Adaptive processes are always used together with dynamic process and it is mostly used
with flexible processes. Flexible process is always used together with dynamic processes.
(Patel and Hlupic, 2001) In order to create a dynamic model of a process, it is necessary to understand its
functionality; the nature of dynamic modelling enables the representation of resources,
timeframes and the functionality of the individual activities contained within the process.
Dynamic modelling enables a closer representation of the physical BP environment
including people and equipment, resources and their movements are also taken into
consideration within the dynamic model.
(Pucher, 2010) Dynamic BP is a variant of agile process and enables a business user to make changes in th
e
process at runtime
(Kalibatiene et al., 2015) Dynamic BP is not defined strictly at the beginning of its execution and it changes under
new conditions at runtime.
(Trinkunas, 2015) Dynamic BP can implement a BP model whose components (a set of conditions, a set of
activities, a content of activity, a set of activity sequences, a set of decision nodes, the
participants) may vary and, if necessary, change with low latency at runtime due to change
s
of the context).
(Vasilecas et al, 2016) The dynamics of BP is characterized by a variety of terms: ad-hoc (there is no predefined
definition), adaptive (the ability of workflow to react to exceptional circumstances),
dynamic (must have flexible and adaptive execution), flexible (ability of a process to adapt
to the changes in the environment or to its changing requirement) and variable process
(adapted as a response to evolution in internal and external environment).
(Kalibatiene et al, 2016) Dynamic BP where content and the sequence of activities depends on the context of the
environment and can be changed at runtime. In contrast to dynamic BP, static BP has a
strict specification, i.e. the content and sequence of activities are defined before BP instanc
e
execution and cannot be changed at runtime
(Vasilecas et al, 2017) The concept of dynamic BP can be perceived as group of states that a collection of BP
activities might change at certain point in time due to the changes occurring in the BP
context, therefore, a sequence of activity execution cannot be predefined in advance
In fact, the success of enterprises depends
increasingly on their ability to react to changing
conditions of operation in their environment in a
quick and flexible way (Adam, 2010) (Sheng, 2015),
for that reason, we can say that the environment and
its nature exert internal and external impact on the BP
during the execution time.
Changes of the environment, like new
government regulations, stock price change, or
internal changes like business volatility, desire to
remain competitive, that motivate companies to
change BP components quickly, i.e., BP components
must be adopted in response to changes of internal
and external environment, named as a context at
runtime.
In (
Yu, 2015) the author examines the impact of
internal changes on BPs and the capability of
processes to adapt themselves to the changing
environment; the externally initiated alterations are
not considered.
Dynamics is dependent on internal (Business
strategy, organizations infrastructure, IT) and
external (market, regulating acts by government,
changes in technologies) drivers (Lankhorst, 2009).
Resources too are able to impact changes on the
workflow that may cause a problem if resources are
limited and could not finish the execution of
workflow on time so the process may be blocked,
might be the type of resources have the capability to
change on dynamic characteristic of BP.
Resources that appears on workflow structures are
as follows: sequential, parallel, choice and loop
patterns. Although in (Lankhorst, 2009) considers
only sequential and parallel patterns.
ICEIS 2019 - 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems
558
In reference (Salman and Madani, 2002) too, we
have found offline stage which determines the
required resources to execute a workflow while
minimizing the cost and meeting the user specified
deadline. The second one is an online stage which
reacts to structural changes that can take place at
runtime like adding tasks during execution.
The author in (Jain, 2008) examines the impact of
internal changes on BP and the capability of the
processes to adapt themselves to the changing
environment; the externally initiated alterations are
not considered.
In (Van et al., 2016), the author postulate that
processes should be capable for dynamic adaptation
to different scenarios, although the method for
adaptation cannot be exhibited in detail.
Next section we will search for the components
that are impacted during the execution time.
4 PROCESS COMPONENTS CAN
BE CHANGE AT RUN TIME
In this section we will investigate the processes
components can be changed under the impact of
different factor, after that we collect some important
components at the execution time (i.e. at runtime,
before runtime and after runtime).
Activity: as we know that the activities are the main
components of BP and it have the responsibility to
handle different events of BP that may be running in
cases, namely defined or non-defined (formed at
runtime). These activities are those ones which are
affected during changes; an activity can be modified
a new activity can be added or existing one can be
removed.
Some previous works implement as dynamic BP
tools (DYPROTO) (Wörzberger and Heer, 2011)
which can insert new activities, delete old activities
or dynamically implement activity loop, another tool
mentioned in (Zeng et al., 2002) able to adapt flexibly
to the changing business environment and can
determine the sequence of activities at BP runtime.
But these solutions don't meet the dynamic BP
requirements.
When changes alter the workflow, i.e. BPs during
the run time which is seen as the composition of a set
of basic operations (general flow structures including
sequential, parallel, choice and loop patterns) that
must be performed on a given input data set to
produce the expected result. So, these modifications
can provide as data too and make some changes on it
as well. For solving that problem cloud computing
has emerged as a new technology which offers a new
model of service provisioning for workflows
applications. It provides on demand network access
to a shared pool of computing resources that can be
elastically provisioned and released. Then, the elastic
nature of cloud environment enables such dynamic
workflow to be enacted more efficiently since it
facilitates the changing of resource quantities at
runtime
The challenges impact the architecture of
enterprises, for that reason, it should be able to focus
their attention on all those impacts, The proposal is to
extend the BP modeling approaches with an
organization and planning level according to
Zachman Framework (Zachman , 1987) thereby an
“analysis season” is created beside the “design
season” and “operational season” (Bell et al., 2008).
In our previous work (Khawla and Molnár, 2017), we
propose an approach where the data and business
structure (operational level and design level) is
expanded with an analysis phase (organizational and
strategic planning level) to observe and to detect
business events that enforce changes in process flow,
documents and document flow. The impact of
business events influences both the structure of the
workflow and the structure of document types.
Next, the process context where the set of external
factors and set of internal factors. and conditions
changes too. Challenges related to the development
of a new promising paradigm for BP modelling is to
support explicit definition of the ‘context related
knowledge’ that should be identified. For example, in
health process activities are selected according to the
user's context, which describes user's health state.
When a user's context changes, like blood pressure or
temperature, necessary activities, Moreover, in many
cases, it is difficult or impossible to predict all
possible changes of a context and predefine possible
sequences of activities. Contrary to DBP static
processes have predefined sequence of activities and
could be adopted only in predefined places of a
process instance, like variation points
Authors argue that any information reflecting
changing in circumstances during the execution of a
BP can be considered as contextual information. The
context is thus defined as “the collection of implicit
assumptions that is required to activate accurate
assignments in the BP model at the process instance
level”. In (Saidani and Nurcan, 2007), the role-driven
BP modeling approach (RBPM) presented in (Saidani
and Nurcan, 2006) was extended to support context
awareness.
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559
5 DYNAMIC BP REQUIREMENT
Most recently, the rapidly changing business
environment and thereby originated adaptivity
requirement against business IS led to the agile
business approach as a management science
philosophy. In this section we will have a look at the
dynamic BP requirements.
Dynamic BP have no predefined sequences of
activities, it formed at runtime: so every subsequent
should selected according to the external and internal
context and predefined rules, Therefore, every
subsequent instance may differ from the other
instance of the same BP, if there is no activity for
further execution at a dynamic BP runtime we should
terminate the execution of a dynamic BP instance or
to define a new activity and concerning rules for a
dynamic BP instance execution.
Context-based (Hallerbach et al., 2008)
Dynamicity: BP must support changes due to any
process context which defined with a set of
external (variables and rules) (Bui at al., 2013)
and internal (state of system and resources users)
factors and dynamic BP should react with that
context changes (Saidani and Nurcan, 2007).
Rule-based (Kalibatiene et al., 2015) Dynamicity
i.e. it must define new business rules,
change/delete existing business rules at BP
runtime. Where dynamic BP should be reacting to
those changes formulated in business rules at
runtime of the business rules at process instance.
Every next activity in the sequence within
dynamic BP should be selected according to the
predefined rules.
The Low Latency: dynamic BP execution should
support dynamic BP instance change, according
to role of the process, at any time, with very low
latency compared with duration of the process.
Analyzing of Historical Data of Instance: Before
selecting the next activity, the historical data
(stored in a log file) of instances execution (can
be a good practice which is suitable instance from
the historical data for repeated execution, or as
bad practice should not be executed ) of the same
dynamic BP should be analyzed and the selected
next activity should not cause execution of an
unacceptable sequence of activities, in addition
time, cost, values should be calculated and stored
for each executed dynamic BP instance. This
requirement describes that before executing any
dynamic BP instance.
BP should support changes to any process
component (a set of conditions, activity, activity
sequences, decision nodes and participants).
The table below (Table 2) summarize requirements
and their role:
Table 2: Dynamic BP requirements and its roles.
Requirements Role
No predefined sequences of
activities
The advantage of implementing this requirement is that we increase dynamicity of a
process.
Context-based dynamicity The advantage of implementing this requirement is that at process instance runtime
context can change and process should be adopted to those changes immediately at
process instance runtime
Rule-based dynamicity We believe the main opportunities of using business rules to ensure dynamicity of BP
are as follows: each activity in a process is selected according to the defined
conditions (expressing constraints of application domain) at BP runtime, and the
content of an activity is chosen based on the changing internal and/or external
context, and it should be implementing those changes at process instance runtime.
Low latency The advantage of implementing this requirement is that the change of a context or of
business rules influences selection of the next activity immediately after the changes
comes in force at process instance changes and allows rising process dynamically
Analyzing of previous activity
(historical data)
The analysis of historical data allows determining so called "good" (requires
minimum resources and process is reached) and "bad" (use too many resources).
During historical data analysis, it can be found what conditions i.e. state of current
context and to propose suitable alternative sequence of activities for execution.
Supporting of changes to any
process component
Components and their relationships are organized in such a way as to support rule and
context-based dynamic BP activity is modelling and simulation. And are also
included into the architecture in order to add intelligent functionality.
ICEIS 2019 - 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems
560
The representation at business analysis and process
level should consider the demands for changes at the
data perspective. As the requirement for changes at
data perspective can be perceived as modification in
the structure of documents, collections of data and
database schemas. The intimate interrelationship
between documents and BPs can assist to deduce the
requirements for changes dynamically.
The traditional linear model that involves design,
build independent test, implement and support
design, build and test occurs iteratively, and the
critical requirements are not system requirements,
but BP requirements. A more traditional private
sector organizational model should be used; i.e., one
that explicitly addresses the importance of BP
requirements in defining an Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) implementation. The role of BP
requirements as mentioned in (Blick et al., 2000) is
to support of the life-cycle implementation process,
support BP functionality which described in the
models, and it facilitates analysis and BP
configuration management. From the references that
where analyzed we can conclude an answer for the
dynamic BP requirements and the importance of
each one and its role when we implement, therefor
that we should observe these requirements when we
want to propose an approach or model for dynamic
environment and the requirements can guide the
selection of activities.
6 BP DYNAMICITY
The main opportunities of using business rules to
ensure dynamicity of BP lie in the following: each
activity in a process is selected according to the
defined conditions at BP runtime; choice of activity
content; and representing the changing dynamic BP
context. However, as presented in the works related
to this paper, there is no complete approach or tool for
rule- and context-based dynamic BP modelling and
simulation i.e. none of the analyzed tools which are
widely used for BP modelling and simulation,
supports changing business rules during the
simulation of dynamic BP. Some approaches, like
(Hermosillo et al., 2010), describe BP dynamicity
using BP pointcuts, where adaptations can be made,
or changes of BP are available in new instances of the
BP, but not at the same instance, like in (Xiao at
al.,2011).
Process adaptation is a topic that create a lot of
interest in the research community, however there is
still no integration. In (Hermosillo et al., 2010) the
authors presented Complex EVent processIng for
Context-adaptive processes in pervasive and
Heterogeneous Environments (CEVICHE), a
framework that intends to facilitate the integration of
Complex Event Processing (CEP) into existing BP
and to allow these processes to be dynamically
adapted to different circumstances and to address four
issues: adaptation, dynamicity, integration to BP, and
non-dependency to a specific CEP engine.
As part of the CEVICHE framework proposed the
Standard Business Process Language (SBPL), an
extension of BP Execution Language (BPEL) that
allows the user to include the adaptation points and
conditions in order to create dynamically adaptable
BP.
7 CONCLUSION
From our research in that domain we found that there
are various approaches and methods for modelling
which are suitable for static BP and their execution.
The concept of dynamic BP is analyzed and its
deferent definitions which are used to define
requirements are presented in our simple survey.
In our future work we will focus on an approach
of modeling using hypergraph based on formal and
logic-based model to express the different
requirements mentioned before and try to control
activities of dynamic BP to define the main goal of
the process. The model that will be proposed improve
the realization of requirements and can be checked
using various methods, moreover, can verify
consistency of dynamic BP and ensure its dynamicity.
We believe that the approach yields are a model that
includes all characteristics and properties of dynamic
BP and its simulation or implementation.
We hope that this survey will inspire other
researchers to take up some of the challenging
problems in this field.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project has been supported by the European
Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund
(EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00002).
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