Flexinterface: A Framework to Provide Flexible Mobile Phone User

Interfaces

Addressing the Elderly Diversity

Vinícius P. Gonçalves

, Sibelius Seraphini

, Vânia P. A. Neris

and Jó Ueyama

Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos-SP, Brazil

Department of Computing, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil

Keywords: Tailorable Interfaces, Flexibility, Cell Phone, Elderly, Middleware, Framework.

Abstract: This paper outlines our work to provide flexible smartphone interfaces targeting the elderly. Our research

employs the Lancaster OpenCom middleware approach running on Android mobile phones. In this paper we

present FlexInterface, an approach for a reconfigurable interface for elderly people and show how our

model can help elderly people while interacting with mobile phones. We claim that flexible interfaces

supports interaction in a more universal manner and in this paper we consider the elderly population. We

carried out an assessment with the elderly to verify the feasibility of the proposal. The results suggest that

there was a reduction in interaction time with the use of flexible interfaces and an increase in user

satisfaction.

1 INTRODUCTION

According to the United Nations, there are currently

893 million people over the age of 60 in the world

(United Nations, 2010). This number will nearly

triple to 2.4 billion by the middle of this century.

"All countries - rich or poor, industrialized or

developing - are seeing their populations age in one

degree or another ", states the document (United

Nations, 2010), adding that the elderly population

growth will be faster than in other sectors of the

population at least by the year 2050.

According to Nielsen (Nielsen, 2011), many

elderly people in industrialized countries are active.

Although they are usually retired, they lead a

dynamic life and often have great interest in modern

technologies, as for instance smartphones. This

study also shows that 18% of the elderly use

smartphones, and that there was a 6% increase in the

purchase of these devices between 2010 and 2011.

However, many of today’s design solutions for

mobile phones target younger audiences, not

including the elderly population (Czaja and Lee,

2007); (Gonçalves et al., 2011); (Wood et al., 2005),

which has specific characteristics. Studies show a

negative association between age and interaction

skills (Hellman, 2007) and a significant reduction in

the number of people over 45 that benefits from

today’s Information and Communication

Technologies (Minister of Industry, 2005).

Thus, it is necessary to provide interfaces that

meet the highest possible number of elderly users,

regardless of their sensory, physical, cognitive and

emotional abilities. One way is to propose user

interfaces that allow changes in their behavior

during the interaction, giving each user the

possibility to adapt the interface according to their

preferences, needs and intended use (Neris and

Baranauskas, 2012); (Gonçalves et al., 2010). In this

context, flexibility refers to changes regarding the

presentation of the interface elements, namely

changes in color, size and window position, as well

as changes in the order of the interaction actions.

It should be highlighted that although there are

some studies in the literature regarding the flexible

design applications on mobile phones for the elderly

(Gonçalves et al., 2011); (Olwal et al., 2011);

(Gonçalves et al., 2012), little is found on the

implementation of these proposals. Therefore, this

paper presents the FlexInterface, a framework that

supports the development of tailored interface

design can determine user profile based on the

behavior pattern. Enabling to adapt the application

to the user needs during interaction.

143

P. Gonçalves V., Seraphini S., P. A. Neris V. and Ueyama J..

Flexinterface: A Framework to Provide Flexible Mobile Phone User Interfaces - Addressing the Elderly Diversity.

DOI: 10.5220/0004451401430150

In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS-2013), pages 143-150

ISBN: 978-989-8565-61-7

 2013 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)

In order to verify the feasibility of this proposal

given the various requirements of the elderly

population (Gonçalves et al., 2011), an assessment

was conducted with elderly people aged between 60

and 84. The sample group included persons with

little education and higher education and different

backgrounds regarding the use of technology.

This paper is organized as follows: Section 2

presents the OpenCom, an adaptive middleware

which was used as the basis for developing

FlexInterface; Section 3 presents the FlexInterface

approach and evaluates the overload incurred by

FlexInterface on a smartphone; Section 4 describes

the design of flexible interfaces on mobile phones

intended for the elderly and a case study of

FlexInterface with older people and compares the

results of a flexible approach with a non-flexible

one. Section 5 presents the benefits of our approach

and Section 6 presents the conclusion and suggests

future works.

2 OpenCom MIDDLEWARE

APPROACH

FOR CONSTRUCTING

FLEXIBLE INTERFACES

OpenCom (Ueyama et al., 2009) offers advantages

over other middleware because it focuses on creating

flexible systems in environments with scarce

resources (e.g., low memory). It can also be used in

heterogeneous environments, as will be discussed in

more detail below. Other middleware, such as the

Common Object Request Broker Architecture

(CORBA), are not suitable to be used on mobile

devices due to their robustness (Siegel, 1998).

Moreover, CORBA is a software layer that requires

memory resources that the platform of a cell phone

does not have.

Another known approach is ReMMoC (Grace et

al., 2003), which is a reflective middleware platform

that dynamically adapts to support SLP (Veizades et

al., 1997), and allows search and interaction with

web services in a mobile environment. Thus, a

mobile application can interact with a web service

that makes use of the UPnP protocol (Microsoft

Corporation, 2000), without considering how the

implementation should be done.

Thus, as the scope of this research addresses

middleware solutions for adaptive interfaces on

mobile devices, a Middleware approach supported

on OpenCom was defined, because this software

layer supports dynamic adaptation, since the

application components can be reconfigured in

running time. Therefore, depending on the needs of

the system, the middleware adapts to the dynamic

characteristics of the execution environment

(Ueyama et al., 2009).

2.1 OpenCom Overview

OpenCom, besides being open source, has a flexible

and extensible architecture, independent of

language. It is based on a microkernel, where the

features are incremented upon request (Ueyama et

al., 2009).

OpenCom is a reflective and generic middleware

that was developed at the University of Lancaster

(Coulson et al., 2008), and it takes into account

some characteristics, as outlined below:

Domain Independence: a general-purpose

systems technology should provide only general and

fundamental functions, which are independent of the

needs of any particular domain. Thus, it is important

that OpenCom builds generic software belonging to

various domains such as: operating systems,

middleware and embedded systems.

Device Independence: OpenCom is generic

enough and allows creating software for a wide

variety of platforms, such as PCs, set-top boxes and

mobile devices with scarce resources – such as

wireless sensor networks and mobile phones. This is

achieved due to the use of microkernel and the

possibility to add components with particular

functions for each device.

Low Overhead: Due to the limited resources of

some devices (for example: cell phones), it is

necessary that the Kernel of OpenCom not only uses

very little memory but also the minimum amount of

other resources, such as CPU.

The components that provide the functions are

responsible for performing the functions for which

the application was developed. In a calculator, for

example, the addition operation is a component,

while the subtraction operation is another

component. One component is not needed for the

other to function, which allows the component that

is not in use to be eradicated from the memory.

The components interact with other components

in the capsule exclusively through interaction points,

known as: “interfaces” and “receptacles” (Ueyama

et al., 2009). Interfaces are service units provided by

the components (Coulson et al., 2008). The

components can support any number of interfaces.

According to Coulson (Coulson et al., 2008), the

receptacles are “required interfaces” that make

explicit the dependencies of one component to other

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components. The components can support any

number of receptacles. Therefore, they are

fundamental to support of other implemented

modules and the construction of component-based

software approach.

An OpenCom based application works on any

device or operating system, provided it has the

kernel of OpenCom ported to this device. Moreover,

to ensure adaptability, the systems require the

characteristics of each user, which can be acquired

in various ways, from the registration data to the

user navigation observed on the network system.

For this research the development of systems that

adapt to various needs is highlighted; meeting the

requests of different users, different devices and

changes in environmental conditions. Given the

aforementioned considerations, this study did not

consider in its implementation only average needs,

but primarily the differences, as described in the

next section.

3 IMPLEMENTATIONS ISSUES

Using the set of rules that were defined in Section 3,

for the design of flexible interfaces for elderly users,

we developed a functional prototype which provides

the interfaces that can adapt to the older public

during run-time. The FlexInterface is a framework

that assists in implementing flexible interfaces and

was developed by means of Adaptive Middleware

OpenCom. With the aid of this resource, it is

possible to have mobile phone interfaces that adapt

to different older- user profiles.

3.1 The FlexInterface Approach

This research adopts a generic approach to build

adaptive applications in mobile devices. Thus,

(Ueyama et al., 2009) it shows that run-time

reconfiguration is a key feature to handle the

heterogeneous hardware that is inherent in mobile

devices.

Thus, by defining the design of flexible

interfaces so that they meet the many interaction

requirements of the elderly with mobile phones

(Gonçalves et al., 2011), it was possible to develop a

software layer called FlexInterface based on the

OpenCom component model (Ueyama et al., 2009).

FlexInterface is generic and has a flexible and

extensible architecture that is not dependent on

language. It is based on a microkernel, where the

functions are incremented upon request. In this

context, there is FlexComp, which is a generic and

reflective component of FlexInterface that has two

receptacles called FlowScreen and ProfileChecker,

as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: ElderlyFlex Component and its receptacles.

The FlowScreen component is responsible for

storing the sequence of actions/screens that a given

older user profile possesses, so that it can carry out a

task in the device. Thus, with the FlowScreen it is

possible, for example, to determine a sequence of

specific screens, for older adults with a low level of

education, to record a contact in the cell phone’s

agenda (Example: flow of actions / screens: Record

Name > Record Phone > Save Contact).

Additionally, the ProfileChecker component

receives the user’s interaction data and on the basis

of this information, is able to set the most

appropriate type of profile, and then determine

whether it is necessary to reconfigure the

FlexInterface components.

3.2 FlexInterface for Older Users

FlexInterface is a framework supported by the

development of adaptive interface designs that

allows the application to adapt to the needs of the

user during his interaction with it.

With regard to the many requirements which

emerged in the case study with the elderly and which

led to a set of rules being defined for behavior-

based adjustable interfaces (Gonçalves et al., 2011),

two different profiles of elderly people were

selected: seniors with up to fourth grade schooling

(low education) and those with education beyond the

fourth grade (high education).

Given the range of requirements, we used

FlexInterface to provide adaptability to the

interfaces. This meant that, as well as a change of

actions/screen flow and of the interface elements,

changes in the structure and size of the keyboard

were also necessary. In view of this, the ElderlyFlex

has been created, which is an extension of the

FlexComp of the FlexInterface. This extension

includes a new receptacle that is able to load the

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keyboard component and is suitable for the profile

determined by the ProfileChecker, as shown in

Figure 3.

Thus, the keyboard is represented by three

components to meet the requirements of elderly

users: a) the default, b) for the elderly with low

education and c) for the elderly with high education

(DefaultKeyboard, LowEducationKeyboard and

HighEducationKeyboard, respectively). Depending

on how the user interacts with the application, the

ProfilerChecker sets the most suitable profile at

runtime and enables the ElderlyFlex to connect to

the keyboard component that is most suited to the

profile, as shown in Figure 2.

(a) (b)

Figure 2: (a) Default Keyboard; (b) Adapted keyboard.

To determine which keyboard is best suited for each

user profile Elderly collected the data from user

input. For each keystroke, the following was

collected:

 Given character

 Elapsed time (ms) from previous tap

 Error (when the user deletes a character)

With regard to the FlexInterface architecture, the

components were developed that require the screen

flow called FlowScreen. For this particular scenario,

it was possible to explore the reconfiguration of the

actions/screen flow. In this case, the ProfileChecker

defines the interaction profile and analyzes the use

of a new layout with a different action flow that can

be used for the interface at the appropriate time.

Thus, owing to the change in the user´s standard

interaction, in the scenario in which the default

screens/actions flow component (DefaultFlow) is

loaded the ProfilerChecker can,for example, set the

low education as the most appropriate default for

this older user. As a result, the default flow

component will be disconnected and destroyed,

freeing up the memory; following this, the

screens/actions flow component for lower education

(LowEducationFlow) will be created and connected

to ElderlyFlex, making the application suitable for

the new interaction default.

It should be noted that when the screens/actions

flow reconfiguration is added, the screens of each

flow establish the interface layout formatting, the

position of the keys, the colors and the voice access,

by strictly adhering to the rules defined by

(Gonçalves et al., 2011) and using the PLuRaL

framework.

Figure 3: Our FlexInterface Components along with implemented Plugable Extensions.

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4 FLEXIBLE USER INTERFACE

DESIGN FOR THE ELDERLY

PEOPLE

The first results of this research report the outcomes

of a case study with older users, in order to support

the formalization of a flexible interface design for

mobile phones to meet the interaction requirements

of the elderly public (Gonçalves et al., 2011);

(Gonçalves et al., 2011). The case study analyzed

the application of a PLuRaL (Neris and

Baranauskas, 2010) framework for the design of

flexible interfaces and older users interacting with

cell phones were observed.

This framework is organized in three pillars. The

first one is to clarify the differences among the

potential users, devices and environments in which

the system can be used. Therefore, this step is to

clarify the problem and identify possible solutions.

The second pillar is the formalization of functional

requirements, which is constructed upon a consistent

view of the domain and that includes rules that

oversee the users’ behavior. Finally, the third pillar

addresses an approach that defines the design of

flexible interfaces through the formalization of

standards for the tailored behavior of the system

(Neris and Baranauskas, 2012).

Considering an approach that emphasizes the

Universal Design (Connell et al., 1997), it is

important to design systems that allow access to

knowledge and information, without physical and

social segregation and also that makes sense to the

largest possible number of users according to their

different sensory, physical, cognitive and emotional

abilities. Thus, it is necessary to approach the elderly

users and understand their peculiarities and

interaction requirements in order to generate tailored

interfaces that meet the preferences and needs of this

target audience.

Therefore, unlike conventional applications, the

development of a tailor-made system requires

designers to consider in their interfaces the different

potential uses, including the progress of users and

their experience with technology.

In order to meet the many interaction

requirements of the elderly public in a flexible

approach that is aligned with the Universal Design

principles (Connell et al., 1997), this paper adopted

the PLuRaL as a reference to guide the design

process and OpenCom to support the

implementation of these flexible interfaces.

However, perceiving that the literature emphasizes

the interaction problems faced by elderly users and

brings little on the various requirements of this

population of users, a practical observation activity

was performed, to learn more about the interaction

diversity of elderly users (Gonçalves et al., 2011).

The observation of the elderly corroborated with

the characterization of the public in question, which

guided and enriched the formal interaction

requirements with mobile phones in six different

aspects, starting with those regarding the physical

aspect of the device, up to the impact of this

interaction with the real world and the adjustable

behavior of a cellular system to meet the interaction

requirements of the elderly (Gonçalves et al., 2011).

In order to verify the FlexInterface proposal, a

practical new observation activity was performed

with a group of eight elderly people aged 60 and 84,

schooling ranging from no education up to higher

education (doctorate) and different experiences with

the use of technology. Accordingly, the next

subsections describe the planning and execution and

formalizes some results derived from the

observation.

4.1 Planning

Hypothesis: based on the different interaction

requirements of the elderly with cell phones, we

believe it makes sense to develop computing

solutions that address the existence of specific

situations, taking into consideration the standards

defined by (Gonçalves et al., 2011) for the tailored

behavior of the interfaces.

Purpose of the Case Study: observe and analyze

elderly user interaction with smart phone flexible

interfaces (smartphones) and verify if there is an

interaction improvement, using as a parameter the

practice carried out by (Gonçalves et al., 2011).

Methodology Applied: in order to analyze the

elderly user interaction using mobile phone flexible

interfaces, a senior user group was invited to

participate in a practice using cell phones. The

purpose of the activity was for the users to save a

contact in the cell’s phonebook and then place a call.

With the data obtained in the observation, it was

possible to see whether FlexInterface had facilitated

the interaction.

Support Material: To conduct the case study, a Term

of Consent, a Profile Survey Questionnaire and a

Participant Observation Form were prepared. The

Term of Consent elucidated the participants

regarding the research objective, the voluntary

participation and its scientific nature. The Profile

Questionnaire Survey had social and cultural

questions that allowed profiling these elderly users.

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The Participant Observation Form was designed to

help observe the user during his interaction with the

cell phone. In addition, besides making use of the

observation form, the participants were also being

filmed, so that all the details of the study could be

analyzed.

Devices used: The elderly people were organized

into pairs and during each individual’s interaction

the pair received a Samsung Galaxy 5 with Android

cell phone (smartphone) with OS version 2.2. The

cell phone had the battery charged and with prepaid

credits to make calls.

4.2 Execution

The observation practice of the elderly interacting

with the cell phones took place in a Reference

Center for Social Assistance (CRAS). These users

are part of a group that performs physical activities

intended for seniors, such as dance and theater. In

parallel to these activities, eight people were invited

to participate in some interaction tasks with the cell

phones, as described below.

First, the users were profiled. Furthermore, users

who did not have schooling, or never used cell

phones, or just used them to answer calls could be

identified. However, users with higher or secondary

education besides making calls, also send messages,

take pictures, edit contacts and play on their phones.

It should also be noted that there was a user who had

Alzheimer’s, which according to the teacher of the

group, was in an advanced stage.

For this application scenario a concept test that

allowed adapting the interface to two user profiles

was considered, defined by (Gonçalves et al., 2011):

the elderly with low education (studied up to fourth

grade), and educated elderly (studied beyond the

fourth grade). It was correlated that the low

education profile was characterized by having poor

mobile phone experience.

The participants worked in pairs and each

individual had a cell phone. The users profiles are as

described in Table 1. During the test, the pair sat

side by side during the cell phone interaction. Also,

these users were shown a paper that had the name

and phone number of a person they had to save in

the cell’s phonebook and then call the number in

question.

While the users performed the task with the cell

phone, the researchers conducting the case study

filled out an observation form with questions such

as: Needed help to start the task? The screen size is

adequate for the items?

The elderly were also told that, if necessary, they

could help or ask for help from their partner. The

number that was dialed was a landline number,

which went to the answering machine, which

repeated a message of thanks for their participation.

To define the pairs, an analysis of the profiles

was performed that took into account age and

education.

Table 1: Users profiles.

Pair Users Age

Education

level

Cell phone

usage

1 1, 2 81, 84

Less than 4

year

Never

2 3, 4 66, 60

Less than 4

year

Rarely

3 5, 6 60, 62

More than

12 years

Daily

4 7, 8 65, 69

Less than 4

year

Rarely

Therefore, people with similar ages and education

levels were grouped together. After completing the

task, the authors performed a discussion session with

the pair, raising issues related to flexibility, the

requirements met and the difficulties encountered

during the cell phone interaction.

4.3 Observation Results

In this research approach it is important to

emphasize that the evaluation was done at two

different times and with users of similar profiles.

Thus, the first evaluation focused on supporting the

requirements gathered for the different elderly

public and enable to evaluate the interaction time

and user satisfaction in the commercial solution

available in the cell phone used, that is with no

flexibility. This first assessment is described in a

previous work (Gonçalves et al., 2011). The second

assessment verified the quality of flexible solutions

for the elderly public, reported in this paper.

Taking into account the two practices conducted

with elderly users interacting with smartphones,

comparisons between the solutions presented could

be established: interaction with flexibility and with

no flexibility.

Therefore, from the observation, it was found

that there is a reduction in the time to complete a

task, in the flexible interfaces, when compared to the

interaction time of the non-flexible proposal, as seen

in Figure 4.

In line with the aforementioned, it was perceived

that some of the Pair2 and Pair4 users declared: “I

rather hear the voice than having to type.”; “I loved

talking to the cell phone. It talked to me!” and

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“Telling the phone what it has to do is much easier.

Is this phone for sale?”

Other users, those with low education,

mentioned that the polychromatic interfaces

facilitated their interaction with the device: “You

can see that button well. I loved the color green!”

Unlike what a user that has a doctorate declared:

“Having the color gray does not affect the task.”

This fact corroborates the survey conducted by

(Gonçalves et al., 2011).

Figure 4: Interaction time.

Moreover, it is noteworthy for this survey the

user satisfaction regarding the solutions presented in

the assessment. Thus, it was possible to verify the

satisfaction of these users, represented in the graph

in Figure, through a survey that took into account

favorable and unfavorable comments concerning the

proposals. Therefore, comments like: “The cell

phone vibrated right after I typed in the name. That

was good!”, highlighted by a user of Pair1,

considered as a favorable comment. However, for

comments like the one by a member of the Pair2: “I

click on the ‘A’ and an ‘S’ appears; the key is too

small”, was considered as a negative comment.

Figure 5: Graph showing elderly satisfaction.

Regarding the sequence of actions of a task, it

was observed that those with low education had a

greater ease in performing the task and some of

them, as for example, in the Pair4 pointed out: “I

found the screens to save the name so easy and

beautiful. My son’s cell phone isn’t like that!”

With the experiments with the elderly it was

possible to infer that the use of FlexInterface in

implementing the standards defined by (Gonçalves

et al., 2011) largely met the needs and preferences of

older users in the use of mobile phones.

5 BENEFITS OF OUR

APPROACH

We present the potential benefits of adopting a

generic approach to adaptive interfaces in the field

of smartphones.

 Adaptability and Extensibility. The use of adaptive

interfaces allows to modify the interface according to

the individual needs of each user. The generic approach

of FlexInterface allows new user profiles to be added to

an application without the need to change the other

components.

 Transfer of Skills. The use of different technologies to

build applications for each device does not enable the

transfer of skills through different tools. Set of skills

and areas of expertise are rarely transferable when

dealing with different technologies. The generic

approach promotes the transfer of skills, given that

developers use only a single tool for developing

applications based on a variety of technologies.

 Code reuse/modularity. A generic approach promotes to

reuse a code, hence developers can then reuse

components. For example, in our approach the profile

verification component for the Elderly

(ElderlyProfileChecker) can be reused in other

interfaces that will be used by the elderly.

 Universal Design. Our approach respects the different

interaction needs and includes them in the design

proposals. The FlexInterface framework considers a

Universal Design approach (Connell et al., 1992),

designed so that access to knowledge and information is

made without physical and social segregation, and

which makes sense to the largest possible number of

users according to their different sensory, physical,

cognitive and emotional skills.

6 CONCLUSIONS

AND FURTHER WORK

This paper presented FlexInterface, a research that

exploits the use of a middleware approach for

constructing flexible interfaces. Thanks to the

minimal kernel, FlexInterface is deployable on a

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wide range of environments, including those with

scarce resources (e.g. smartphones). We argue on

our previous paper in (Gonçalves et al., 2011) that

mobile phone interfaces are particularly designed for

young people. This is a critical issue as the

population of elderly people is increasingly higher,

nowadays. We have shown the suitability of

constructing a flexible interface using the runtime

reconfigurable middleware approach that we

borrowed from OpenCom. This ensures that both the

young and the elderly people can make use of a

single adaptive interface implementation on a

smartphone. We have prototyped FlexInterface and

carried out experiments with the elderly people on a

Galaxy Samsung smartphone running Android.

In future work, we will better describe user

behavior collecting a greater amount of user

interaction data (touch screen clicks, keys, duration,

etc.). This interaction detail will also allow an

element of the screen to be reconfigured

independently of the others. For example, if a user

takes too long to click the Save key having already

entered all the contact data, the interface resets the

color of the key changes so that the user perceives

what action he should do to finish the task.

Accordingly, the detailed behavior together with

the reconfiguration of interface elements allows

these interfaces to adapt to a wider range of features

and skills of elderly users or not.

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