SOFIA: AGENT SCENARIO FOR FOREST INDUSTRY

Tailoring UBIWARE Platform Towards Industrial Agent-driven Solutions

Sergiy Nikitin, Vagan Terziyan

Industrial Ontologies Group, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 1, Jyväskylä, Finland

Minna Lappalainen

Fixteri Oy, Finland

Keywords: Agent Technology, Distributed Applications, Semantic Web, Forestry Services.

Abstract: Current economical situation in Finnish forest industry desperately calls for higher degree of efficiency in

all stages of the production chain. The competitiveness of timber-based products directly and heavily

depends on the raw material cost. At the same time, the successes of companies, that use timber, determine

the volumes of the raw wood consumption and, therefore, drive forest markets. However, wood consuming

companies (e.g. paper producers) can not unilaterally dictate logging and transportation prices to their

contractors, because profitability of those, has already reached its reasonable margins (Vesterinen, 2005,

Penttinen, 2009). Recent research conducted in 2005-2008 shows extremely high degree of inefficiency in

logistic operations amongst logging and transportation companies. Some of them have already realized the

need for cooperative optimization, which calls for cross-company integration of existing information and

control systems; however privacy and trust issues prohibit those companies from taking the open

environment solutions. Therefore, the researchers have suggested new mediator-based business models that

leverage the utilization and preserve current state of affairs at the same time. New business solutions for

logistic optimization can be built, when a unified view on the market players is possible. Nevertheless, with

fast development of communications, RFID and sensor technologies, forest industry sector is experiencing a

technological leap. The adoption of innovative technologies opens possibilities for enactment of new

business scenarios driven by bleeding edge ICT tools and technologies. We introduce an application

scenario of the semantic agent platform called UBIWARE to the forest industry sector of Finland.

1 INTRODUCTION

Current economical situation in Finnish forest

industry desperately calls for higher degree of

efficiency in all stages of the production chain. The

competitiveness of timber-based products directly

and heavily depends on the raw material cost. At the

same time, the successes of companies, that use

timber, determine the volumes of the raw wood

consumption and, therefore, drive forest markets.

However, wood consuming companies (e.g. paper

producers) can not unilaterally dictate logging and

transportation prices to their subcontractors, because

profitability of those, has already reached its

reasonable margins (Vesterinen, 2005, Penttinen,

2009). Recent research conducted in 2005-2008

shows extremely high degree of inefficiency in

logistic operations amongst wood logging and

transportation companies. Some of them have

already realized the need for cooperative

optimization, which calls for cross-company

integration of existing information and control

systems; however privacy and trust issues prohibit

those companies from taking the open environment

solutions. Moreover, the logistic optimization within

one company is complicated due to heterogeneity of

information systems used in harvesters and timber

trucks. The same harvester, in order to perform

logging for e.g. three different clients, needs to use

three distinct systems. Those systems are not

integrated, thus the logger has to learn three different

interfaces still not having a composite view. Same

applies to the subcontractor’s office desktop

systems, where, operator needs to manage e.g. 5

harvesters having different ordering systems from its

Nikitin S., Terziyan V. and Lappalainen M. (2010).

SOFIA: AGENT SCENARIO FOR FOREST INDUSTRY - Tailoring UBIWARE Platform Towards Industrial Agent-driven Solutions.

In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems - Databases and Information Systems Integration, pages 15-22

DOI: 10.5220/0002890800150022

 SciTePress

clients. Although, an increasing number of logging

and transportation subcontractors have or control

two or more machines, still the logistic plan is

mainly done manually or requires manual work to

align the data from different systems.

The research performed in 2005-2009

(Lappalainen, 2009) has suggested new mediator-

based business models that leverage the utilization

and preserve current state of affairs at the same time.

New business solutions for logistic optimization can

be built, when a unified view on the market players

is possible. Although, the companies involved in the

forestry sector have a high degree of the ICT

infrastructure, yet they do not utilize it to improve

the situation cooperatively. The ICT solutions used

in a majority of cases are developed as black box

standalone applications, therefore the integration of

those raises technological challenges. Traditional

system integration, if applied here, would become an

expensive task involving changes to the existing

solutions on the companies’ site or building a new

system from the scratch. According to the surveys

conducted in Finland, currently, forest market

players are more or less satisfied with the existing

ICT solutions and are neither interested, nor capable

to spend resources for new information systems and

technologies. The innovative ICT solution, if it takes

place, should seamlessly penetrate into the existing

infrastructure. The revolutionary changes would not

be accepted, unless dictated by market leaders in

wood consumption. Those, however, are tied by the

contracts with their ICT solution providers.

In this paper we present an outcome of the

preparatory project – a proposal of innovative ICT

solution for forest industry. In Section 2 we explore

the problem domain and define a driving use case

that calls for a new ICT solution. Section 3 presents

the architecture of the semantic middleware platform

that can be considered as a construction tool for a

new solution. The extension of the middleware

platform to the forestry domain is discussed in

Section 4. In Section 5 we present related work and

conclude in Section 6.

2 ICT IN FORESTRY

The business environment considered in this work

involves wood buyers, forest owners, forest owner

associations, and forest and transportation

contractors. The interactions are automated, i.e. the

wood purchase and cutting orders are done via

information systems.

2.1 State of the Art: Wood Purchase

Scenario

A forest owner either finds a forest buyer or contacts

forest owners association with the request to sell

forest in a certain area on the owner’s behalf. The

forest counsellor (either from the association or from

the forest buyer) goes to that area to estimate what

will be an approximate outcome and of what quality

(classified by dimensions).

Forest counsellor is equipped with the handheld

device with the GPS-receiver and her/his conclusion

automatically goes either to the association or to the

buyer database. Upon counsellor’s decision, the

operator of the association or buyer enterprise makes

an order to a forest contractor for harvesting service.

The order includes the amount and optimized sizes

of the logs to be cut. The forest contractor loads the

order to the information system of the harvester and

starts felling. After the felling is done, the timber is

forwarded to the roadside storage place where it can

be accessed by the timber truck. The operator of the

association or buyer’s enterprise then does next

order to the transportation contractor to deliver the

wood to the destination place (e.g. sawmill, pulp

mill, power plant, etc.).

2.2 Contractor’s Viewpoint

A large share of forest logging or transportation

contractors usually own two or more harvesters or

timber trucks. Furthermore, increasing number of

them receives orders from two or more order makers

(wood buyers, forest management associations) (see

Figure 1). In order to receive these orders, the

contractors have to install respective information

systems. Each buyer and/or association has its own

tailored solution, which is incompatible with the

solutions from others. The contractor has to learn

peculiarities of each system, such as different

internal codes for wood types, different user

interfaces and principles of functioning, etc. The

system heterogeneity makes it impossible for the

contractor to integrate the data from those systems

and obtain an integrated view of his/her own

business. At the moment the integration is done

manually by reading and inserting data into one

table, or, sometimes, calculations on the paper are

used. In the following subsection we present a

desired functionality of the logistics management

platform for harvesting and transportation SME’s in

a form of a use case.

ICEIS 2010 - 12th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

Figure 1: Contractor’s view point.

2.3 Driving Use Case: A Platform for

Integrated Logistics Optimization

A logging contractor company called

KORJUUBEST Oy has 5 harvesters and three

different order makers (customers). Timo Saarinen is

a company owner and CEO. Timo likes to keep

things controlled in his own hands; therefore, he also

does the operator job when he is free from traveling

and meetings. Timo has double backup, if he is

busy, then another operator in the office can

substitute him, or Timo can turn on the automatic

mode in his new logistics control platform called

SOFIA. Every morning Timo comes to his office

and after a morning coffee he starts his laptop and

logs into the SOFIA platform. The system shows

current situation of Timo’s harvesters and their

status (e.g. working, stopped, short maintenance

break, or out of order). Timo chooses the harvester

icon and browses the tasks assigned and planned. He

can also browse the history. After a short look on the

harvesters’ status Timo opens the bookmark called

orders. He sees the integrated currently pending

order list as well as the orders already planned,

based on the long term contracts. The system

proposes the optimized order assignment table for

the next week, where Timo can reassign tasks to

other harvesters if he thinks it is needed and press

“Approve” button. The system will send new (not

yet sent) logging tasks to the harvesters and the

operators will immediately see the new task

information in the operator’s web-based view. The

operators can download order files attached to the

task and load them to the harvester’s native system.

In the evening, upon the completion of the work, the

operators can send progress reports or, if the task

was completed, a closing report.

SOFIA platform can be configured so, that it

automatically sends closing reports to the order

maker, or, it may wait for an approval and manual

submission from Timo or the operator in charge.

After a half a year of successful operation and

optimized utility, Timo has realized that his

company can serve at least one more order maker

(customer) and luckily, he has met a potential client

from big company called Metsänhoitajat Oy last

week in sauna. They have agreed to meet in more

formal way as soon as they clarify how much work

would be needed to integrate their information and

ordering systems. Timo has called to the SOFIA

maintenance center and has received a surprisingly

good answer. With the minimum cost a new

customer’s ordering system can be connected to

Timo’s platform with no need to stop it. Luckily,

Metsänhoitajat Oy company has already worked

with other contractor, who is using SOFIA platform,

therefore the system adapter is already available, it

only needs to be configured for Timo’s platform.

Even, though, the adapter wasn’t ready, it would not

take longer than one month to plug a new ordering

system to SOFIA.

In the evening, after a successful meeting with

Metsänhoitajat Oy where a new contract was signed,

Timo has made an order to SOFIA maintenance

center for a platform configuration. Next day Timo

could already see a new partner in his system and in

short time, new orders have started to come.

In the following section we present a middleware

platform called UBIWARE – a convenient tool for

the implementation of SOFIA platform.

3 UBIWARE PLATFORM

UBIWARE is a generic domain independent

middleware platform (Katasonov et al., 2008) that is

meant to provide support for integration,

interoperability, adaptation, communication,

SOFIA: AGENT SCENARIO FOR FOREST INDUSTRY - Tailoring UBIWARE Platform Towards Industrial

Agent-driven Solutions

proactivity, self-awareness and planning for

different kinds of resources, systems and

components (e.g. data information and knowledge,

software and services, humans, hardware and

processes). The UBIWARE platform is developed

inline with the fundamental vision towards GUN -

Global Understanding Environment (Terziyan, 2003,

2005; Kaykova et al., 2005). In GUN various

resources can be linked to the Semantic Web-based

environment via adapters (or interfaces), which

include (if necessary) sensors with digital output,

data structuring (e.g. XML) and semantic adapter

components (XML to Semantic Web). Software

agents are to be assigned to each resource and are

assumed to be able to monitor data coming from the

adapter about the state of the resource, make

decisions on behalf of the resource, and to discover,

request and utilize external help if needed. Agent

technologies within GUN allow mobility of service

components between various platforms,

decentralized service discovery, utilization of FIPA

communication protocols, and multi-agent

integration/composition of services.

When applying the GUN vision, each traditional

system component becomes an agent-driven “smart

resource”, i.e. proactive and self-managing. This can

also be recursive. For example, an interface of a

system component can become a smart resource

itself, i.e. it can have its own responsible agent,

semantically adapted sensors and actuators, history,

commitments with other resources, and self-

monitoring, self-diagnostics and self-maintenance

activities.

At the same time, UBIWARE naturally

integrates such domains as Semantic Web, Proactive

Computing, Ubiquitous Computing, Autonomous

Computing, Human-Centric Computing, Distributed

AI, Service-Oriented Architecture and Enterprise

Application Integration.

3.1 UBIWARE Platform Architecture

UBIWARE has two main elements: an agent engine,

and S-APL – a Semantic Agent Programming

Language (Katasonov and Terziyan, 2008) for

programming of software agents within the platform.

The architecture of UBIWARE agent (Figure 2)

consists of a Live behavior engine implemented in

Java, a declarative middle layer, and a set of Java

components – Reusable Atomic Behaviors (RABs).

RABs can be considered as sensors and

actuators, i.e. components sensing or affecting the

agent’s environment, but are not restricted to these.

A RAB can also be a reasoner (data processor) if

some of the logic needed is not efficient or possible

to realize with the S-APL means, or if one wants to

enable an agent to do some other kind of reasoning

beyond the rule-based one.

Figure 2: UBIWARE Agent.

UBIWARE agent architecture implies that a

particular UBIWARE-based software application

will consist of a set of S-APL documents (data and

behavior models) and a set of specific atomic

behaviors needed for this particular application.

Since reusability is an important UBIWARE

concern, it is reasonable that the UBIWARE

platform provides some of those ready-made.

Therefore, logically the UBIWARE platform,

consists of the following three elements:

- The Live behavior engine

- A set of “standard” S-APL models

- A set of “standard” RABs

The extensions to the platform are exactly some

sets of such “standard” S-APL models and RABs

that can be used by the developers to embed into

their applications certain UBIWARE features.

As Figure 2 shows, an S-APL agent can obtain

the needed data and rules not only from local or

network documents, but also through querying S-

APL repositories. Such a repository, for example,

can be maintained by some organization and include

prescriptions (lists of duties) corresponding to the

organizational roles that the agents are supposed to

play.

Technically, the implementation is built on top of

the JADE – Java Agent Development Framework

(Bellifemine et al. 2007), which is a Java

implementation of IEEE FIPA specifications.

ICEIS 2010 - 12th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

4 UBIWARE MEETS FORESTRY

The business models that were thoroughly studied in

the recent research (Lappalainen, 2009), stumbled in

the technological challenges that are being tackled in

the UBIWARE. At the same time, UBIWARE

platform should be tailored to the industrial

domains, in order to attract businesses. Therefore a

SOFIA platform (SOFIA stands for S

eamless

Operation of Forest Industry Applications) described

in Section 2.3, when developed on top of the

UBIWARE, will benefit from inherent flexibility

and extensibility and ensure sustainable ICT

infrastructure for logging and transportation SMEs.

4.1 Tailoring UBIWARE to Forestry

The logistics optimization drives the main direction

of platform development. However, in order to solve

optimization tasks, the platform requires adaptation

and connectivity problems to be resolved first.

Those, in turn, call for a unified domain model

(domain ontology).

As soon as SOFIA platform will serve as an

integrator of information systems provided from

different order makers (wood buyers and forest

owner associations), the orders coming from

different systems will be gathered to one integrated

view allowing the contractor to apply logistics

optimization tool and decrease useless overheads in

operation (see Figure 3).

Figure 3: SOFIA platform.

To perform integration, we define a set of target

information systems (based on the case studies) and

make deep analysis of the connectivity options and

internal data models used. The integration will result

in construction of adapters to the respective systems.

The configuration on the order maker site may still

be required to redirect data flow from order maker to

SOFIA platform.

The order makers, however, may not be flexible

in changing some settings or opening access to their

data and systems. Therefore, we have a requirement

to minimize changes on the order maker side if not

to avoid at all.

4.2 Handling Connectivity Challenges

The main implementation challenge of the platform

is connectivity. Figure 4 shows a generic data

exchange scenario between order maker and

contractor.

Figure 4: Data flow between order maker and contractor.

The flow is mostly organized via FTP server,

which is checked by the client software installed on

the contractor’s machine site and, sometimes, at the

office. The order flow goes directly from the order

maker to the machine. In such situation a contractor

is unable to decide, which order goes to which

machine, i.e. the machine is rather directly

controlled by the order maker (preceded by a generic

contract of course). The software for data exchange

is proprietary and, therefore, does not provide any

API. The intermediate files, though, appear on the

FTP-site as well as in temporary folders on local

machines.

In such scenario even data collection may put

platform development to the tight corner. We

propose virtualization approach (see next

subsections) to handle the issue and introduce two

possible workaround scenarios.

SOFIA: AGENT SCENARIO FOR FOREST INDUSTRY - Tailoring UBIWARE Platform Towards Industrial

Agent-driven Solutions

4.2.1 Contractor Site as a Firewall

In case when an FTP server can be accessed by our

platform software (only username and password are

required and known), we can fully emulate the

behaviour of a harvester or a truck. No changes on

the order maker site are needed.

In case, when an FTP server can only be

accessed by the proprietary client software (the

password and username may be hardcoded and not

known to the contractor), we can move the client

from the machine to the contractor site and access

FTP server from it. Temporary files, stored by the

client, then can be sensed by the platform and passed

to the responsible agent.

4.2.2 Machine Agent

In neither case, when no FTP access can be

arranged, nor client software can be moved from the

machine site (e.g. proprietary restrictions), we can

establish our listener software on the machine site to

catch the data from the client and send the data to

the contractor site. In this case, we have extra delay

time because of additional data transfer step from

the machine to the contractor site and back. This

approach may change the architecture of the whole

system drastically and may require a lot more

efforts. Nevertheless it is still possible.

4.3 Virtualization of Forestry Market

The requirement to preserve systems of order

makers untouched can be accomplished by

introducing the know-how of the SOFIA platform –

a concept of virtual machine applied to harvesters

and timber trucks. The contractor creates an

interface-like view to his/her harvesting and

transportation facilities by means of virtual

machines (see Figure 5).

From the service order maker point of view the

contractor looks the same, however, the real

equipment of the contractor is hidden. The orders are

made seamlessly, but the assembly chosen for the

execution, is virtual. The service provider then has

the opportunity to build an optimized operations

plan and after that assign tasks to the real units.

The virtualization may go beyond the SME

boundaries. Several contractors may establish virtual

enterprise that works as a proxy for order makers.

Such enterprise would have better optimization

capacity because of wider order and equipment base.

The business model, that clearly explains and

guarantees the benefit to stakeholders, yet to be

elaborated. The model should take into account

region-specific circumstances and context.

Figure 5: A virtual machine concept.

Although, physical resources virtualization

(harvesters and trucks) is attractive to contractors, it

may also lead to complexities in resource planning

in global scale. In general, if the same resource is

present in two independent planning systems (e.g.

two virtual contractor SMEs have signed the

contract with the same harvester owner), then both

systems may build long-term plans, expecting the

resource to be available. The problem may show up,

only when a detailed short-term contract has to be

signed and both virtual harvesting contractors are

pretending to employ the same harvester. The

business model should exclude ambiguity and

guarantee the availability of the resources at the

execution time. We can compare the problem to the

car rental process, where we see the capacity (cars

available) and know the car class (e.g. Ford Focus or

analogous), but we do not know the exact car license

plate id, before we come to the office and get the

keys. In the simplest case, the rental company is the

owner of the car, but in harvesting we may have a

situation, when a harvester owner has signed

contracts with two or more harvesting SMEs.

4.4 SOFIA beyond National

Boundaries

The platform and the model described above fit well

forestry market in global scale. We expect that a

globally present enterprise can sell platform services

worldwide. Although, the localization requires quite

significant effort, which is not in the nature of the

global service, still it is compensated by limited

ICEIS 2010 - 12th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

number of harvester manufacturers (only three key

manufacturing enterprises). The small amount of

manufacturers means significant reduction of

software adaptation efforts. Running one nationally

wide service platform would already include

adapters to the systems of the key manufacturers.

Next, the middleware platform we use, possesses the

features for easy tailoring to local region-specific

requirements. The platform architecture employs

semantic technology, which can be considered as

most expressive one for domain modelling. The

semantic nature combined with the agent technology

brings other benefits as well – adaptivity and

configurability that allow the platform users to get

new business models up and running with small

effort. Configurability also makes the maintenance

of the platform less resource-consuming for the

customer.

The web-based solution on the global scale, if it

takes place, can utilize cloud computing (Hayes,

2008) to ease scalability and optimize expenditures

for the hardware and software infrastructure. The

components of the platform (see Figure 6), when run

in the cloud can be updated or configured on-the-fly.

Figure 6: SOFIA component view.

The platform behaviour is specified in the

ontology – a backbone of both the data and the

business logic. We can consider ontology as a rich

configuration file that describes structure of the

software components being run as well as the data.

The Web GUI component may undertake minor

localization changes, whereas Connectors &

Adapters will differ significantly from region to

region, due to a variety of local information systems

at wood buyer sites that have to be connected. The

optimization algorithms and methods may require

region-specific settings for better efficiency, but

otherwise remain untouched.

In this Section we have presented the analysis of

the domain-specific features that have to be

implemented on top of the existing middleware

platform. The analysis shows that technical

implementation is feasible in spite of the state of the

market and relationships amongst market players.

5 RELATED WORK

Latest industrial ICT trends define inter-component

and system interoperability as a key direction.

The interoperability is also known as one of the

major future challenges in ICT. Current industrial

standardization efforts aim at resolving this

challenge by creating a unified vocabulary of

communication, or, in other words, a standard.

Forest industry is not an exception. Standardization

and interoperability form a basis for competitive

market, and hence, for cost-efficient production. In

recent years forest industry have run a set of

standardization projects, e.g. papiNet

(www.papinet.org) and its initiative - WoodX,

Edifact (www.unece.org/trade/untdid/welcome.htm)

and StanForD (http://www.skogforsk.se/upload/

6867/StanForD_MainDoc_070327.pdf).

The standards mentioned above simplify the

implementation of SOFIA in order of magnitude

and, therefore, we have to make thorough analysis of

standards already adopted as well as those being

developed. SOFIA’s ontology should be built

standard-compliant and allow easy standard-based

document and interface generation.

The improvement of the wood production chain

is also a subject of integrated EU FP7 project called

“IndisputableKey” (www.indisputablekey.com). The

project aims at a new methodology and advanced

technologies that improve the use of wood and

optimize the forest production. The project is

targeting the supply chain improvement as a whole,

whereas SOFIA is a contractor SME-oriented at the

same time applying and developing ICT

technologies far beyond those currently available.

In (Frayret et al., 2007; Forget et al., 2008) the

authors state that forestry companies are facing the

need to re-engineer their organizational processes

and business practices taking into account other

companies in forest industry. An agent-based

approach is proposed to tackle the problem of

dynamic planning in the supply chain. SOFIA rather

approaches the same domain from the software

architecture viewpoint and introduces innovative

SOFIA: AGENT SCENARIO FOR FOREST INDUSTRY - Tailoring UBIWARE Platform Towards Industrial

Agent-driven Solutions

software platform model for forestry contractors.

6 CONCLUSIONS

A unified platform solution for forest industry faces

the ICT challenges that were foreseen in GUN

activities early in years 2002-2003. The UBIWARE

platform being designed to resolve such challenges,

still remains domain independent, and, therefore, has

to be tailored and extended to meet domain-specific

needs. Such platform customization is a first step

towards GERI (Global Enterprise Resource

Integration) – where various industrial domains will

be taken into account. At the moment, UBIWARE-

based industrial applications are naturally needed for

proper platform evolution as a whole. SOFIA

platform will have an extended tool set (RABs and

S-APL models) on top of UBIWARE to solve forest

industry sector tasks. We believe that success of

SOFIA forest industry platform can bring a new

breath both to the forestry and to the ICT worlds.

The results of the research published in

(Lappalainen, 2009), state that utilization of business

models with more than one customer for the

harvesting, transportation and chipping contractors,

can save approximately 50 million euro annually in

the forest biomass supply chain in Finland only. A

simulation study conducted within the same project

has shown that annual cost savings in raw wood

harvesting only would account for 21 million euro at

least if business models and ICT-tools would

support it (Väätäinen et al., 2008).

In addition to the cost savings mentioned above,

SOFIA can be used to provide higher level

harvesting and transportation services for customers

at the same time serving simultaneously many of

them. SOFIA would enable more efficient order

handling and organization of right-time deliveries

while minimizing the risk of human failures.

We have presented the results of the preparatory

project. This work has been inspired by thorough

analysis of business opportunities that led us to look

for technological implementation challenges and

workarounds. At the moment we are considering

both business-oriented as well as science-oriented

directions for further development of SOFIA.

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