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By this definition, KM is driven or directed by
determined intention and has a nature that is
multifaceted. As its multifaceted nature comes from
its multidisciplinary origin, KM work exhibits
different foci, including those on the design of
information technologies, management,
organizational learning, to name a few. In this paper,
the phrase knowledge process by Wiig (1993) is
chosen to represent the variety of KM endeavors
required to achieve KM goals.
RM refers to the systematic design,
implementation, and administrative control of a
framework that ensures efficiency and economy in
the creation, use, handling, maintenance and
disposition (i.e., destruction or transfer to long-term
preservation repository) of organizational records
(InterPARES). In the InterPARES Chain of
Preservation (COP) model, RM encompasses two
conceptually distinct systems dedicated to records-
making and records-keeping respectively.
4 KM-RM RELATIONSHIPS
To illustrate the KM-RM relationship, the Nonaka
and Takeuchi (1995) knowledge Socialization,
Externalization, Combination, Internalization (SECI)
model is chosen for being the first KM model and
for the influence it had for disseminating the
concepts of tacit and explicit knowledge (Dalkir,
2011). Essentially, the SECI model contains four
processes that can be repeated whenever the need
arises: Process 1, from tacit to tacit (i.e.,
socialization, such as peer-to-peer
coaching/networking), Process 2, from tacit to
explicit (i.e., externalization, such as capturing and
sharing), Process 3, from explicit to explicit (i.e.,
combination, such as organizing and classifying),
and Process 4, from explicit to tacit (i.e.,
internalization, such as understanding and learning).
4.1 Transformative
Among the four processes, Process 2 and Process 3
produce tangible knowledge assets, which are
potential records according to RM. They are only
recorded information when generated but will
become records when they participate in future
business processes as means for carrying them out,
because that is the assumption under which they
were generated (i.e., externalization and
combination). These knowledge assets may be first
managed in a system designed specifically for KM
purposes, but their relationship with RM will be
established when they participate in and become an
integral part of a business activity of the
organization, regardless of where or how. The
function of RM is to document the entire business
process in the form of records, and this certainly
includes capturing the participation of the
knowledge asset. In the context of performing a
business activity, a deliberately captured knowledge
asset is by such action transformed into a record, as
the capture occurs by classifying it in an
organization-wide, business activity-directed records
classification system, and managing it in a
recordkeeping system. In the process, the knowledge
asset will acquire an archival bond with the records
of the business process and of the organization as a
whole. This does not necessarily mean that the
knowledge asset has to be physically moved into the
recordkeeping system, as the archival bond arises
from the attribution of metadata to the asset that put
it into relation with the organization’s records. KM
and RM thus intersect with each other at the time
when an organization applies externalized
knowledge and fulfills its duty of keeping
operational evidence.
4.2 Inclusive
To RM, Processes 2 and 3 are business activities of
the KM function, same as the business activities of
any other organizational functions, such as financial
management, human resource management, R&D,
or marketing. The RM field characterizes the
operation of an organization as fulfilling the various
functions derived from its mandate, each of which
consists of activities, sub-activities, and transactions
(LAC, 2006). Records are generated at the point
where a business objective necessitates
documentation in order to produce consequences or
evidence of its fulfillment. Regardless of how the
structural relationships between the concepts of
process, activity, and transaction are determined, to
achieve a business objective of KM, e.g., to capture
the expertise of an expert, to build a community of
practice, or to construct knowledge taxonomies, a
series of documents is typically generated besides
the intended knowledge assets. When implementing
a KM system, defined as a particular class of
information systems supporting organisations
specifically in their attempt to create, codify, collect,
store, integrate, share, and apply knowledge (Alavi
and Leidner, 2001), documents such as meeting
minutes, messages, research reports, lists of system
functional requirements, system metadata schemas,
contracts with vendor and consultants, etc., are
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