Population Ageing and ICT
An Exploratory Review of Technology Innovation trough Digital Applications
Jordi Solé-Casals, Mihaela Vancea, Jaume Miquel March and Jordi Villà-Freixa
Digital Technologies Group, University of Vic, Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Spain
Keywords: Ageing, Elderly, Health, Biometrics.
Abstract: The multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social change produced by population ageing
affects not only the quality of life of elderly people but also of our societies. Some dimensions of population
ageing grow and expand over time (e.g. knowledge of the world events, or experience in particular
situations), while others decline (e.g. reaction time, physical and psychological strength, or other functional
abilities like reduced speed and tiredness). Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can help
elderly to overcome possible limitations due to ageing. As a particular case, biometrics can allow the
development of new algorithms for early detection of cognitive impairments, by processing continuous
speech, handwriting or other challenged abilities. Among all possibilities, digital applications (Apps) for
mobile phones or tablets can allow the dissemination of such tools. In this article, after presenting and
discussing the process of population ageing and its social implications, we explore how ICTs through
different Apps can lead to new solutions for facing this major demographic challenge.
1 INTRODUCTION
Population ageing has become one of the major
challenges for the future of our societies. In Europe,
in the last three decades, birth and death rates have
gradually decreased while life expectancy has
significantly increased. The Eurostat’s population
projections suggest that the number of older persons
in the EU-27 will increase to such an extent that
there will be barely two persons of working age for
each person aged 65 or more by 2060 (Eurostat,
2013). Beside persistently low fertility rates,
strongly linked to the progressive inclusion of
women in the labour market, improvements in the
quality and availability of health care are likely, at
least in part, to explain the process of population
ageing.
The emergence of the so-called "information
society", "knowledge society" or "network society"
– a society characterised by a widespread
dissemination and use of new information and
communication technologies (ICTs) in all spheres of
life as well as by an increasing technological
capacity to store and exchange more and more
information in an almost instantaneous manner – has
taken place at the same time.
Currently, ICTs affect not only the way our
societies are organized but also how we obtain the
information, work, communicate, understand and
interact one with each other. More than 50 percent
of the European population uses Internet daily,
though around 30 percent have still never used it at
all. Moreover, elderly and disabled persons face
particular difficulties in benefiting fully from new
digital content and services. Since more and more
daily tasks are carried out online, everyone requires
enhanced digital skills to participate fully in society
(Digital Agenda for Europe. A Europe 2020
Initiative, 2014a) Exclusion from information or
knowledge-based society on the basis of age, gender,
origin or socio-economic status represents a new
form of social exclusion, the so-called digital divide
(Castells, 2004; van Dick, 2012) This new form of
social inequality requires an appropriate response
from state-based and international institutions,
which must take into consideration the global
development of new technologies in order to
distribute their benefits to the whole society,
including the elderly population. Accordingly, the
EU Digital Agenda through its Pillar VI aims to
achieve a better distribution of ICT equipment and
use, and thus tackle the digital divide at the
European level (Digital Agenda for Europe. A
Europe 2020 Initiative, 2014b).
331
Solé-Casals J., Vancea M., March J. and Villà-Freixa J..
Population Ageing and ICT - An Exploratory Review of Technology Innovation trough Digital Applications.
DOI: 10.5220/0004941803310338
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing (MPBS-2014), pages 331-338
ISBN: 978-989-758-011-6
Copyright
c
2014 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)
This work focuses on providing an exploratory
analysis of two basic issues: the population ageing
and the arrival of the Information Society, with the
aim of investigate how biometric technology
through ICTs can be used in order to improve the
quality of life for elderly people.
This paper is organized as follows: After this
introduction, ICT and ageing are presented in
section 2, while section 3 is devoted to Independent
Living Services overview. Section 4 focuses on
Biometrics for health and an overview of apps for
health and diagnosis are presented in section 5.
Finally, conclusions are presented in Section 6.
2 ICTS AND AGEING
A radical change in disease and death patterns has
occurred in deep relation with population ageing.
Improvements in medications, rehabilitation and
health systems have contributed to a delay in
disability and death as well as to a shift from
infectious and parasitic diseases to chronic and
degenerative diseases. This global epidemiological
change is more pronounced among the elderly,
degenerative and chronic diseases being their
primary diagnose or cause of death.
Among EU’s main mortality causes, we could
mention cardiovascular diseases (such as coronary
heart disease), hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancer,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
musculoskeletal conditions (such as arthritis and
osteoporosis), mental health conditions (mostly
dementia and depression), blindness and visual
impairment (World Health Organisation 2011).
Population ageing represents both, a physical and
social process. From a biomedical perspective
ageing is the final stage of the life cycle of a human
being, which after a variable period of time leads to
his/her death. But it is not only age that marks
individuals as elders. It is also a social construct
resulting from a social agreement to allow
individuals to stop working after a certain number of
years or a determined age. Various scientific
advances have created a scenario where the final
stage of human life might be extended to unexpected
limits. For example, a person may nowadays retire
around the age of 62 and die around the age of 85.
According with the World Health Organisation,
active ageing refers to “continuing participation in
social, economic, cultural, spiritual and civic affairs,
not just the ability to be physically active to
participate in the labour force. Older people who
retire from work and those who are ill or live with
disabilities can remain active contributors to their
families, peers, communities and nations” (World
Health Organisation, 2014 Specific policies have
been designed to allow elders to remain independent
and active as they age, while prevention policies
have tried to improve their quality of life as well as
to balance family and state’s role when caring for
people in need of assistance.
In this scenario is where we can place the
Independent Living Services (ILSs), which are
presented in the next section.
3 INDEPENDENT LIVING
SERVICES (ILS)
Independent Living Services (ILSs) have been
designed to assist people in gaining independence as
well as communities in eliminating barriers to
independence. ICT-based Independent Living
Services enable people to lead a more independent
and participatory life through the use of ICTs. A
Life Course Approach to Active Ageing assumes
that older people are not a homogeneous group and
that individual diversity tends to increase with age
(
World Health Organisation, 2012) Interventions that
create supportive environments and foster healthy
choices are important at all stages of life. As
individuals age, degenerative and chronic diseases
become the leading causes of mortality and
disability across the world. These diseases are more
common in the later life cycle and are costly for
individuals, families and states. Yet, many of these
diseases are preventable or can be postponed.
According with the Europe 2020 strategy, the
Innovation Union initiative aims to improve
framework conditions and access to finance for
research and innovation so as to ensure that
innovative ideas can be turned into products and
services that create growth and jobs. In terms of
population ageing, Europe needs to work on the
detection and diagnosis of age-related diseases and
also on the development of medicines and treatments
to prevent these diseases.
Innovative solutions, including ICT technologies
can play a crucial role because they have the
potential to provide high-quality, personalized
medicine and health (social) care, while increasing
the efficiency of our health-care system.
European Commission’s support for innovative
research in the health care sector has been strongly
affirmed in order to develop:
• New medicines
BIOSIGNALS2014-InternationalConferenceonBio-inspiredSystemsandSignalProcessing
332
• New treatments or diagnosis tools
• New institutional or organizational approaches
• New solutions that allow a better quality of life for
the elderly
4 BIOMETRICS FOR HEALTH
Biometric systems, given their potential to collect
any kind of information about any biological
organism or system, have been widely and mainly
studied for its use in security applications. As such,
most scientists have restricted discussions about
biometrics to these kinds of projects. Nowadays,
other applications such as biomedicine, psychology
and/or forensic applications are using biometric
information in order to get innovative solution and
better results. However, most solutions today
operate on different methods like the use of
multivariate processing that can reach specialised
systems to provide possible better conditions for
image processing.
Today, people are living longer than ever, largely
due to the last advancements in medical technology.
Many of the most recent life-saving applications
entail technological solutions that can also be used
in our everyday lives. Those who are not familiar
with biometrics or another related area of
information technologies usually think of biometric
programs as either based on fingerprint data or iris
scanning. While these (as well as computer image
processing of facial features) have been the basis of
biometric security advances, they are not the only
ways to collect and use data about a specific person.
Some new biometric programs are now using
information that is more abstract, what we might call
"physical-behavioural" information, to identify a
certain individual. A great example is the new
development of a seat that can tell who is sitting in
the seat by measuring the weight balances and other
signals that come from a sensor-equipped pad
showing data related to spinal alignment, body mass
and balance and positioning tendencies. These
advancements bring technological devices ever
closer to our hearts - literally - as well as to our eyes,
skin and other organs. As such, biotechnology, or
the integration of technology with the human body,
is becoming more and more widespread.
4.1 Cognitive Impairments
as an Example
Biometrics focused on people includes a large group
of applications, being the most important health and
safety ones. While both fields have traditionally
been approached separately, there are interactions
between them.
With the increasing of life expectancy, problems
related to cognitive impairment become every day
more important. All those impairments are clearly
visible from the measurement of behavioural
biometric signals (voice, signature, writing, gait,
etc.). Moreover, the aging of individuals affects
recognition rates of biometric security systems.
In health biometrics our interest is to have
quantitative measurements to indicate the state of
health of the person. Especially in the case of
diseases for which there are no biological markers
and in which early diagnosis is difficult and is
usually made from examination of the cognitive
abilities of the individual. In such cases, a computer
-based analysis and signal processing can
significantly improve the assessments made by
experts from the health, since most of the time their
assessments are more qualitative than quantitative.
In biometric measurements we are interested
with robust features along the time, and stable
against changes in health. Therefore, the objective
should be to address biometrics from a global point
of view taking into account the natural process of
ageing in order to adjust the systems that can help us
to early detect cognitive impairments.
Various researchers have explored different
solutions to help on the early diagnose of
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using continuous speech
signal (Lopez-de-Ipiña et al., 2013a). They have
analysed non-invasive methods based on continuous
speech and used them for designing an automatic
system that can provide medical doctors another
point of view for the early diagnosis of AD.
On the other hand, Emotional Temperature (ET)
is presented as a new parameter, combined with
other traditional speech parameters, which can
improve and facilitate the early diagnosis of AD
(Lopez-de-Ipiña et al., 2013b).
Handwriting signals have also been used for
cognitive impairment detection. For example, some
authors have explored in-air and pressure
information recovered by a graphical tablet which
provides up to 5 different parameters: azimuth angle,
elevation angle, pressure, X-coordinates and Y-
coordinates (Faundez-Zanuy et al., 2013). Online
drawings performed by elderly people (control
group) and AD patients can be used in order to
design a non-invasive system for dementia diagnose.
PopulationAgeingandICT-AnExploratoryReviewofTechnologyInnovationtroughDigitalApplications
333
5 APPLICATIONS
5.1 Health Apps
A wide range of health applications have been
developed across the world in order to help out
different user groups.
Health applications represent a technological tool
to help informing and supporting people in the self-
management of their health and wellbeing. Some of
these apps can prove to be extremely useful for
elderly people in terms of self-empowerment and
self-care. They may thus endorse an active and
healthy ageing for this group of users. This general
panorama of existent health apps serves us to
identify and classify useful and reliable apps by user
groups. Scrutiny of these apps also helps us to
discover their main characteristics, their strengths
and their weaknesses in order to promote innovative
and efficient apps for the elderly people.
The following health apps are of general use.
The main users are the patients (actual and
potential), the social inclusion agents (family,
medical professionals) and, in some case, both
patients and social inclusion agents. These apps
include various functionalities like:
To improve communication, access patient’s
medical records or supply information on
different symptoms or disabilities in case of
accident or emergency;
To optimize doctor patient communication;
To raise awareness of end-of life issues;
To access general medical information and assist
in navigating around basic healthcare issues;
To help improving attendance in consultation
and offer medical guideline (pathologies,
medications, dosages, interactions, dose
calculation tools, diagnostic comparisons);
To store, share and track medical records;
To help take medication on time and keep track
of the medication;
To help manage pain and track medications, side
effects, symptoms of pain, and triggers;
To locate pharmacies in the user’s local area and
communicate directly with a chosen pharmacy,
to enquire whether products are in stock;
To assist in diverse exercise activities;
To self-diagnose symptoms, find doctors and
facilities, and connect to hotlines;
To monitor movement and determine the lightest
sleep phase for wakening-up;
To locate accessible toilets while travelling
around.
5.2 Diseases and Disabilities Apps
These health apps have been developed for different
users in case of particular diseases or disabilities.
Most of these apps have been designed mainly for
patients’ use (e.g. actual and potential patients):
To help cope with daily living;
To assist with diagnosis, treatment and care;
To help travelling around, for example, in the
case of disability mobility;
To provide patient information;
To help detect, rate, track and improve
disease/disability through self-monitoring;
To cope with society’s attitudes to
disease/disability, for example, in the case of
chronic fatigue syndrome, communication
disability, deafness, etc.;
To improve communication, for example, in the
case of communication disability, deafness or
visual impairment;
To provide information on nutrition and diet, for
example, in the case of diabetes, inflammatory
bowel disease or kidney disease;
To help remember, manage and organize
everyday lives, for example, in the case of
mental health problems.
Some health apps have been designed only for
caregivers’ use (e.g. carers, parents, family,
friends and medical professionals);
To help cope with daily living;
To offer support for symptoms and disabilities.
Other health apps have been designed to serve
both patients and caregivers;
To provide patient information;
To assist in diagnosis, treatment and care.
BIOSIGNALS2014-InternationalConferenceonBio-inspiredSystemsandSignalProcessing
334
Table 1: General Healthcare Apps.
Patients Caregivers Patients and caregivers
Accident and
Emergency/Ad
diction
In Case of Emergency (Android,
Blackberry)
BHF PocketCPR, ICE
(Android, Apple); Pocket First
Aid & CPR (Android,
Apple);RCP & Asfixia
(Android, Apple); Trygfonden
Hjertestart [Tryg Foundation
Heart Start] (Apple); U-Turn
(Android, Apple)
112 Iceland (Android, Apple)
Doctor-Patient
Communication
Fodspor [Footprints] (Apple,
Android); Medipal (Apple,
Android); Tyze (Apple)
End-of-life
issues
Legacy Organiser (Apple)
5 things to do before I die
(Facebook)
Exercise
Body Fitness Pro (Android);
CardioTrainer (Android); Global
Corporate Challenge (Apple,
Android); Healthy from O2 Health
(Apple); Nike+ Running (Apple,
Android); Pedometer (Apple,
Android); Yoga Poses (Android)
General
Healthcare
information
HealthTap (Apple, Android)
IDoctus (web, iphone / ipad,
android)
FarmaciaPlus (Apple)
General
Medical
Information
mediLexicon (Apple,
Android); Speed Anatomy
Lite (Quiz) (Apple, Android)
Medical
Records
Capzule PHR (Apple);
MyMedRec (Apple)
Medication
Reminders
Dosecast (Apple, Android);
Dr.DRIN; Med Minder (Android);
OATBook (Apple); Pill Reminder
Pro (Push Notifi cation) (Apple);
Pillboxie (Apple); Refi lls App
(Apple); RxmindMe Prescription
(Apple)
Pillbox (Apple)
Pain
My Pain Diary (Apple): Chronic
Pain Management (Apple,
Android); Pain Care
Pharmacy
finder
Apo-App (Android)
Self Diagnosis
iTriage (Apple, Android); WebMD
(Apple, Android).
Sleep Sleep Cycle Alarm Clock (Apple)
Toilet finder
Accessible Toilet Guide (Apple);
Porselensguiden [Toliet Guide]
(Apple, Android); Toilet Finder
(Apple, Android); Wheelmate
(Apple)
PopulationAgeingandICT-AnExploratoryReviewofTechnologyInnovationtroughDigitalApplications
335
Table 2: Disease and Disability Apps.
Patients Caregivers
Patients and
caregivers
Alzheimer
AlzNav (Android); Brain Map (Apple); BrainyApp
(Apple); Lumosity Brain Trainer (Apple)
Alzheimer App
(Android, Apple);
MobiCare (Apple)
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
Back to Action (Android, Apple)
iAnkylosingSpondylitis
(Apple).
Anxiety and
stress
Colour Therapy Anti Stress (Android); Headspace
(on-the-go) (Apple, Android); Live Happy (Apple);
Stress Tips (Android, Apple)
Arthritis
ArthritisID (Apple); Pauseboogie fra
Gigtforeningen (Android, Apple); RheumaTrack
(Android, Apple); Tip Share (Android, Apple)
Asthma and
Allergy
MyAsthma (Android, Apple); Pollenvarsel
(Android, Apple); Sussex Air (Android, Apple)
AsthmaPulse (Apple);
AsthmaTrack (Apple)
Cancer
Borstkanker [Breast cancer] (Apple); Cancer
iOncolex (Apple); Ovarian Cancer Symptom Diary;
Skin Scan (Apple); UMSkinCheck (Apple)
Ecco CanCer (Android,
Apple)
Chronic
fatigue
syndrome
ActiveME (Apple); CFSMapp (Android, Apple)
Communicati
on Disability
HelpTalk (Android); Phrase Board
(Apple);Predictable (Apple); Proloquo2Go (Apple);
SmallTalk Aphasia – Female (Apple); SmallTalk
Intensive Care (Apple); SmallTalk Pain Scale
(Apple); Speak it! Text to Speech (Apple);
Talkforme (Apple); Verbally (Apple)
Continence Bladder Pal (Apple, Android)
Deafness
Dragon Dictation (Apple); Hearing-Check (Apple);
myFriend Mobile (Android); Sorenson BuzzCards
(Apple); SoundAMP R (Apple); Subtitles (Apple);
Tap Tap (Apple)
Sign 4 Me—a Signed
English Translator
(Apple)
Diabetes
CarbFinder (Apple); Carbs & Cals (Android,
Apple); DAFNE Online (Android, Apple); Diabetes
UK Tracker (Apple); OnTrack Diabetes
(Android)Glucose Buddy—Diabetes Helper
(Apple); Glucose Companion Free (Apple);
HelpDiabetes (Android); iBGStar Diabetes Manager
App (mmol/L or mg/dL) (Apple);
Journals of the
American Diabetes
Association (Apple);
Disability/Dis
ability
Mobility
Body Language – Expressions (Android); Dragon
Search (Apple); Everyday Social Skills (Apple);
Survival Signs & Words HD (Apple); Accessibility
(Android, Apple); My DisabledGo London (Apple);
Wheelmap (Andorid, Apple)
BIOSIGNALS2014-InternationalConferenceonBio-inspiredSystemsandSignalProcessing
336
Table 2: Disease and Disability Apps. (Cont.)
Fibromyalgia FibroMapp (Android, Apple)
Heart
Blackouts Checkapp (Apple); iBP Blood Pressure
(Android, Apple); Instant Heart Rate (Android,
Apple); Know Your Pulse (Apple)
Blood Pressure Log
(Android)
Inflammatory
Bowel Disease
Colonoscopy Prep Assistant (Android, Apple);
myIBD (Android, Apple).
Kidney
disease
KidneyDiet (Android, Apple); RENAL TRKRR
(Android, Apple)
Mental health
problems
Angry Birds (Andorid, Apple); Mobilplanforalle
(Apple, Android); Qcard (Appl); T2 Mood Tracker
(Apple, Android).
Buddy
(http://bit.ly/NjERtK)
Cognitive Diary CBT
Self-Help (Android)
Neurological
conditions
NeuroMind (Apple,
Android)
Parkinson’s
disease
PD Life (Apple) Parkinsons (Apple)
Stroke FAST Test (Android, Apple)
Visual
Impairment
BIG Launcher (Android); LookTel Money Reader
(Apple); VizWiz (Apple); Zoom Plus Video
Magnifier (Android)
VisionSim by Braille
Institute (Apple)
6 DISCUSSION
AND CONCLUSIONS
As presented in section 5, there are various apps
designed to help persons manage their health,
diseases and disabilities, but also to assist caregivers
and doctors in their daily activities.
Biometrics, even if it has originally been used for
biometric identification of individuals and devoted
thus to security applications, can be also used in
healthcare. The goal would be to identify health
problems (risky situation, impairment, body’s
feature, etc.) that can be faced through innovative
technological solutions. For example, specific
technology can be used for identification of
cognitive impairments, as presented above. Speech
or handwriting are just some of biometric traits that
can be used, as presented in section 4, but also
image processing, gait or others are also good
candidates. Of course, biometric traits that
significantly degenerate in time are not good
candidates for healthcare digital applications, and
neither uncomfortable procedures for elderly people
like retina scan or others.
This article explored different uses of ICTs for
maintaining or enhancing an active and healthy
ageing and wellbeing, and provided an exploratory
analysis of existent digital applications that elderly
people can use in this aspect. The presented apps
provide different services and help elderly people to
improve their living conditions. Tables 1 and 2, even
if not exhaustive, provide valuable information of
existent health apps, according to the interested user.
PopulationAgeingandICT-AnExploratoryReviewofTechnologyInnovationtroughDigitalApplications
337
In this scenario, biometrics has been presented as
a technical tool to be considered for developers in
order to design new apps using signal processing
algorithms for health biometrics. For example,
speech processing, handwriting, image processing
and gait represent possible and interesting fields for
further investigation and technology development.
Future work will include the design of new apps
adapted to elderly people, and also the study of
hardware devices (cheap and easy to manage) that
could allow increasing the type of recorded
biosignals. Arduino and Raspberry Pi will be
explored to perform biometric and medical
applications where body monitoring is needed. In
these devices many kind of different sensors can be
used: for example, pulse, oxygen in blood (SPO2),
airflow (breathing), body temperature,
electrocardiogram (ECG), glucometer, galvanic skin
response (GSR - sweating), blood pressure
(sphygmomanometer) or patient position
(accelerometer).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been supported by the European
Union trough SEACW project (ICT-PSP-2012), and
by the University of Vic under the grant R0904. The
authors are very grateful to ALIAD Conocimiento y
Servicio for their comments and suggestions and to
the reviewers for their careful and meticulous
reading of the paper, and would like to kindly
acknowledge them.
REFERENCES
Eurostat (2012) Statistics Explained Archive, Vol. 2 Social
Statistics. (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_
explained/) - 22/02/2013.
Digital Agenda for Europe. A Europe 2020 Initiative
(2014a) (http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/our-
goals/pillar-vi-enhancing-digital-literacy-skills- and-
inclusion) – 12/12/2013.
Castells, Manuel (2004) La era de la información:
Economía, sociedad y cultura (The era of information:
Economy, society and culture), Vol. III, Mexico,
Argentina, Spain: Siglo XXI Editores;
Van Dijk, Jan (2012) The network society (3rd ed.),
London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Digital Agenda for Europe. A Europe 2020 Initiative
(2014b) (http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/our-
goals/pillar-vi-enhancing-digital-literacy-skills- and-
inclusion) – 12/12/2013.
World Health Organisation (2011) Noncommunicable
diseases country profiles (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/
publications/2011/9789241502283_eng.pdf) – 20/03/
2013.
World Health Organisation (2014) (http://www.who.int/
ageing/active_ageing/en/) – 15/09/2013.
World Health Organisation (2012) A life course
perspective of maintaining independence in older age.
(http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_HSC_AHE_
99.2_life.pdf) – 10/11/2013.
Karmele López-de-Ipiña, J.B. Alonso, C.M. Travieso, J.
Solé-Casals, H. Egiraun, A. Ezeiza, N.Barroso, M.
Faundez-Zanuy, M. Ecay-Torres, P. Martinez-Lage,
U. Martinez-de-Lizardui, “On the selection of non-
invasive methods based on speech analysis oriented to
automatic Alzheimer Disease diagnosis”, Sensors, vol.
5, pp. 6730-6745, 2013. DOI: 10.3390/s130506730.
K. López-de-Ipiña, J. B. Alonso, J. Solé-Casals, N.
Barroso, P. Henriquez, M. Faundez-Zanuy, C. M.
Travieso, M. Ecay-Torres, P. Martínez-Lage, H.
Eguiraun, “On Automatic Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s
Disease Based on Spontaneous Speech Analysis and
Emotional Temperature”, Cognitive Computation,
2013. 10.1007/s12559-013-9229-9.
M. Faundez-Zanuy, E. Sesa-Nogueras, J. Roure-Alcobé, J.
Garré-Olmo, K. Lopez-de-Ipiña, J. Solé-Casals,
“Online Drawings for Dementia Diagnose: In-Air and
Pressure Information Analysis”, XIII Mediterranean
Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering
and Computing 2013 IFMBE Proceedings Volume 41,
2014, pp 567-570.
BIOSIGNALS2014-InternationalConferenceonBio-inspiredSystemsandSignalProcessing
338
