SURVEY ON SNMP IN NEXT GENARATION NETWORK
Liu Yan, Yin Xia, Wu Jianping
Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Key words: network management, SNMPsecurityaccess control
Abstract: Network management is a process to control networks with great efficiency. So far, network management
protocols have changed from SNMPv1, SNMPv2 to SNMPv3. This paper briefly compares and analyses
these versions on SMI & MIB, protocol operation, security and access control. Besides, it thoroughly
summarizes most research aspects of recent SNMP developments, especially the next generation network
and new technologies. It also analyses and points out the most promising aspects.
1 SNMP’S DEVELOPMENT AND
HISTORY
With networks’ growing popularity in recent years,
network management has become more and more
difficult and important. In order to effectively
manage all kinds of networks and instruments, IAB
published the first SNMP (simple network
management protocol) in August 1988.
However, SNMPv1 contains several flaws. IAB
published a group of standard MIB managed objects
called RMON in November 1991. Moreover, in
order to strengthen security in SNMPv1, IAB
introduced SNMPsec in July 1992. Based on both
the RMON and SNMPsec, SMP was put forward
and used as a foundation for SNMP version 2.
SNMPv2, published in 1993, makes great
progress in distributed network management, data
types, ability to deal with malfunctions, compared
with SNMPv1. Yet SNMPv2’s security performance
hasn’t been improved significantly. Therefore,
SNMPv2u, SNMPv2p and SNMPv2* were
developed under the demands of equipment
providers.In order to unify all the versions, IETF
published SNMPv2c in 1996, which is a modified
version based on SNMPv2, and focuses on
functional improvement.
IETF SNMPv3 group released RFC2271-2275 in
January 1998, which is SNMPv3. SNMPv3 includes
all the functions and frameworks which are
implemented in both SNMPv1 and SNMPv2.
Besides, SNMPv3 defines new security
characters such as identification and encryption.
2 SNMP’S COMPARISON AND
ANALYSIS
There are several aspects included in SNMP:
• SMI & MIB
• Management operation
• Security and access control
During SNMP’s major versions’ developments,
three aspects above have been modified and
improved continuously. The following parts will
tersely discuss and compare the major versions of
SNMP separately in three aspects through tables.
2.1 SMI and MIB
SMI has two versions. It defines data types and
data structures used in network management
elements; and clauses used to regulate logical
structure and format in MIB and management
objects. MIB also has two versions. It uses the data
structures defined in SMI to manage all the network
information and add necessary new MIBs in order
to meet the needs of different SNMP versions.
Table 1 compares differences in SMI & MIB
among three major versions of SNMP.
2.2 Protocol Operation
Because some SNMP versions, such as SNMPv2,
SNMPv2p and SNMPv2*, have made little
improvements in management functions and
operations, table 2 mainly compares SNMPv1,
SNMPv2c and SNMPv3 in protocol operations,
including types and formats of PDUs, which are
231
Yan L., Xia Y. and Jianping W. (2005).
SURVEY ON SNMP IN NEXT GENARATION NETWORK.
In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on e-Business and Telecommunication Networks, pages 231-239
DOI: 10.5220/0001418302310239
Copyright
c
 SciTePress

used to transport management information, and
different management frameworks adopted in
three versions.
2.3 Security and Access Control
Besides improvement in management function and
efficiency, security is also a very important aspect.
Table 3 shows different security models and
methods used in seven major SNMP versions; It
also analyzes advantages and disadvantages of
these models and methods.
There are several concepts need to be explained. In
the community-based model, every community has
only one special name used for identity
authentication. In the party-based model, every
management entity exchanges messages using
parties, which can give different access authorities to
different objects. In the user-based model, every user
has its own key and access authority. The View-
based model combines users with MIB view in order
to achieve access control.
Table 1: SNMP’s SMI & MIB comparison table
SNMPv1 SNMPv2 SNMPv3
SMI
version
SMIv1 SMIv2
Related
RFC
RFC1155 RFC1212
RFC1215
RFC2578-2580
Data
type
Primitive Types
(including INTEGER, OCTET,
STRING, OBJECT
IDENTIFIER and NULL)
Constructor Types
Defined Types
(including Network Address, IP
Address, Time Ticks, Gauge32,
Counter32 and Opaque)
1Primitive Types:
changes INTEGER to
Integer32;
2Defined Types:
adds new Counter64;
require counters without
default value;
counters can be read only.
Clause
definition
Defines 7 clauses: SYNTAX,
ACCESS, STATUS,
REFERENCE,
DESCRIPTION, INDEX,
DEFVAL
1 Adds AUGMENTS and
UNITS clause;
2 MAX-ACCESS clause
replaces ACCESS;
3 Changes some options in
STATUS clause.
SMI
Data
structure
Uses SEQUENCE and
SEQUENCE OF to construct
simple two-dimension table for
scalar quantities, which is the
only table type provided in
SMIv1.
1 Changes value option in
RowStatus clause in order
to delete, add or suspend
lines;
2 Adds AUGMENTS clause
in order to expand lines
easily.
The same as SNMPv2
MIB
version
MIB-II MIB-II MIB-II
Related
RFC
RFC1213 RFC1451
RFC1573
RFC3411-3415
MIB
Improve-
ment
Defines 171 variables to store
all the information, which are
divided into 10 groups:
System, interface, Address
Translation, IP, ICMP, TCP,
UDP, EGP, DOT3, SNMP
1 Modifies Interfaces group,
add 4 new tables;
2 Adds Manager-to-
Manager MIB for new
PDU called inform.
Adds 7 new MIBs:
snmpFrameworkMIB
snmpMPDMIB
snmpProxyMIB
snmpNotificationMIB
snmpTargetMIB
snmpUsmMIB
snmpVacmMIB
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Table 2: SNMP’s management operations comparison table
SNMPv1 SNMPv2c SNMPv3
RFC
RFC1157 RFC1901 – 1906 RFC2570-2573
PDU
Type
1GetRequest
2GetNextRequest
3SetRequest
4GetResponse
5Trap
1Adds new GetBulk to improve
table’s transportation;
2Adds new Inform to
implement communication
between managers;
3Improves Get’s efficiency.
1Improves GetBulk’s
efficiency;
2Adds check function to
assure Set executed
successfully.
PDU
Format
Has two different formats:
the format of Trap is
different from that of Get
and Set.
Unifies format of PDUs in order
to improve efficiency to send and
receive PDUs.
Adds new security elements in
PDU, including authentication
and authorization information,
in order to strengthen security.
Management
framework
Implements centralized
management with low
efficiency and stiff
frameworks.
Implements distributed
management which implements
communication among managers
and is more efficiency.
1. Implements distributed
management which unifies
manager and agent as entity;
2. Compatible with version 1,2;
3. Provides flexible extension.
Table 3: SNMP’s security and access control comparison table
Version Security
Model
Security
Method
Security Analysis
merit-regular demerit-bold
SNMPv1
Community-based
model
1 Transports community’s
name in ASCII
2 Provides basic
authentication
A Community’s name which is used in some
SNMP agent is easily recognized, thus
SNMPv1 cannot provide effective protect
against attacks theoretically.
SNMPsec
Party-based model
This version
develops from
SNMPv1.
1 Uses MD5 algorithm to
authenticate;
2 Uses DES algorithm to
encrypt;
3 Adds timestamp;
4 Every SNMP party has a
MIB view, which
defines all the objects
the party learns.
1 MD5 algorithm provides authentication
for integrality and origin of message
received;
2 DES algorithm provides protection to
prevent message’s divulging in transport;
3 Timestamp assures that messages
transported are in time and provides
related time synchronizer;
4 Party can control access to objects in
MIB view depending on request from
other parties far away SNMPsec is not
implemented.
SNMPv2p
Party-based model
This version
develops from
SNMPsec.
1. Simplifies synchronizer in
SNMPsec;
2Adds a context parameter
in message in order to
implement access control.
1. DES algorithm in SNMPv2p greatly
increases calculation burden;
2. Implementing party needs too much
complex configuration even for a simple
function.
According to the reasons above, SNMPv2p is
not implemented finally.
SNMPv2c
Community-based
model
This version
develops from
SNMPv1.
The same as SNMPv1 The same as SNMPv1
SNMPv2u
Party-based model
This version
develops from
SNMPv2p.
1. Uses Keyed-MD5
algorithm with 128-bit
keys;
2. Uses request-id and time
instructor to manage
agents;
3. Uses DES-CBC;
4. Allows multi-
management model in
1. Keyed-MD5 algorithm provides
authentication for identity and data
integrality;
2. Prevents message delay and repeated
attacks;
3. Uses DES-CBC algorithm to encrypt;
4. Prevents disguise, message change,
message divulging;
5. Easy to be implemented and
SURVEY ON SNMP IN NEXT GENARATION NETWORK
233

order to accept new
security protocols.
comprehended.
SNMPv2*
Party-based model
This version
develops from
SNMPv2u.
1 Similar to SNMPv2u in
security;
2 Has more single
management model than
multi-model in
SNMPv2u.
Too complex to be implemented
SNMPv3
User-based & View-
based
model
This version
develops from
SNMPv2* and
SNMPv2u.
1. Uses HMAC-MD5-96
and HMAC-SHA-96 as
authentication
algorithm
]
;
2. Uses DES-CBC;
3. Introduces local key
concept.
1Every user key’s divulging will not effect
each other’s security;
2Improves security function through
intensifying encryption and authentication;
3Introduces view-based control model to
control access.
3 SUMMARY OF SNMP
RESEARCH
The research areas of SNMP are so wide that they
include not only improvements in functions and
security models for SNMP itself, but also a lot of
new technologies and test systems based on SNMP.
All of these research fields, which are divided into
several aspects, will be thoroughly discussed later.
3.1 Research Focused on SNMP
Research in SNMP mainly focuses on SMI &MIB,
management framework and security mechanism,
which have been discussed above.
Currently the research of SMI and MIB focuses
on efficiency of browsing and transporting MIB
tables, and flexibly extending MIB without too
much restrictions and complexity.
Because of the development of management
framework, distributed network management has
become necessary, especially for overcoming
centralized NMS’s limitations such as scalability
and inefficient use of network resources. Distributed
network management systems, based on SNMP,
mainly care about how to implement and how to
balance loads among different managers.
In SNMP security protocols, most security
algorithms are too complex to put into use. At the
same time, the protection function also needs to be
intensified.
Table 4 analyzes the main research aspects in
three areas above, including not only the problems
we face, but also the newest solutions:
Table 4: Research focused on SNMP
Research
areas
Problems
need to be solved
Methods
to solve the problems
1.How to browse MIB
tables
fast.
Proposes a GetPrev, which enables the retrieval of the previous
instances of columnar objects or scalar MIB objects and uses only
standard SNMP GetNext and Get requests to carry on a fast and
bandwidth efficient search for the required object instance.
2.How to improve
efficiency
of transporting data in
MIB tables.
Proposes a GetModify mechanism, which is a tool that
substantially reduces bulk transfers of dynamic, large MIB tables
by transferring changed data only during polling intervals from
SNMP agents
.
Implements a exchangeable interface between MIB and entities
which will simplify dynamic addition and deletion of MIB tables.
Proposes a network management toolkit which uses XML and the
Document Object Model (DOM) to specify a MIB at runtime and
allows the MIB structure to be serialized and shipped over the
network between managers and agents.
Research
based on
SMI & MIB
3.How to implement
dynamic SNMP SMI &
MIB extension.
Discusses the concept of a custom screens builder for network
elements management and proposes XML-based templates
employing a few simple but flexible constructs that significantly
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augment the SMI and Mills definitions.
Proposes a Script MIB extension with new objects able to control
the usage of specific resources (physical memory, processing
cycles, among others) for each script launched inside the
distributed environment.
4.How to extend MIBs
under
the distributed management
environment.
Uses expressions to perform decentralized processing of
management information called the Expression MIB.
Proposes multiple SNMP agents running a Hi-ADSD with
Timestamps, a Hierarchical Distributed System-Level Diagnosis
algorithm with Timestamps, monitor themselves and a
configurable set of network services and devices, issuing
controlling commands depending on the results.
Proposes a new model Meta-Management of dynamic Distributed
network managers (MEMAD) which enable Peered Distributed
Managers to manage the network by executing delegated or
predetermined common management tasks.
1.How to implement
distributed management in
SNMP.
Presents a new clustering architecture for SNMP agents that
supports semi-active replication of managed objects.
Distributed
network
management
framework
based on
SNMP
2.How to balance dynamic
load among managers.
Proposes a new dynamic load balancing method and decides
execute management programs dynamically based on CPU
utilization for each system and the bandwidth required for
executing all management programs.
1.How to simplify security
algorithm in SNMP.
Proposes a new security algorithm called Application Secure
SNMP, which requires less resources and can be patched into
devices more easily compared to SNMPv3 by finishing
authentication via AAR value and providing an in-built intrusion
detection mechanism.
Proposes a policy-based SNMP security management architecture
using XML to deal with the access, service refusal, or unstable
action in which SNMPv3 is inefficient.
Addresses the provisioning of a security “continuum” for
management frameworks based on XML/SNMP gateways and
provides an in depth security extension of the gateway using the
Role Based Access Control paradigm, which is integrated within a
broader XML-based management framework.
Proposes a new security model named Role-based Security Model
(RSM) with security management policy, to support scalable and
centralized security management for SNMP-based networks.
SNMP
Security
Research
2.How to intensify SNMP
security protection.
Explains how Aglets, a Java open-source MA framework, not a
proprietary system, can be used for security-enhanced network
management and complementing the security of the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP) version 3.
3.2 Network Test System Based on
SNMP
Basically, SNMP defines a relationship between
managed devices and management applications, and
how information has to be structured. Compared to
other approaches, its main advantages are a simple
structure, a low memory footprint and resource
consumption, which make it easy to develop and
deploy. That is why SNMP is used to test network
parameters and performance in a number of fields. It
attracts many papers to evaluate the tests made by
SNMP systems.
Besides, to overcome the limitation of areas
SNMP system covers, people add necessary
components and mechanism into SNMP system in
order to meet different needs of all kinds of tests.
Table 5 shows both changes made in SNMP
systems to test special objects and evaluations about
SNMP test systems:
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Table 5: Network test system based on SNMP
Research
areas
Problems
need to be solved
Methods
to solve the problems
Describes attack signatures that should be monitored by using a state
machine-based language called PTSL (Protocol Trace Specification
Language).
1.How to inspect and detect
intrusion.
Proposes a methodology for the early detection of Distributed Denial
of Service (DDoS) attacks; and examines the applicability of
Proactive Intrusion Detection.
Improves the accuracy of remote fault diagnoses by using an
effective method of fault inference called a 'run-test', taking
advantage of the active moving and sensing ability of autonomous
mobile robots.
2.How to detect and
monitor
network fault.
Presents the design and evaluation of a SNMP-based distributed
network fault detection/monitoring system. This system involves the
integration of recently developed ML-ADSD algorithm for diagnosis
of faults in a distributed system of processors into the SNMP
framework.
Monitor
system
Based on
SNMP
3.How to monitor multicast. Presents a framework (SMRM) for monitoring the health and the
quality of multicast delivery paths (or forwarding tree) at real-time.
This framework combines distributed monitoring and centralized
control by using SNMP as a core component.
1.How to evaluate network
performance measurement
made by SNMP.
Evaluates the feasibility, validity of network performance
measurement based on SNMP, and the advantages of acquiring
network performance measurement data based on SNMP.
2.How to evaluate network
traffic anomalies detected
by SNMP and other test
systems.
Compares the traffic anomaly signals detected in SNMP and IP flow
data; and shows that more coarse-grained SNMP data can also be
used to expose anomalies effectively.
3.How to evaluate interface
test systems based on
SNMP.
Shows properties of SNMP network management interface testing,
basic testing method and key contents of the testing based on
analysis of SNMP network management interface.
4.How to evaluate
backbone
internet traffic tests based
on SNMP.
Uses SNMP traffic data covering an entire Tier 1 ISP backbone for
more than one year to address the question of how backbone network
traffic should be modeled. The limitations of SNMP measurements
do not permit to comment on the fine timescale behavior of the
traffic.
SNMP
system
Evaluation
5.How to evaluate
distributed network tests
based on SNMP.
Implements a distributed diagnosis tool by using MIB. The tool
assumes that a fault-free agent running a previously defined test is
able to correctly
determine the state of the tested entity.
3.3 SNMP Used into New
Generation Network
Admittedly, most of the existing network
management applications are based on SNMP
protocol. However, because networks evolve rapidly
and newer protocols keep emerging, for example,
wireless mobile networks, IPv6 and active networks,
it has become more and more challenging to monitor
and manage the new generation networks. How to
use SNMP in these new kinds of networks needs
enough attention and immediate solutions.
Because of wireless networks’ low bandwidth,
high delay and mobility, traditional SNMP, which is
characterized by their centralization, lack of
scalability, complexity to configure and not strong
local processing ability, is inappropriate. Therefore,
modifying SNMP for mobile agents has been
proposed as a solution to the problems.
When SNMP is transfered from IPv4 to IPv6,
there are several problems need to solve, such as
what parts should be modified for IPv6, or whether
SNMP in IPv6 can perform as well as in IPv4.
Table 6 shows SNMP used in new generation
networks:
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Table 6: SNMP used into new generation networks
Research
areas
Problems
need to be solved
Methods
to solve the problems
Proposes a model consisting of a base station manager (BS), a
SNMP agent, and a user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI). The
manager-to-SNMP agent communicates through a mechanism based
on the extensible SNMP trap feature.
1.How to implement dynamic
distributed management in
wireless networks.
Records and refreshes the effective network topology by a discovery
process. By mixing collected information at each sub-network, an
itinerary can be obtained which spans the whole administrative
domain.
2.How to efficiently utilize
limited bandwidth in
wireless networks.
Researches "serial" and "concurrent" SNMP, investigates the
behavior of Wireless SNMP in different scenarios, and specifies
particular wireless channel state conditions (good/bad) and
background traffic loads.
3.How to manage wireless
networks with unstable
connections.
Describes problems caused by simplicity of the information model
used by SNMP in low-rate networks; and provides the solution
through which the problems are overcome by actively discovering
new node and continuously monitoring message changes.
Designs a wireless network management protocol based on SNMP,
in order to support fault management and use mobile agents to
detect, diagnose and recover from faults in wireless and mobile
networks.
SNMP
used in
wireless
network
4.How to implement a mobile
agent based on SNMP.
Presents a solution to extend an existing legacy network management
framework targeted at network management with an interface for
integration with mobile agents; and implements it by using Java
technology and aglet which is a mobile agent system from IBM.
1.Which aspects need to be
changed.
Firstly changes transport mapping from SNMP-over-UDP-over-IPv4
to SNMP-over-UDP-over-IPv6 by modifying the parameter values in
netsnmp_transport structures;
Secondly adds some MIBs IPv6 needs, by using some functions to
increase MIB variables and modify the objects in PDU, or by
unifying address structure and differentiating special functions used
in IPv4 and IPv6.
SNMP
used in
IPv6
2.How to evaluate the
performance of SNMP in
IPv6.
Analyzes the effect on the number of SNMP PDUs and MIB
information when IPv6 messages with different header lengths are
transported; and considers SNMP delay and bandwidth in IPv6.
4 CONCLUSION
This paper summarizes both SNMP protocols’
development and research directions. Firstly, it
compares the main SNMP versions in SMI & MIB,
protocol operations and security. Secondly, it
thoroughly analyzes all the research areas based on
SNMP and divides them into four main aspects,
especially about the new generation networks and
technologies. Aside from the existing research areas,
the paper also provides other original SNMP
research fields, which are worth consideration. Now
SNMP, which still has some defects, needs further
research and improvement.
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