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administrations to use techniques that are efficient
and less time consuming in order to get business
employees and citizens interested in participating.
Even so, there is a knowledge gap concerning
how existing techniques for implementing user
participation work and how they may be
implemented when developing public e-services.
This paper has originated from three user
participation design schools and the analysis
indicates that all participation techniques are eligible
but must be adjusted with respect to time efficiency
and to the context that most public administrations
belong to. They must also follow the design
principles for each of the design schools and this
means that each technique will be applied
differently. Future work is hence needed to develop
concrete and practical guidelines that will help
public administrations to develop useful and usable
e-services in collaboration with the intended users.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been conducted within the DOME
research project, sponsored by the Swedish Agency
for Innovation Systems (Vinnova).
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