![](bg6.png)
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.5
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
Mean Average Precision (MAP)
α value
Figure 5: Contribution of words and phrases.
words in the similarity matching (α = 0) are taken
into consideration. However, the combination of both
yields better results than using words or phrases sep-
arately.
The explanation is that there are some images,
which are not texture-rich like human face, stop sign
or umbrella pictures, which leads to detect a small
number of interest points. From this study, we con-
clude that visual phrase alone can not capture all
the similarity information between images, the visual
word similarity is still required.
5 CONCLUSIONS
A new spatial weighting technique has been devel-
oped which enhances the basic bag-of-visual-words
approach by using spatial relations. We also devised
methods to construct visual phrases based on the as-
sociation rule technique. Our experimental studies
showed that a combined use of words and phrases
could perform better than using them separately. It
also showed good performance when compared to
similar recent approaches.
In our future work, we will perform more stud-
ies about the interrelationship between different vi-
sual words in order to further investigate the higher
representation level. This will improve the discrimi-
nation power of the visual words.
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