![](bg7.png)
instructions. The leader of each system send
report to the strategic level about the progress,
actions carried, material and resources needed
etc…
Information instructions: after receiving
information description or request, the
commander of rescue or system leader gives
instructions and order to execute and carry out
in the area.
The table 1 present the general information
related and needed by each service classified by
category.
5.3 Information-Action Dependency
On analysing the activities of different actors
through the interviews and exercises, we conclude
the interdependency between actions and
information awareness. In other words, an activity to
be performed may depend on information possessed
by others. For example, EMS could not collect and
treat victims if the firefighters haven’t determined
yet the scope of exclusion, secure the area and
decontaminate victims. Also the police could not
search the first information related to the accident
before that. Actors need an informational interaction
to execute an action. For instance, the firefighter
needs information about “victim treatment” to treat
the victim (e.g. area does not allow access to the
doctor: Toxic area), but the doctor could not deliver
the right information if he does not possess the
information about “victim severity” and his state.
Thus, it is important to share this information for
both the sender and the receiver.
6 CONCLUSIONS
On analysing the operations and experiences of
different emergency actors in crisis management, we
found problems about communication and
information sharing specially in transversal
organizations. Different services with different
cultures and priorities are invited to collaborate and
deal together with crisis; however, many problems
can hint the communication, information sharing and
impact their cooperation as consequence. In this
paper, we analyse the communication in each
service and between different services. We
emphasize the problems that influence transversal
communication between different rescuers and how
these problems can impact information awareness
and then, achievement of actions.
In our future work, we will propose a
cooperative system and common workspace between
different organizations to enhance the interaction of
relevant information by emergency actors and in
order to increase mutual awareness in crisis area to
perform actions easily and at the right time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Champagne-Ardennes Region
(France) and all contributors of this work.
REFERENCES
Bowman, M., Graham, J.H. and Gantt, J., 2006 A Robust
and Affordable Mobile Communications System for
Emergency Management and Crisis Response. In
Fourth Annual Conference on Telecommunications &
Information Technology.
Bui T. A 2000 Framework for Designing a Global
Information Network for Multinational Humanitarian
Assistance / Disaster Relief. 2000
Chan, K., Jin-Hee Cho, and Adali, S., 2012. Composite
Trust Model for an Information Sharing Scenario.
2012 9th International Conference on Ubiquitous
Intelligence and Computing and 9th International
Conference on Autonomic and Trusted Computing,
September. Ieee, 439–46. doi:10.1109/UIC-
ATC.2012.11. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/
epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6332033.
De Souza, C. R. B., and Redmiles, David F.. 2011. The
Awareness Network, To Whom Should I Display My
Actions? And, Whose Actions Should I Monitor?
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 37 (3):
325–40. doi:10.1109/TSE.2011.19. http://ieeexplore.
ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=57109
50.
Dourish, P., and Bellotti, V., 1992. Awareness and
Coordination in Shared Workspaces. Proceedings of
the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported
Cooperative Work - CSCW ’92. New York, New
York, USA: ACM Press, 107–14.
doi:10.1145/143457.143468. http://portal.acm.org/
citation.cfm?doid=143457.143468.
Gorman, J. C., Cooke, N. J. & Winner, J. L. 2006:
Measuring team situation awareness in decentralized
command and control environment. Ergonomics,
49(12-13), 1312-25 (2006). DOI:10.1080/
00140130600612788
Ellis, C.A. Gribbs S.J. and Rein G.L., 1991 Groupware -
some issues and experiences, Communications of the
ACM 34(1) . 38-58.
Ho, J. and Tang R. 2001. Towards an optimal resolution to
information overload: an infomediary approach. In
Proceedings of the 2001 International ACM
SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work
(GROUP '01), Clarence (Skip) Ellis and Ilze Zigurs
KMIS2014-InternationalConferenceonKnowledgeManagementandInformationSharing
218