Swimmers’ Training Process Control Taking into Consideration

Typology of Bioenergetics

Nataliya Moshkina

1 a

, Ildus Gibadullin

1 b

and Zinaida Kuznetsova

2 c

Izhevsk State Technical University Named after M. T. Kalashnikov, 7, Studencheskaya str., Izhevsk, Russia

University of Management “TISBI”, 10, Tatarstan str., Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia

Keywords: Swimmers, Training Stage, Training, Typology of Bioenergetics.

Abstract: The research deals with the specific characteristics of swimmers’ training management taking into account

typologies of bioenergetics. For an effective and quick functional state and reserve capacities of athletes’

organism diagnostics we held the test according to “D&K – TEST” express-diagnostics methodology

created by Karlenko V.D. We created a block system of swimmers’ sports training control. The block

system includes the stages and the main components of management structure, where great attention is paid

to information gathering concerning swimmers’ functional training taking into account their typology of

bioenergetics. We studied the ratio of swimmers’ bioenergetics typology at the training stage according to

the years of study. We estimated the level of functional state and swimmers’ organism reserve capacities

depending on their bioenergetics type. Specially selected training means and methods for swimmers were

used in accordance with their typology of bioenergetics and it provided their physical readiness

improvement, characterizing the effectiveness of competitive activity. We received the results of swimmers’

functional state and reserve capacities of their organism, combined according to three types: aerobic, mixed

and anaerobic.

1 INTRODUCTION

It is supposed that at a current stage of swimming

development progressive changes of achievements in

competitive activity should be connected with timely

methods, means and methodical approaches change

in training in macro-, meso-, microstructures. New

methodologies and approaches effective introduction

into swimmers’ training process at a training stage

can be provided by objective information about the

level of their functional readiness and taking into

account their typology of bioenergetics. This

approach influences directly the effectiveness of

competitive activity and a progress of functional

readiness increase in swimmers in dynamics.

______________________________

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2380-8227

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6368-1121

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-474X

2 ORGANIZATION AND

RESEARCH METHODS

The research was held on the basis of the specialized

sports swimming school of the Olympic reserve in

Izhevsk (Republic of Udmurtia, Russia). The

swimmers of the initial training group and the

training group according to the years of studying

took part in the research. For an effective and quick

functional state and athletes’ reserve capacities

diagnostics we used “D&K – TEST” express-

diagnostics. Karlenko V.P. (Vanyushin Yu.S. and

Sitdikov F.G., 2001, Karlenko V.P. and Karlenko

N.V., 2003) offers to use the method of bioenergetic

monitoring. It is based on the analysis of

electrocardiogram of R and S waves.

This method helps to estimate the most important

parameters of aerobic and anaerobic energetic

metabolism without any load tests and get

information about an athlete’s state and his

functional and reserve capacities (Karlenko V.P. and

Karlenko N.V., 2003, Karlenko V.P. and Karlenko

N.V., 2008)

146

Moshkina, N., Gibadullin, I. and Kuznetsova, Z.

Swimmers’ Training Process Control Taking into Consideration Typology of Bioenergetics.

DOI: 10.5220/0008073001460152

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2019), pages 146-152

ISBN: 978-989-758-383-4

2.1 Participants

76 swimmers of the initial and training stage sports

training (initial training of the 1

and the 2

year of

study n=30 people; the training group according to

the years of training TG-1 n=10 people; TG-2 n= 12

people; TG-3 n =12 people; TG-4 n=10 people) took

part in the research. All swimmers were effective

and went in for swimming at a sports school.

Sampling decreased during the process of study

because some athletes took part in the competitions.

2.2 Instruments

For a functional state and reserve capacities of

athletes’ organism study we used “D&K – TEST”

express-diagnostics [2.3.4]. This method helps to

estimate the most important parameters of aerobic

and anaerobic energetic metabolism without any

load tests and get information about an athlete’s

state and his functional and reserve capacities

(Karlenko V.P. and Karlenko N.V., 2003, Karlenko

V.P. and Karlenko N.V., 2008).

2.3 Data Acquisition

The research results were received on the basis of

the specialized sports swimming school of the

Olympic reserve in Izhevsk (Republic of Udmurtia,

Russia), during the following period: September,

2017 till May, 2018 in terms of scientific-research

work of the author. Swimmers, who took part in

functional state monitoring according to “D&K –

TEST” express-diagnostics, were explained the

procedure of the following indices study beforehand:

anaerobic metabolic capacity; anaerobic utilization

capacity; aerobic metabolic capacity; aerobic

utilization capacity; general metabolic capacity;

power of creatine phosphate source of energy-

supply; power of glycolytic source of energy-supply;

power of aerobic source of energy-supply; anaerobic

metabolism threshold; heart rate at anaerobic

metabolism threshold; general energetic stock.

2.4 Statistical Analysis

For the received results handling we used

mathematical statistics on computer using SPSS-22

statistical package, Microsoft Excel electronic table.

3 RESULTS ANS DISCUSSION

In terms of global changes in the sphere of sports

activity, which happen under the influence of

technical progress, competitions conditions and

swimmers’ training change demands a long-term

sports training study as the process of athletes’

training and readiness control.

According to the results of preliminary research

works we gathered research material, which

demands to reconsider the process of swimmers’

training control in the macro cycle of training.

Management process realization demands to

widen the process of training and athletes’ readiness

control (Vanyushin Yu.S. and Sitdikov F.G., 2001,

Mishchenko V.S., 2005, Moshkina N.A., 2019,

Petrov R.E., Mutaeva I.S., Ionov A.A., 2018).

The base of training process planning is this

process control. Management considers not only the

questions of training control, but also the leverage of

control improvement. It helps to introduce

innovative methods of training.

3.1 Training Stage Swimmers’

Training Process Control Taking

into Account the Typology of

Bioenergetics

The held analysis of swimmers’ readiness at the

initial and training stages according to the years of

study, the training program and the methodical

peculiarities of their realization analysis provided

block-scheme of swimmers’ training process control

creation taking into account their typology of

bioenergetics. It is a relevant adjunct to swimmers’

competitive activity effectiveness increase

[Machado L., Almeida M., Morais P., Faria V.,

Colaco P. and Ascensao A., 2006, Toubekis A.,

Tsami A. and Tokmakidis S, 2006)

We created a block system of swimmers’

training control taking into account typology of

bioenergetics in a yearly cycle.

The block-scheme included the stages and

components. They characterized the level of control

over swimmers’ training process at a training stage.

We took into account typological bioenergetics. It

was mentioned that the plan of training swimmers at

a training stage provides etalon competitive activity

indices consideration. It shows the aim of the

training process, which includes all indices and their

achieved level taking into consideration typology of

bioenergetics (training process and readiness

monitoring).

One of the most important demands of modern

system of training swimmers is all components of

effective competitive activity consideration

Fernandes R.J., Cardoso C.S., Soares S.M.,

Swimmers’ Training Process Control Taking into Consideration Typology of Bioenergetics

147

Ascensao A.A., Colaco P.J. and Vilas-Boas

J.P.,2011, Hay J., 1987, Heberstreit H., Beneke R.,

2011). Swimmers’ competitive activity studying

helps to receive objective information about the

degree of readiness in terms of competitions and to

reveal the factors, which influence sports result.

Further it helps to create the models of competitions

and tactics of swimming races organization and

timely correct training means.

A typical characteristic of swimmers’

competitive activity is the opportunity to define

strictly the number and succession, tempo of the

fulfilled motor actions. It depends on sports-

technical mastery of swimmers. Another important

part of management block system is functional

components of training and swimmers’ readiness

optimization (Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I. and

Kuznetsova Z., 2017, Kuznetsova Z., Kuznetsov A.,

Mutaeva I., Khalikov G. and Zakharova A., 2016).

Swimmers’ typology of bioenergetics taking into

account, especially at a practice stage of training,

helps to increase the effectiveness of control over

training process and swimmers’ readiness.

3.2 Swimmers’ Bioenergetics Typology

Monitoring

To date, there are no methodical approaches of

swimmers’ typological bioenergetics use in training

process control. In spite of the fact that many

specialists study athletes’ functional state, there is no

methodology, which is created taking into account

athletes’ bioenergetic type (Karlenko V.P. and

Karlenko N.V., 2008). “D&K – TEST” express-

diagnostics determines program affiliation to

bioenergetic groups.

The block-scheme of swimmers’ training process

control is presented as an integral activity. It

includes the whole process of the training and

competitive loads realization taking into account

swimmers’ typological bioenergetics.

For this purpose, it is important to realize control

over functional readiness of swimmers taking into

account their typology of bioenergetics.

Pictures 1,2,3,4 present percentage of different

swimmers’ bioenergetics typology ratio in the

training groups of the 1

, 2

, 3

and the 4

years of

study.

Figure 1: Percentage ratio of swimmers TG 1 bioenergy

types.

Figure 2: Percent ratio of swimmers TG 2 bioenergy types.

Figure 3: Percentage ratio of swimmers TG 3 bioenergy

types.

Figure 4: Percent ratio of swimmers TG 4 bioenergy types.

aerobic type mixed type anaerobic type

26,1

30,4

43,5

aerobic type mixed type anaerobic type

31,8

aerobic type mixed type anaerobic type

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148

We defined all types of bioenergetics. Taking

into account their typology, we created the training

program of training swimmers. The aim of this

program is to realize the training means taking into

account the advantages and disadvantages of muscle

activity energy-supply mechanisms. In each training

group, in our example, we realized the means,

directed toward the leading mechanisms of

bioenergetics development.

3.3 Functional State and Reserve

Capacities of an Organism among

Swimmers Taking into Account

Typology of Bioenergetics

The main component of the training program was

swimmers’ typology of bioenergetics and their

functional state determination.

Table 1 shows functional state and reserve

capacities indices of swimmers’ organism taking

into account their typology of bioenergetics.

Table 1: Functional state and reserve capacities of an

organism taking into account typology of bioenergetics.

Groups

50 m

ANAMC

AMC

GMC

PCP

PGL

MOC

HR at TANM

dGEF

Aerobic type

IT-1

50,34

142,45

250,14

392,59

39,54

42,78

67,16

171,11

210,64

IT-2

41,92

113,33

222,24

335,57

38,23

32,05

58,66

155,34

193,57

TG-1

40,78

107,32

255,6

362,92

35,76

32,91

67,41

167,19

202,95

TG -2

37,4

120,02

208,29

329,3

41,64

36,9

56,19

153,42

194,96

TG -3

31,53

84,3

168,79

253,09

29,32

32,54

54,76

149,47

178,79

TG -4

30,24

112,04

207,78

319,82

33,17

34,44

57,46

154,88

188,04

Mixed type

IT-1

58,19

70,49

197,96

268,45

32,2

30,85

57,77

153,81

186,01

IT-2

42,36

85,36

254,14

339,51

32,48

28,23

67,04

166,12

179,87

TG -1

38,51

94,72

257,45

352,18

32,46

32,21

67,84

167,89

200,35

TG -2

34,01

83,47

234,4

317,88

32,67

29,34

63,57

161,34

194

TG -3

31,88

79,85

215,96

295,82

30,28

32,31

58,82

155,45

185,72

TG -4

29,48

61,98

208,15

270,13

33,82

30,81

55,13

149,84

183,65

Anaerobic type

IT-1

48,05

41,42

251,33

292,75

29,33

30,85

66,36

165,45

194,78

IT-2

41,7

42,16

224,23

266,39

31,26

29,74

62,26

159,67

190,93

TG -1

37,2

66,73

291,41

358,14

24,8

28,34

73,55

174,07

198,88

TG -2

33,29

41,27

243,75

285,01

33,58

30,44

64,45

162,74

196,32

TG -3

30,96

44,96

288,97

333,93

31,07

31,1

71,64

172,48

203,55

TG -4

28,36

34,33

256,51

290,83

30,33

32,15

65,62

164,89

195,22

Notes: IT- initial training; TG- training groups

according to years of study; ANAMC – anaerobic

metabolic capacity; AMC-aerobic metabolic

capacity; GMC - general metabolic capacity; PCP -

power of creatine phosphate source of energy-

supply; PGL - power of glycolytic source of energy-

supply; PASE - power of aerobic source of energy-

supply; Wtanm - threshold of anaerobic

Swimmers’ Training Process Control Taking into Consideration Typology of Bioenergetics

149

metabolism; HRtanm - heart rate at threshold of

anaerobic metabolism; dGEF - general energetic

fund

Table 1 shows that fundamental state and reserve

capacities indices study among swimmers taking

into account typology of bioenergetics helps to

estimate the level of readiness. It is mentioned that

50 meters swimming results are better among

swimmers of anaerobic type. It is characterized by

the fact that during training at short distances we

have general energy fund stabilization. During

systematic means use, which are directed toward

speed qualities development, there is muscle activity

anaerobic energy sources of energy-supply

optimization.

Special physical readiness tests analysis among

swimmers helped to reveal that in 50 meters

swimming the best result showed “anaerobic type”

swimmers. According to the stages of training we

had the following results: IT-1 - 48,05±1,66 sec.;

IT-2 - 41,7±1,56 sec.; TG-1 - 37,2±1,43 sec.;

TG -2 -33,29±1,42 sec. ; TG -3 - 30,96±1,67 sec.;

TG-4 - 28,36±1,68 sec.. “Mixed type” type

swimmers showed the following results according to

the stages of training: IT-1 - 58,19±1,48 sec.;

IT-2 - 42,36±1,23 sec.; TG -1 - 38,51±1,56

sec.; TG -2 -34,01±1,47 sec. ; TG -3 31,88±1,67

sec.; TG-4 - 29,48±1,70 sec..

“Aerobic type” swimmers showed the following

results: IT-1 - 50,34±1,23 sec.; IT-2 -

41,92±1,56 sec.; TG -1 - 40,78±1,47 sec.;

TG -2 -37,4±1,34 sec.; TG -3 - 31,53±1,69 sec.;

TG-4 - 30,24±1,60 sec..

“Anaerobic type” swimmers show the best time

of 400 meters distance swimming (289,1 ±4,sec.),

“mixed type” swimmers and “aerobic type”

swimmers show the following time: 302,3 ±13,32

sec. and 303,50 ±12,20 sec.

In 800 meters swimming the results are the

following: “anaerobic type” swimmers- 600±9,14

sec., “aerobic type” swimmers- 628±29,18 sec.,

“mixed type” swimmers-621±22,02 sec..

In 3000 meters swimming the results were the

following: the best results among “anaerobic type”

swimmers - 2400 ±71,94 sec., “aerobic type”

swimmers - 2458 ±51,37 sec., “mixed type”

swimmers - 2463 ±99,24 sec.. During special

physical readiness testing “anaerobic type”

swimmers overcome the distances quicker, than

“aerobic type” and “mixed type” swimmers.

A purposeful use of the training means, directed

toward swimmers’ endurance development, provide

indices improvement in test exercises among

anaerobic type swimmers. It means that training

process management owing to functional state and

reserve capacities level diagnostics provides an

effective adaptation of muscle activity and physical

working capacity change during after activity period

(Karlenko V.P. and Karlenko N.V., 2003).

General metabolic capacity (GMC) indices use

defines the volume of aerobic (AMC) and anaerobic

(ANAMC) metabolic changes during muscle work

among swimmers with the intensity at the level of

aerobic productivity. This index characterizes the

definite level of working capacity among athletes

during the training lessons, directed toward

endurance development. The indices, which reflect

the level of general metabolic capacity, increase by

220%, which is the important index during

swimmers’ training process planning. A positive and

a long-term dynamics increase of general metabolic

capacity index among swimmers in all bioenergetic

types shows considerable effectiveness of training

and competitive means planning and use.

Power of creatine phosphate source of energy-

supply (PCP) is the quickest source of energy, used

by muscle cells from muscular contractions

beginning. This source of energy-supply is

characterized by maximum possible movements

frequency. In terms of this power work total oxygen

demand is not big, but oxygen demand within the

time unit is considerably bigger. That is why the

work in this power is also called anaerobic, because

oxygen is not used in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

resynthesis and laclate is not produced. These

indices of power of creatine phosphate source of

energy-supply show the effectiveness of means and

methods use in the training process during power,

plosive and speed-power abilities development

(Karlenko V.P. and Karlenko N.V., 2003, Karlenko

V.P. and Karlenko N.V., 2008). With the help of

this index we estimate the effectiveness of means

and methods use during the definite period of

training while speed endurance developing.

The effectiveness and efficiency of aerobic

source of energy-supply use is determined by the

following indices: threshold of anaerobic

metabolism (Wtanm) and heart rate at threshold of

anaerobic metabolism (HRtanm). Anaerobic

threshold characterizes the training level of an

organism and interaction between aerobic and

anaerobic ways of physical load energy-supply.

Anaerobic threshold defines the quality and

effectiveness of aerobic system use. The higher

anaerobic threshold is the higher is an athlete’s

training level.

The most informative character of anaerobic

threshold determination is HR TANM. Heart rate at

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TANM level shows athletes, who go in for cyclic

kinds of sport, the level of their aerobic abilities.

Most authors call HR TANM the most effective

estimation during training loads intensity planning,

as according to HR TANM we can define the limit

of transfer between aerobic and anaerobic processes.

The higher HR TANM is, the higher training

intensity can be kept by the definite athlete. In this

connection if we know HR TANM we can distribute

more effectively intensity zones of the training

loads.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Functional readiness of an organism mainly depends

on the ability to mobilize, realize effectiveness and

the ability of energy systems to recover. However,

one of the main indices of an athlete’s functional

readiness is the character of rehabilitation processes.

According to the research works based on this

methodology (Karlenko V.P. and Karlenko N.V.,

2003, Karlenko V.P. and Karlenko N.V., 2008) we

made the following conclusions: aerobic and

anaerobic genotype of athletes’ organism of

different age groups and specializations do not

change during a long-term period and are

determined by a metabolic genotype.

In terms of this training and competitive training

means planning in swimmers, taking into account

their typology of bioenergetics would provide

competitive activity effectiveness increase. In our

example we showed the effectiveness of taking into

account swimmers’ typology, where anaerobic type

during training tasks planning and control, taking

into consideration their typology and functional state

and reserve capacities, would provide functional

readiness optimization and different sources of

energy-supply realization during training. Training

means distribution taking into account 5 zones of

intensity provide swimmers’ health strengthening

and preservation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We want to thank Izhevsk State Technical

University named after M.T. Kalashnikov for

provided help during functional state and reserve

capacities of swimmers’ organism monitoring. Our

research work would be continued and here we

present the results of preliminary studies.

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