Discovering Potentials in Enterprise Interface Design

A Review of Our Latest Case Studies in the Enterprise Domain

Christian Lambeck, Dietrich Kammer and Rainer Groh

Institute of Software and Multimedia Engineering, Chair of Media Design,

Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany

Keywords: Enterprise System, ERP, Graphical User Interface, Usability, Case Studies.

Abstract: User interfaces in enterprise systems are primarily based on visualizations such as tables and forms, which

are state-of-the-art since the middle of the 1990s. Additionally, most information is presented in a textual

way and offers little capabilities to change the mode of presentation or the level of detail. The authors argue

that these deficiencies are a major reason for existing usability problems related to the graphical user

interface. Hence, this contribution presents four case studies, which aim to establish innovative visualization

and interaction modalities in the field of enterprise systems.

1 INTRODUCTION

According to the worldwide enterprise software

revenue of about $260 billion in 2011, enterprise

applications are an important economic sector.

(Gartner Inc., 2011) With regards to a survey

conducted in Germany in 2009, ERP systems are

used in more than 92% of all German industrial

enterprises with more than 50 employees. (Konradin

Business GmbH, 2009) These numbers give a first

impression of the high diffusion rate of ERP systems

and the resulting amount of users. Hence, existing

usability problems – but also their solutions – would

affect a broad user group and should be seriously

taken into account.

However, latest research in the field of enterprise

resource planning (ERP) has primarily focused on

technological concepts to keep up with a steadily

increasing complexity of business processes and the

volatile market needs. Examples of these

technological advancements are performance

optimizations (Tertilt and Krcmar, 2011), service-

oriented architectures (Seth et al., 2011) or cloud-

based business applications (Ragusa and Puliafito,

2011). Therefore, it is not surprising, that ERP

systems are primarily chosen due to their

functionality, performance and migration aspects

instead of usability and ergonomic criteria.

(intelligent systems solutions GmbH (i2s), 2011)

In contrast to this technology-focused research

and development, innovation concerning human-

computer-interaction in the field of ERP is present,

but significantly less considered. Whereas numerous

research papers in the field of user satisfaction and

usability have focused on the participation of users

in the implementation process, top management

support, self-efficacy or perceived usefulness of the

system, the explicit investigation of usability barriers

located in the graphical user interface (UI) is rarely

discussed. Most of this research is focused on

Critical Success Factors (CSF) to model user

satisfaction (e.g. (Mitakos et al., 2011; Bin et al.,

2010; Ozen and Basoglu, 2006)), but misses the

explicit incorporation of the graphical user interface

as a separate, influencing factor. Only few

contributions are at least partially related to interface

concerns. These papers identified critical

deficiencies in the system usage, such as the

identification of and the access to the right

functionality, support in transaction execution,

system output limitations, terminology and finally

the overall system complexity. (Topi et al., 2005)

Furthermore, user guidance, learnability and

minimal memory load have been stated as important

for the user-system collaboration. (Calisir and

Calisir, 2004)

Although these findings date back several years,

they revealed significant deficiencies in user

interface design for ERP systems, that still exist

today and which demand for further improvements

in this field. Whereas the majority of current

enterprise systems still utilizes modalities that are

state-of-the-art since the middle of the 1990s (e.g.

forms, tables, standard diagrams, mouse and

Lambeck C., Kammer D. and Groh R..

Discovering Potentials in Enterprise Interface Design - A Review of Our Latest Case Studies in the Enterprise Domain.

DOI: 10.5220/0004442000990104

In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS-2013), pages 99-104

ISBN: 978-989-8565-61-7

 2013 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)

keyboard interaction, cp. (SAP AG, 2012)), the

potentials which arise from other domains – such as

interactive and scalable visualizations or multi-touch

and tangible interaction – are not considered so far.

On the one hand, this paper introduces the

appliance of innovative visualizations instead of the

established text-based information presentation. On

the other hand, latest interaction modalities such as

tangible and multi-touch interaction are applied to

chosen enterprise scenarios. The authors argue that

these concepts are able to significantly contribute to

an intuitive system access and furthermore to ease

the handling of enterprise systems.

2 CASE STUDIES

This section is dedicated to concepts and prototypes

which have been created to mitigate existing barriers

in enterprise system usage. In complement to the

previously identified and UI-focused user needs

from the related work, we conducted a survey of

small and medium sized enterprises in a federal state

of Germany. The 58 participants were belonging to

several industry branches such as automotive,

chemistry or mechanical engineering and used their

ERP system for purposes such as article

management, customer data or storage management.

In this study, we investigated several user interface

aspects such as task-oriented visualizations, views

for detail and overview, faceted browsing and

semantic search, 3D views on processes and

facilities as well as multi-touch devices. (Lambeck

and Leyh, 2012)

The survey revealed that a major problem exists

in the insufficient availability of task-oriented

visualizations. This category includes the

representations of enterprise information in a visual

way in contrast to the primarily textual form known

today. Thereby, the visual appearance allows for an

advanced comprehension of temporal or topological

correlations of information sets. The marginal

availability of alternative visualizations in current

ERP applications might be one of the reasons for the

high responsiveness.

Similar, but less significant results have been

observed for the paradigm of detail and overview.

Users wish to adjust the level of detail according to

their needs, which are driven by the experience and

knowledge as well as the current task. Existing ERP

systems seem to support this feature inappropriately,

as they permanently offer a fixed and detailed view

on the information space. The remaining aspects of

faceted browsing and semantic search, 3D-views on

processes and facilities and especially multi-touch

devices received significantly less popularity.

The following section presents concepts and

prototypes, which address the aforementioned

aspects. The case studies cover scenarios in the

fields of manufacturing, real-time supply chain

management (RT-SCM), advanced planning and

scheduling (APS) and finally mobile business

intelligence (BI). Each concept utilizes advanced

visualization and/or interaction capabilities.

2.1 Graph-based Scheme

The bill of materials (BOM) is a central element in

manufacturing-related ERP systems and lists all

materials, resources and operations, which are

needed to fabricate the final product. The BOM

seems to be very appropriate to illustrate the

dependencies of the final product, its required raw

materials, their intermediate goods and the

conjunctive operations in a visual manner. As a basis

for the following concept, documentations from

student workshops were taken into account. Herein,

students from a business informatics course had to

solve specific tasks in a productive case study. As a

result, textual instructions and screen casts had been

created that acted as an indicator for potential

usability problems for this concept. The demand for

user guidance could be approved as a major

challenge in this scenario. During the analysis of the

textual protocols and the corresponding videos, the

following problems have been observed:

 several (obviously unrelated) windows are

opened simultaneously, which caused

confusion

 awareness of the current workflow status is

missing

 incorrect production orders due to missing

transaction summaries

 aspect-oriented views to support the user’s

process comprehension and awareness are

missing (e.g. for time, cost, progress and

availability)

To address these issues, a prototype has been created

that offers a visual and interactive BOM. Hence, all

information of the manufacturing order is accessible

via the BOM. Thereby, it can be used as a central

entry point to guide the user to the underlying and

more detailed system forms. In contrast to current

tabular presentations, the concept offers an

interactive graph showing the dependencies via

edges, availability information via a colour scheme

and an adjustable level of detail. Furthermore, three

information views for time, cost and progress are

ICEIS2013-15thInternationalConferenceonEnterpriseInformationSystems

100

offered, which can be combined as desired.

Although the interactive BOM is still in a

prototypical status, it indicates first potentials of

task-oriented visualizations and a concept for detail

and overview. The three different views of an

exemplary BOM are illustrated in figure 1.

Figure 1: Concept of the interactive bill of materials

showing three different levels of detail (Lambeck,

Kirchner, et al., 2012).

2.2 Spatial Data Landscape

Many business processes, which are currently still

characterized by linear step-by-step dialogs, are

going to change to interactive and simulation based

approaches. (Lambeck, Schmalzried, et al., 2012)

This allows for the introduction of new interface

concepts in the field of Supply Chain Management

(SCM). The proposed dialog structure of this

concept is as follows:

After the adjustment of initial calculation

parameters for an overall optimization objective

(e.g. maximized profit margin, minimal profit

margin with restocking, meeting delivery dates), the

system generates a whole result set at once by

utilizing up-to-date multi-core and in-memory

architectures. Afterwards, the emerging set of

planning alternatives is jointly presented in a

summarized visualization in the form of a data

landscape as illustrated in figure 2. Previous

concepts use a series of forms in a sequential user

dialog to present the resulting schedules. The major

benefit of the data landscape is an explicit and direct

comparability of the calculated planning

alternatives. Whereas conventional systems usually

illustrate the simulation results in a tabular manner,

the data landscape approach has the ability to give

an impression of the result set’s quality at once.

Each peak represents a concrete production plan,

whereas plans with similar properties can be found

within the same area of the landscape. The height of

the peaks is determined by Key Performance

Indicators (KPI), which illustrate the production

plan’s degree of optimization objective fulfilment.

For the refinement of selected and promising

production schedules, the user selects the desired

region of interest (cp. figure 2, cyan rectangle). The

results are getting more and more accurate from one

iteration to the next and the user is continuously

approaching the most suitable plan.

Figure 2: User interface of the SCM system with spatial

data landscape (top) and detailed planning schedule

(Gantt-chart, bottom right) (Lambeck, Schmalzried, et al.,

2012).

2.3 Tangible Floor Plan

Nowadays, production planning is customarily based

on spread sheets supported by planning and

simulation tools that are limited to textual or

diagram output. (Gissrau and Rose, 2011) Some

tools visualize the planned tasks as a Gantt-chart, but

direct interaction is not supported. A user’s routine

production planning workflow basically consists of

two steps: (1) planning of upcoming processes with

the help of optimization algorithms and (2) handling

of deviations or interruptions during runtime. The

suggested user interface is based on a floor plan that

depicts the machines at their topological positions

instead of the conventional textual presentation (see

figure 3, no. 1). The machines have incoming and

outgoing connections to visualize the material flows

with regard to the underlying manufacturing process.

Current and upcoming tasks for selected machines

are visualized in the interactive Gantt-charts

beneath. On top of these views, and in addition to

standard touch gestures, tangible objects on a

tabletop system are used for selection and

adjustment tasks (see figure 3, no. 6).

As soon as the user starts dragging a process in

the Gantt-chart, he or she needs all relevant

information about the resulting consequences

immediately. The user’s increased awareness of the

Material Resource Partial Costs Availability Index

rial 1.2.2 Raw Material 1.3.1 Raw Material 1.3.2

Intermediate 2.1.4

Operation 2.2

Intermediate 3.1.2

Operation 1.3

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3100

806

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Raw Material 1.1.2

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01:00

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Condensed & Time Detail & Stage Detail & Cost

Resource Ulizaon

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VIEW SETTINGS

Show Sampling Points

Wireframe

Solid Surface

Transparency

APlansOpt ADVANCED PLANNING | SCHEDULING | OPTIMIZATION

Min

Max

PARAMETERS

Margin

Quality

Flexibility

10 100

OBJECTIVE | Parameter Sengs

12 34 5

RESULT| Sampling Point Evaluaon

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DiscoveringPotentialsinEnterpriseInterfaceDesign-AReviewofOurLatestCaseStudiesintheEnterpriseDomain

101

impacts is a crucial prerequisite for subsequent and

expedient planning decisions. To prevent the user

from constructing inconsistent states, the application

supports the user by highlighting conflicts.

Figure 3: User interface consisting of floor plan with

machines and tool groups (1), Gantt-charts of the selected

machines (2), dialog control (3), dialog step indicator (4),

visualization settings (5), tangible object (6) and material

flow (7) (Lambeck, Kammer, et al., 2012).

2.4 Touch-enabled Mobile Dashboard

This concept originates from a workshop with an

international car manufacturer and has focused on

mobile business intelligence in the field of sales and

marketing. To be successful in an oligopoly which

competes for market shares, the financial provider

has to differentiate its services. With the help of

mobile business intelligence, service processes can

be treated more flexible to meet the demands of a

fast changing market and corresponding customer

needs.

In this specific scenario, field managers are

coaching their car dealers according to available

contract types and disposal strategies. To assist the

communication and to ease the traceability of the

presented data (e.g. quarterly figures) a mobile

solution has been prototypically implemented. It

combines information from customers, contracts,

staff and social communities to valuable mobile

services. These services cover meeting preparation,

performance analysis, forecast simulation, coaching

and protocol management. In addition, peripheral

services allow for status tracking and route

management. All services are accessible through the

start screen, which shows the main functional

categories.

A first main function is the retrospective

investigation of the business performance by

revenue. The application starts to present the sales of

the car dealership for a period of 12 month. If the

user performs a zoom gestures, the resolution adapts

to a more detailed presentation of several weeks. By

zooming in again, a list of contracts for the selected

week is shown. By clicking on one of the contracts,

all details are presented.

The second main function is the simulation of a

contract setting in a “what-if”-scenario. Herein,

contract mixtures can be composed and templates

for bonuses can be selected by directly interacting

with the visualization illustrated in

Figure 4. During

the setting of interest rate, contract runtime and

given bonus, the visualization is adapting and

presents the final revenue. The solution is conceived

for Tablet devices which seem to be appropriate in

their dimensions to suit the needs of the scenario. In

addition, the application uses multi-touch interaction

with zoom, pan and slide gestures.

Figure 4: Screenshot of the sales and bonus simulation

interface illustrating the effect of a bonus and the interest

rate on the revenue according to the contract runtime

(Lambeck, Jung, et al., 2012).

3 SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS

The enormous number of industry branches and

users that are affected by usability problems in the

ERP domain has illustrated the importance of this

research. First motivated by insufficient research

concerning the graphical user interface in the field of

enterprise applications, relevant and related work

focusing on usability and user satisfaction has been

presented. In the subsequent section on promising

case studies, we introduced prototypical concepts

that aim to resolve at least some of the

aforementioned usability problems. The benefits of

the presented concepts cover:

 iteratively developing result presentations

 direct-manipulative visualizations

 tangible interaction for the simultaneous

selection of objects and the adjustment of

parameters

Show Optimizations

Show Numeric Values

Show Color Indicators

VIEW SETTINGS

Show Machine Numbers

Show Floorplan

Show Tool Groups

Total Queing Time

Throughout

Utilization

Total Setup Time

ACHIEVMENTS

APlansOpt

ADVANCED PLANNING | SCHEDULING | OPTIMIZATION

16 00

17 00 18 00 19 0015 0014 0013 00

14 00

15 00 16 00 17 0013 0012 0011 00

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15 00

16 00

17 00

13 00

12 00

11 00

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PTX 701

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ANB 77

CX 255

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PTX 702

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100%

PCX

VERSION 0.1 BETA

ADM Personal Assist

EINZELFALL

JANUAR DEZEMBER

Pauschale

(kumuliert)

Kreditzins

(kumuliert)

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

JANUAR DEZEMBER

ZINSSATZ

2.90 %

2.00 6.00

INDIVIDUELLER ZINS

VORLAGEN-ANTEILE

350.00 €

900.00 €

500.00 €

-150.00 €

+400.00 €

BREAK-EVEN

BONUS

? ?

150 €

1. JahrJAN DEZ

2. JahrJAN DEZ

ICEIS2013-15thInternationalConferenceonEnterpriseInformationSystems

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 topological object placement instead of

tables with textual attributes

 strong visual correlation between

topological and temporal information

 strong visual correlation between user

actions and resulting consequences

The presented concepts are varying in their

mentioned usage scenario, interaction modality and

additional aspects. Figure 5 summarizes the

prototypes according to their addressed user need,

scenario, modality and UI capabilities. These

examples give a first impression of innovative user

interface solutions in the field of enterprise systems.

Especially concepts addressing the identification of

and the access to the right functionality as well as

the overall system complexity (Topi et al., 2005) are

fundamental to increase usability. As users are

facing several barriers as briefly summarized in this

paper, especially the methodology of accessing

enterprise information should be renewed by

appropriate concepts. Whereas most of the

experienced users learned to use their ERP system

by attending time and cost consuming trainings and

their daily work over the years, especially

inexperienced users are still facing those problems.

In addition, primarily small and medium-sized

enterprises are affected, as they often have less

knowledge in application usage and cannot afford a

dedicated expert in this field. By utilizing visual

metaphors and reactive interfaces prior to textual

tables, forms and menus, a significant improvement

in ERP usability could be achieved.

However, multi-touch and tangible interaction

have been stated as less important in our local

survey (see section 2). One of the reasons for this

result might be that users are familiar with

keyboard- and mouse-based interaction and do not

have exhaustive experience in handling touch-

enabled devices. Hence, the resulting benefits of

such a technology can be hardly estimated by the

users themselves and might be misunderstood.

Therefore, it is increasingly important to offer

concrete and adequate prototypes, which are able to

illustrate the additional benefits and support the

confidence building in the new interface design.

With the help of the presented prototypes, the

usefulness but also the inadequacy could be

identified in a user study by qualitative and

quantitative methods

4 FUTURE WORK

Since our regional usability study from 2011

demonstrated that interface-related problems in ERP

still exist (cp. section 2), we currently conduct an

extended survey which is focused on the graphical

user interface and its interaction modalities. Our

major research questions are dedicated to mobile

devices, user guidance and the habits of private IT-

usage. To obtain a broader insight and deduce more

significant results, the study will focus on multiple

European countries, which currently involves

Austria, France, Germany, Latvia and Poland. Thus,

regional differences could be taken into account to

Figure 5: Classification of the presented concepts according to their user need, scenario, modality and UI capabilities.

User need Scenario

Graph-

based

Scheme

Spatial

Data

Landscape

Tangible

Floor Plan

Task-oriented

Visualizations

Detail and

Overview

Task-oriented

Visualizations

Multi-touch

Devices

3D Views on

Processes

and Facilities

Manufacturing

in ERP systems

Decision Support

& RT-SCM

APS &

Manual

Scheduling

Drill-down

capabilities

3 Levels:

- condensed

- prouct. steps

- details

2 Levels:

- data mountain

- production

schedule

2 Levels

- oor plan

- production

schedule

Guidance

capabilities

Implicit / random

- nodes can be selected

to display the details

(related ERP form)

Explicit / sequential

- stepwise from parameter

input to schedule

presentation

Visualization

capabilities

Graph with

enriched status

nodes with lling

and color scheme

Free zooming

data landscape

with color scheme

to indicate optimum

Floor plan with color

scheme to indicate

objective fulllment

Modality

Desktop

Desktop &

Mobile

Mouse &

Keyboard

Mouse &

Keyboard

Multi-touch

& Tangibles

Explicit / sequential

- stepwise from parameter

input to schedule

presentation

Detail and

Overview

Multi-touch

Devices

Mobile Business

Intelligence for

Sales and

Marketing

4 Levels

- year

- month

- week

- contract

Explicit

- categories as entry

point on start screen

- breadcrumb

Direct-manipulative

diagrams for

interactive and

visual drill-down

Mobile

Multi-touch

Touch-

enabled

Mobile

Dashboard

DiscoveringPotentialsinEnterpriseInterfaceDesign-AReviewofOurLatestCaseStudiesintheEnterpriseDomain

103

offer enhanced and region-tailored solutions. The

presented prototypes can make a valuable

contribution to illustrate the potentials of new

interface and interaction paradigms.

The findings of future user studies combined

with the approaches presented so far have to

converge to an integrated concept to ensure the

adequate consideration of usability concerns in the

software development workflow. By offering a

concrete usability standard or guideline for ERP,

that goes beyond abstract engineering standards such

as (ISO, 2013), the sustainability of usability

concerns in the field of ERP can be improved.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Christian Lambeck would like to thank

the European Union and the Free State

of Saxony, Germany for funding this

work. Special thanks are also due to

Christian Leyh, Dirk Schmalzried and

Bettina Kirchner for their enthusiastic

participation.

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