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6
Barbagalo, Erica op. cited, pages 51-52 and also 87.
7
Allen, Tom / Widdison, Robin op. cited
8
Pinto, Carlos Alberto da Mota “Teoria Geral do
Direito Civil”, page 263 and Andrade, Manuel
Domingues de “Teoria Geral da Relação Jurídica”,
vol. II page 34.
9
Barbagalo, Erica op. Cited, page 60
10
Lima, Fernando Andrade Pires de and Varela, João de
Matos Antunes “Código Civil Anotado”, volume 1
11
Interpersonal electronic contracting is characterized
by a personal / direct intervention of the parties,
although eventually declaring both their will by means
of electronic communication. But the parties still
totally control the process of contract formation. In
interactive electronic contracting, one of the parties
still declares or acts in a way to let it clear as to the
real sense of his will. Although one of the parties is
not actually “present” at the moment the contract is
performed, it is usually intended that that party acts
through the so called “proposal to the public” – a firm
and clear proposal having all the required essential
contractual elements and clauses: for instance, the
proposals of contracts through Web pages, the web
visitor having nothing else to do than to accept or
reject the proposal. We may be facing the so-called
“adherence contracts”. The contractual clauses are pre-
disposed by one of the parties and the other party, after
accessing the web site and reading the terms of the
contract is free to accept or not the offered contract.
Cfr. Almeida, Carlos Ferreira de “Contratos”, page
62, Gentili, Aurelio “L’inefficacia del contratto
telematico”,pág. 753 and Thoumyre, Lionel
“L’échange des consentements dans ls commerce
électronique”
12
Elias, Lieve and Gerard, Jacques “Formation of the
contract by Electronic Data Interchange”, pages 2-3.
13
Op. cited, page 28.
14
In France, according to Alain Bensoussan, such
contracts “are legally valid provided that they can be
kept under the control of human beings”. Cfr..
Bensoussan, Alain “L’échange de donées informatisé
et le droit”, page 67.
15
Lerouge, Jean-François “The use of electronic agents
questioned under contractual law. Suggested solutions
on a European and American level”, page 5
16
Reed, Chris “Computer Law”, page 268.
17
idem.
18
in “EDI and the Law: an introduction” Ian Walden,
page 35
19
idem
20
Barbagalo, Erica op. cited, page 51.
21
Barbagalo, Erica idem, page 51; Viterbo Matos
Santolim in “Formação e eficácia probatória dos
contratos por computador”, referred by Erica Brandini
Barbagalo
22
Hörster, Heinrich Ewald “A parte geral do Código
Civil Português – Teoria Geral do Direito Civil”
23
It must also be referred that, even in the case that the
parties don’t formalize a written Interchange
Agreement, but anyway, they actually install,
interconnect and initialize the informatics applications
for the automatic interchange of messages, they will
also get legally bound by the contracts deriving of the
activity of such machines, considering the above said
about tacit declarations and conclusive behaviours
24
Weitzenboeck, Emily “Electronic Agents and the
formation of contracts”, page 5
25
Allen, Tom / Widdison, Robin op. cited, page 27 and
Weitzenboeck, Emily op. cited, page 2
26
Weitzenboeck, Emily op. cited, page 6
27
Felliu, Silvia “Intelligent Agents and Consumer
Protection”, note 17
28
Allen, Tom / Widdison, Robin op. cited, pages 48 and
49
29
Fischer, John “Computers as Agents: a proposed
approach to revised U.C.C. Article 2” , page 557
30
Lerouge, Jean-François op. cited,pages 8 and 9, and
Fischer, John ,op. cited, page 569
31
Allen, Tom / Widdison, Robin op. cited, page 43
32
Allen, Tom / Widdison, Robin op. cited, pages 46 and
49
33
Lerouge, Jean-François ,op. cited, page 31
34
Lerouge, Jean-François op. cited, page 27
35
Weitzenboeck, Emily op. cited, page 10
36
Weitzenboeck, Emily op. cited, page 17
37
Weitzenboeck, Emily op. cited, page 17
38
Weitzenboeck, Emily op. cited, page 10
39
Lerouge, Jean-François op.cited, page 28
40
Haentjens, Oliver van “Shopping agents and their
legal implications regarding Austrian law”, point 4.2
41
Sartor, Giovanni “Agents in Cyberlaw”, point 3
42
Allen, Tom / Widdison, Robin op. cited, page 38
43
in the same sense cfr. Felliu, Silvia op. cited, note 17
44
cfr. Sartor, Giovanni op. cited point 4
45
Allen, Tom / Widdison, Robin op. cited, page 42
46
Sartor, Giovanni op. cited, point 4
47
Sartor, Giovanni op.cited, point 4
48
Weitzenboeck, Emily op. cited, page 9
49
Weitzenboeck, Emily op. cited, page 9 and Allen,
Tom/ Widdison, Robin op. cited, page 42
50
Lerouge, Jean-François op. cited, page 11
51
Sartor, Giovanni op. cited, point 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allen, Tom / Widdison, Robin, 1996, “Can Computer
Make Contracts?”, Harvard Journal of Law and
Technology, Volume 9, Number 1, Winter
INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC INTER-SYSTEMIC CONTRACTING - ISSUES ON CONSENT AND CONTRACT
FORMATION
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