![](bg5.png)
these changes are clinical meaningful, particularly in
patients' functionality.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The real-time 3D kinematic biofeedback, proved to
be an effective tool for improving the quality of the
exercises’ execution. Based on this study results
subjects who had access to kinematic biofeedback
improved 3D motion control of the ST during the
analyzed tasks, corroborating results from previous
studies. Such a tool can help subjects achieve
rehabilitation motor (re)learning goals, and improve
rehabilitation decision-making process by
quantifying human movement performance.
ACNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was a non-profit project and had no
financial support. The authors would like to
acknowledge all the participants that kindly accepted
to participate in this study.
REFERENCES
Cools, A. M., Witvrouw, E. E., Declercq, G.A., Danneels,
L. A., Cambier, D. C., 2003. Scapular muscle
recruitment patterns: trapezius muscle latency with
and without impingement symptoms. Am. J. Sports
Med. 31, 542–549.
Cowan, S. M., Bennell, K.L., Hodges, P.W., Crossley, K.
M., McConnell, J., 2003. Simultaneous feedforward
recruitment of the vasti in untrained postural tasks can
be restored by physical therapy. J. Orthop. Res. Off.
Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc. 21, 553–558.
Cunha-Miranda, L., Carnide, F., Lopes, M.F., 2010.
Prevalence of rheumatic occupational diseases -
PROUD study. Acta Reum. Port. 35, 215–226.
Egner, T., Gruzelier, J. H., 2003. Ecological validity of
neurofeedback: modulation of slow wave EEG
enhances musical performance. Neuroreport 14,
1221–1224.
Fitts, P.M., Posner, M.I., 1967. Human performance.
Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
Hanratty, C.E., McVeigh, J.G., Kerr, D.P., Basford, J.R.,
Finch, M.B., Pendleton, A., Sim, J., 2012. The
effectiveness of physiotherapy exercises in
subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Semin. Arthritis Rheum.
42, 297–316.
Hess, S.A., 2000. Functional stability of the glenohumeral
joint. Man. Ther. 5, 63–71.
Holtermann, A., Søgaard, K., Christensen, H., Dahl, B.,
Blangsted, A.K., 2008. The influence of biofeedback
training on trapezius activity and rest during
occupational computer work: a randomized controlled
trial. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 983–989.
Huang, H.-Y., Lin, J.-J., Guo, Y. L., Wang, W.T.-J., Chen,
Y.-J., 2013. EMG biofeedback effectiveness to alter
muscle activity pattern and scapular kinematics in
subjects with and without shoulder impingement. J.
Electromyogr. Kinesiol. Off. J. Int. Soc.
Electrophysiol. Kinesiol. 23, 267–274.
Issurin, V. B., 2013. Training transfer: scientific back-
ground and insights for practical application. Sports
Med. Auckl. NZ 43, 675–694.
Jones, L. L., French, K. E., 2007. Effects of contextual
interference on acquisition and retention of three
volleyball skills. Percept. Mot. Skills 105, 883–890.
Kibler, W. B., Ludewig, P. M., McClure, P.W., Michener,
L. A., Bak, K., Sciascia, A .D., Bak, K., Ebaugh, D.,
Kibler, W.B., Ludewig, P., Kuhn, J., McClure, P.,
Mazzocca, A., Michener, L., Bailey, L., Sciascia, A.
D., Borstad, J., Seitz, A., Cools, A., Uhl, T., Cote, M.,
2013. Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in
shoulder injury: the 2013 consensus statement from
the “scapular summit”. Br. J. Sports Med. 47, 877–
885.
Markovska-Simoska, S., Pop-Jordanova, N., Georgiev, D.,
2008. Simultaneous EEG and EMG biofeedback for
peak performance in musicians. Pril. Makedon. Akad.
Na Nauk. Umet. Oddelenie Za Biološki Med. Nauki
Contrib. Maced. Acad. Sci. Arts Sect. Biol. Med. Sci.
29, 239–252.
Maslovat, D., Brunke, K. M., Chua, R., Franks, I.M.,
2009. Feedback effects on learning a novel bimanual
coordination pattern: support for the guidance
hypothesis. J. Mot. Behav. 41, 45–54.
Matias, R., Pascoal, A.G., 2006. The unstable shoulder in
arm elevation: a three-dimensional and
electromyographic study in subjects with
glenohumeral instability. Clin. Biomech. Bristol Avon
21 Suppl 1, S52–58.
Michener, L.A., McClure, P.W., Karduna, A.R., 2003.
Anatomical and biomechanical mechanisms of
subacromial impingement syndrome. Clin. Biomech.
Bristol Avon 18, 369–379.
Milne, A.D., Chess, D.G., Johnson, J.A., King, G.J., 1996.
Accuracy of an electromagnetic tracking device: a
study of the optimal range and metal interference. J.
Biomech. 29, 791–793.
Mottram, S .L., 1997. Dynamic stability of the scapula.
Man. Ther. 2, 123–131.
Pop-Jordanova, N., Chakalaroska, I., 2008. Comparison of
Biofeedback Modalities for Better Achievement in
High School Students.
Schmidt, R.A., 2003. Motor schema theory after 27 years:
reflections and implications for a new theory. Res. Q.
Exerc. Sport 74, 366–375.
Sherwood, D.E., Lee, T.D., 2003. Schema theory: critical
review and implications for the role of cognition in a
new theory of motor learning. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 74,
EffectivenessofThree-DimensionalKinematicBiofeedbackonthePerformanceofScapula-focusedExercises
177