![](bg6.png)
tracking, tactile screen, accelerometer, etc.) could be
developed with current handheld devices.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was funded by the Spanish APRENDRA
project (TIN2009-14319-C02).
For their contributions, we would like to thank the
following:
• Severino Gonz
´
alez, M. Jos
´
e Vicent, Javier Ir-
imia, Patricia Limi
˜
nana, Tamara Aguilar, Alfonso
L
´
opez, Roc
´
ıo Zaragoza, M. Jos
´
e Mart
´
ınez, Eloy
Hurtado, Juan Fernando Mart
´
ın for their help.
• The children that participated in this study.
• The ETSInf for letting us use its facilities during
the testing phase.
REFERENCES
Billinghurst, M. N. and Henrysson, A. (2006). Research
Directions in Handheld AR. Int Journal of Virtual Re-
ality, 5(2):251–58.
Connolly, T. M., Stansfield, M., and Hainey, T. (2011). An
alternate reality game for language learning: ARGu-
ing for multilingual motivation. Computers & Educa-
tion, 57(1):1389–1415.
De Freitas, S. and Oliver, M. (2006). How can exploratory
learning with games and simulations within the cur-
riculum be most effectively evaluated? Computers &
Education, 46(3):249–264.
El Sayed, N. A. M., Zayed, H. H., and Sharawy, M. I.
(2011). ARSC: Augmented reality student card. Com-
puters & Education, 56(4):1045–1061.
Fjeld, M., Fredriksson, J., Ejdestig, M., Duca, F., B
¨
otschi,
K., Voegtli, B., and Juchli, P. (2007). Tangible user
interface for chemistry education: comparative eval-
uation and re-design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI
conference on Human factors in computing systems,
CHI ’07, pages 805–808, New York, NY, USA. ACM.
Freitas, R. and Campos, P. (2008). SMART: a SysteM of
Augmented Reality for Teaching 2nd grade students.
In Proceedings of the 22nd British HCI Group Annual
Conference on People and Computers: Culture, Cre-
ativity, Interaction - Volume 2, BCS-HCI ’08, pages
27–30, Swinton, UK, UK. British Computer Society.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple
intelligences. New York: Basics.
Inoue, Y. (2007). Concepts, applications, and research of
virtual reality learning environments. International
Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 2(1):1–7.
Juan, M. C., Carrizo, M., Gim
´
enez, M., and Abad, F.
(2011a). Using an augmented reality game to find
matching pairs. In Proceedings of the 19th Interna-
tional Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualiza-
tion and Computer Vision, pages 59–66.
Juan, M. C., Furi
´
o, D., Alem, L., Ashworth, P., and Cano, J.
(2011b). ARGreenet and BasicGreenet: Two mobile
games for learning how to recycle. In Proceedings
of the 19th International Conference on Computer
Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision’2011,
pages 25–32.
Kato, H. and Billinghurst, M. (1999). Marker tracking and
hmd calibration for a video-based augmented reality
conferencing system. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE
and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Re-
ality ’99, pages 85–94. IEEE.
Kaufmann, H. and Schmalstieg, D. (2003). Mathematics
and geometry education with collaborative augmented
reality. Computers & Graphics, 27(3):339–345.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as
the source of learning and development. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Law, E., Kickmeier-Rust, M., Albert, D., and Holzinger, A.
(2008). Challenges in the development and evalua-
tion of immersive digital educational games. In HCI
and Usability for Education and Work, volume 5298,
pages 19–30. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
Lee, E. A.-L., Wong, K., and Fung, C. (2010). How does
desktop virtual reality enhance learning outcomes? a
structural equation modeling approach. Computers &
Education, 55(4):1424–1442.
O’Shea, P., Mitchell, R., Johnston, C., and Dede, C. (2009).
Lessons learned about designing augmented reali-
ties. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-
Mediated Simulations, 1(1):1–15.
Pan, Z., Cheok, A., Yang, H., Zhu, J., and Shi, J. (2006).
Virtual reality and mixed reality for virtual learning
environments. Computers & Graphics, 30(1):20–28.
Shaffer, D. W., Squire, K. T., Halverson, R., Gee, J. P., et al.
(2004). Video games and the future of learning. Phi
delta kappan, 87(2):104.
Wang, K.-H., Chen, L.-C., Chu, P.-Y., and Cheng, Y.-M.
(2009). A study on the design of augmented reality
user interfaces for mobile learning systems in heritage
temples. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Con-
ference on Virtual and Mixed Reality: Held as Part
of HCI International 2009, VMR ’09, pages 282–290,
Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer-Verlag.
Woods, E., Billinghurst, M., Looser, J., Aldridge, G.,
Brown, D., Garrie, B., and Nelles, C. (2004). Aug-
menting the science centre and museum experience.
In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Aus-
tralasia and South East Asia, GRAPHITE ’04, pages
230–236, New York, NY, USA. ACM.
Yang, J. C., Chen, C. H., and Jeng, M. C. (2010). Inte-
grating video-capture virtual reality technology into
a physically interactive learning environment for en-
glish learning. Computers & Education, 55:1346–
1356.
TOWARDS A MIXED REALITY LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN THE CLASSROOM
439