An Approach to Multimedia Content Management
Filippo Eros Pani, Giulio Concas and Simone Porru
Department of Electrics and Electronics Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Keywords: Multimedia Content Management, Top-down and Bottom-up Analysis, Knowledge Base, Ontology,
Taxonomy, Metadata Schema.
Abstract: Standardized formalizations of the knowledge are used by domain experts to share information in the form
of reusable knowledge. The primary objective of our work is the definition of an approach for multimedia
content management. We reached that goal through a validation activity which lasted for the last three
years, and was carried on through the application on different case studies, some of them described in detail
in previously published papers. This approach aims to represent the knowledge through a mixed-iterative
approach, where top-down and bottom-up analyses are applied on the knowledge domain we want to
represent. We focused our research on some issues concerning Knowledge Management, strictly related to
the process of making multimedia content-related knowledge easily available to users. We need to represent
and manage this knowledge, in order to formalize and codify all the knowledge in the domain. This
formalization can eventually lead us to easily manage that knowledge through the use of repositories.
1 INTRODUCTION AND
RELATED WORK
In recent years the development of models to
formalize the knowledge has been studied and
analyzed. The ontologies - explicit formal
specifications of the terms in a specific domain and
relations among them (Gruber, 1993) (Guarino and
Giaretta, 1995) (Jewell et al., 2005) (Hepp, 2007)
(Gruber, 2008) - take an important part in these
formalization approaches.
Ontologies have become common on the World
Wide Web at the end of 2000. In the Web range
there are many directory services of Web sites.
These directory services are large taxonomies, which
organize Web sites in categories. Other systems
categorize products for e-commerce purpose, as in
the case of Amazon. They use an implicit taxonomy
to organize the products for sale by type and
features. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
has developed the Resource Description Framework
(RDF) (Brickley and Guha, 1999) (Lassila and
Swick, 1999), a language for encoding knowledge
on Web pages to make it understandable to
electronic agents searching for information, as main
foreground concept of the Semantic Web (Maedche
and Staab, 2001) (Gómez-Pérez and Corcho, 2002)
(Jacob, 2003) (Horrocks, 2008) (Simperi, 2009). The
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA), in cooperation with the W3C, has
developed DARPA Agent Markup Language
(DAML) by extending RDF with more expressive
constructs aimed at facilitating agent interaction on
the Web (Hendler and McGuinness, 2000).
Many disciplines develop standardized
formalization of the knowledge which domain
experts can use to share information in the form of
reusable knowledge. Many people use ontology
(Noy and McGuinness, 2001) to define a common
vocabulary for researchers who need to share
information in a domain. It includes machine-
interpretable definitions of basic concepts in the
domain and relations among them.
Why would someone want to develop an
ontology? Some of the reasons are:
- to share common understanding of the structure
of information among people or software agents;
- to enable reuse of domain knowledge;
- to make domain assumptions explicit;
- to separate domain knowledge from the
operational knowledge;
- to analyze the knowledge domain.
Sharing common understanding of the structure of
information among people or software agents is one
of the most common goals in the ontology
development (Musen, 1992). For example, suppose
264
Pani F., Concas G. and Porru S..
An Approach to Multimedia Content Management.
DOI: 10.5220/0005078102640271
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Ontology Development (KEOD-2014), pages 264-271
ISBN: 978-989-758-049-9
Copyright
c
2014 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)
that several different Web sites contain medical
information, or provide medical e-commerce
services. If these Web sites share and publish the
same underlying ontology of the terms they all use,
then computer agents can extract and aggregate
information from these different sites. The agents
can use this aggregated information to answer user
queries or as input data to other applications.
Enabling reuse of domain knowledge was one of
the driving forces behind our studies. Analyzing
domain knowledge is possible once a formal
specification of the terms and their structure is
available.
In this work, we propose a process to identify
and locate knowledge and knowledge sources within
the domain, paying attention to multimedia objects.
Valuable knowledge is then translated into explicit
form through formalization and codification of the
knowledge, in order to maximise its availability.
We want to represent knowledge through a
mixed-iterative approach, where top-down (TD) and
bottom-up (BU) analyses of the knowledge domain
which has to be represented are applied: these are
typical approaches for this kind of problems. In this
case, they are applied following an iterative
approach which allows, through further refinements,
for a more efficient formalization, able to represent
all the knowledge in the domain of interest.
We start from the concept of the “domain
knowledge base”. The fundamental body of
knowledge available on a domain is the knowledge
valuable for the users. We need to represent and
manage this knowledge, to define a formalization
and codification of the knowledge in that domain.
After this formalization we can manage it using
repositories.
In this paper, we summarize four different
knowledge formalizations for multimedia contents,
using our proposed approach (these case studies
have been described in some scientific publications):
1) User Generated Contents from famous
platforms (Flickr, YouTube, etc.);
2) audio recordings regarding linguistic corpus,
and information added to that corpus with
annotations;
3) knowledge associated with construction
processes;
4) descriptions and reviews of Italian wines.
The paper is structured as follows: in Section
Two we propose our approach to multimedia objects
management, based on TD and BU analysis. In
Section Three we present some remarks from case
studies, carried on during the last three years, in
which our approach was successfully applied, and
Section Four includes an interesting example of
industrial exploitation of our research. Lastly, in
Section Five, the conclusion and some reasonings
about our work are presented.
2 THE PROPOSED APPROACH
The basic concepts of our approach are the
following:
1) there is no “correct” way or methodology for
developing ontologies (Noy and McGuinness, 2001)
and in general for analyzing and
codifying/formalizing knowledge;
2) the main goal is to make the knowledge of a
specific domain available and reusable for a specific
purpose;
3) the formalized knowledge is not all the
knowledge in the domain, but only the interesting
information for the specific problem;
4) not-formalized information have to be
inventoried (they can be included in the multimedia
objects);
5) the formalized information will be represented
using metadata;
6) the structure of the knowledge of the specific
domain has to be analyzed using a TD approach;
7) the information in the object of the specific
domain have to be analyzed using a BU approach;
8) the analysis process will be iterative, mixing
TD and BU approaches.
2.1 Top-down Phase
When our knowledge or our expectations are
influenced by perception, we refer to schema-driven
or TD elaboration. A schema is a model formerly
created by our experience. More general or abstract
contents are indicated as higher level, while concrete
details are indicated as lower level.
A TD elaboration happens whenever a higher
level concept influences the interpretation of lower
level information. Generally, the TD process is an
information process based on former knowledge or
acquired mental schemes; it allows us to make
inferences: to “perceive” or “know” more than what
can be found in data. TD methodology starts,
therefore, by identifying a target to reach, and then
pinpoints the strategy to use in order to reach the
established goal.
We begin by formalizing the reference
knowledge (ontology, taxonomy, metadata schema)
to start classifying the information on the reference
domain. The reference model could be, for instance,
AnApproachtoMultimediaContentManagement
265
a formalization of one or more classifications of the
same domain, formerly made in a logic of metadata.
2.2 Bottom-up Phase
In this phase, the knowledge to be represented is
analysed by pinpointing, among the present
information, the entities which are to be represented
together with a reference terminology for data
description.
We analyse the object that we consider as
interesting in the domain, an object which contains
the information of the domain itself; both
information whose structure needed to be
extrapolated and the information in them were
pinpointed.
At this stage, the creation of the KB could be a
complex task, because each object can have a
different structure and a different way of presenting
the same information. Therefore, it will be necessary
to pinpoint the information of interest, defining and
outlining it.
2.3 Iteration Phase
In this phase we try to reconcile the two
representations of the knowledge in the domain that
we obtained in the previous phases.
Thus, we want to pinpoint, for each single
metadata found in the TD phase, where the
information can be found in the metadata
representing the knowledge of each object (which,
for us, represents the knowledge we want to
formalize, considering the semantic concept and not
the way to represent it, absolutely subjective for
every knowledge object).
Starting from this KB, further iterative refining
can be made by re-analysing the information through
different phases:
1) with a TD approach, checking if the
information which are not represented by the chosen
formalization can be formalized;
2) with a BU approach, analysing if some
information about the actual items we want to
describe, as we could find it as final users - e. g. on
specialized Web sites - could be connected to
formalized items;
3) with the iterations of phases, by which these
concepts are reconciled.
This is obviously made only for the information
that has to be represented. We want to formalize all
the knowledge considered of interest by the users:
only the most important information has to be
chosen.
At the end of the analysis we are capable to
define a formalization, in form of ontologies,
taxonomies, metadata schema, capable of
representing the knowledge of interest for the
domain.
The final result of these phases will be a
formalized knowledge which could be reused and
.managed through Knowledge Management Systems
(KMS), where the knowledge of interest is available
(Pani, 2013).
3 SOME REMARKS FROM CASE
STUDIES
We focused our research on some issues concerning
Knowledge Management, strictly related to the
process of making multimedia content-related
knowledge easily available to people.
During the last three years, the proposed
approach has been applied to four case studies, all
related to industrial research (Lunesu, Pani and
Concas, 2011) (Pani et al., 2012) (Argiolas et al.,
2013) (Pani et al., 2013). The results we reached in
all four cases strengthen our proposal.
We proposed an approach to solve the issue of
the knowledge management related to
User-Generated Content (UGC) (Lunesu, Pani and
Table 1: Comparison of the four case studies.
Case study
KB Adopted
solution
User-
Generated
Content
Multimedia
Content
generated by
users
Ontology
Analytic Sound
Archive of
Sardinia
Linguistic
information in
audio content
Application
profile
Construction
processes
Building
projects and
associated
objects.
Application
profile
Italian wines
reviews
Contents on
Italian wines
available on the
Web
Taxonomy
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3.1 User-Generated Content
We proposed an approach to solve the issue of the
knowledge management related to User-Generated
Content (UGC) (Lunesu, Pani and Concas, 2011).
This approach is well suited for all those instances in
which a multimedia content is involved, essentially
because, in that case, associated information cannot
be described through the use of the most known
metadata standards. Special attention has to be paid
to widespread standards such as Adobe's Extensible
Metadata Platform (XMP), Dublin Core (DC)
(Becker et al., 1997) (Hillmann, 2005), the
Exchangeable image file format (Exif), and the
International Press Telecommunication Council
standard (IPTC).
The main goal was to study, design and create an
ontology that could formalize the multimedia
content semantics and geocoded data, starting from
the already mentioned standards, in order to
effectively represent the domain of interest. In fact,
in those cases, a synergistic integration of an
ontology based on the standards, with the use of a
clearly defined mapping technique, allows for
representing a great number of contents and
metadata, as proven in the mapping example.
This mapping technique was especially useful to
sort out so vast and complex knowledge field such
as multimedia content. Dealing with mapping led to
the necessity of using shared standards, rather than
proprietary ones, now very widespread. The
proposed approach may be used to support a
software platform that allows for different actors to
develop added-value services. Such services could
be based on multimedia content insertion into a
semantic organization context. It is clear that such an
approach should rely on a powerful tool which could
map all the information concerning the contents
described in the ontology with the form used to
represent it in a specific standard. The purpose was
to offer a structure enhanced with semantics, which
could serve as a base support for the creation of a
Web content management software platform.
The platform, thanks to the modelled concepts,
could give users the chance to collect and add
contents that originated from varied sources (Web
sites, Web portals, local files) and to influence the
value of the contents though ratings, comments and
preferences. Thus contents could be gathered,
aggregated and geocoded, and then distributed to
each user. Such a platform should clearly be
provided with a powerful tool capable to “conform“
every piece of information about the added contents
to the form designated as a representation standard
within itself. In other words, it must be able to map
any kind of metadata describing the contents.
Once again the ontology we created would be an
impressive tool capable to fulfill that requirement.
The system could be accessible through mobile
devices such as Personal Navigator Assistants
(PNA), that would use a geolocalization system to
know their location.
3.2 Linguistic Information in Audio
Content
In this case, the knowledge was represented by a set
of audio recordings in a corpus and linguistic
information added to that corpus with annotations
(Pani et al., 2012). We organized the information in
the corpus formalizing those annotations through
metadata schemas using the informal annotations
made by the domain experts. We used this approach
to associate the annotations to their texts, using the
selected linguistic level. The proposed approach was
experimented and validated during a project that
aimed to create the Analytic Sound Archive of
Sardinia (ASAS). The ASAS is a joint project by
linguists and musicologists at University of Cagliari
that had the purpose to create an institutional archive
with a linguistically and musically annotated
electronic corpus. This archive has an electronic
corpus of spoken texts, linguistically annotated at
various levels.
To build the ASAS, DSpace was chosen, since it
fulfills all the requirements set by linguists and
musicologists. As we expected, this tool turned out
to be very efficient, easy to use, customizable and
flexible, so easily allowing for the management, the
classification, and the storage of a vast amount of
knowledge, all contained in an electronic corpus of
spoken and sung audio contents in Sardinian
language. At the same time, it can also lead to a high
usability in terms of ease of reference as well as ease
of query and communication. It natively supports the
Qualified DC metadata schema and is compatible
with the Open Archive Initiative (OAI) with the
support of the OAI Protocol Metadata Harvesting
(OAI-PMH).
The formalization of a structured metadata
schema was reached through the creation of an
application profile for the Qualified Dublin Core
metadata schema, where customized qualifiers were
added to the standard elements and qualifiers.
Metadata in non-standard schemas could then be
better represented.
Linguistic annotations were formalized as well
through a metadata schema. Corpus interrogation
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was thus made easier and quicker, since it used the
search tool provided by the KMS. This work leaves
space for future research on ways to improve the
service.
A dedicated Web site or the integration of this
system in an institutional portal through an
exploration interface would be particularly
interesting. Another feature that could be
implemented may be a virtual map where recordings
could be explored by geographic location.
3.3 Construction Process
In this case study, the underlying goal was the
rational organization of large amounts of data using
the knowledge characterizing the various stages of a
construction process (Argiolas et al., 2013).
We analyzed the objects and verified the
structure. The KB that we used is very large and
highly representative of the general knowledge. The
analysis can be replicated on different data. We
made sure that the breakdown of building products
in the TD phase and the analysis of objects in the
BU phase had been applied in the case study. The
results are compliant with the general theory of the
proposed mixed approach to knowledge analysis.
The breakdown process of building components
in Elementary Products defines the reference
elements which can manage the multimedia objects.
The Elementary Product:
- is a classification that can be used to define
formalized metadata;
- groups all the multimedia objects in a single
semantic object;
- makes users select information in form of
folksonomies tags;
- can be connected with other concepts like designer,
project manager, etc.
The Elementary Product is the core concept of
this knowledge; every instance of a single building
project, and also the construction process, can be
managed using this semantic concept.
The formalized information are the metadata
defined for the Elementary Product. All remaining
information, like technical data or data sheets (e.g.,
for a PVC window), can be found as information
associated with the Elementary Product, and the
descriptive data regarding the project can be
represented as a folksonomy tag.
The structural information of the Elementary
Product is represented as metadata, as well as the
“Project Name”, “Phase”, “Technical description”
and “General Description”, where the relevant
information of the project selected by the user can be
found. With this approach and formalization we can
manage all the relevant and embedded information.
The management of very complex knowledge is
a well known problem in Knowledge Management
research; the technical and multimedia information
are varied and contain interesting embedded
information. The solution proposed is based on the
very interesting concept of Elementary Product,
which guides the knowledge organization process.
This knowledge formalization suggests its
implementation in a KMS such as DSpace using
metadata schemas. Further studies could analyze the
results obtained using this system, so that this
experience could be used to define further
interesting information that can be formalized as
metadata associated with the Elementary Product.
3.4 Italian Wines Reviews
The spread of the Social Web is significantly
influencing the evolution of Semantic Web: users
themselves are creating rules for the representation
of information. The Web structure grows and
changes, giving the user the chance to actively
contribute to the development of the Web. For this
reason, our study took into consideration this feature
with the standardization of UGCs, trying to link the
two worlds of Social Media and Semantic Web.
Also the main search engines (Google, Yahoo, Bing,
etc.) and the main Social Networks (YouTube,
Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, etc.) are evolving,
specializing, and interconnecting themselves on data
retrieval, presentation, exchange, and sharing. That
being so, the basic idea of our study was to propose
a solution to the problem of the Web contents,
present in different Web sites but belonging to the
same knowledge domain. These contents have to be
classified in the previously mentioned taxonomy,
also using ad-hoc mapping rules.
We applied our approach to the KB of Italian
wine reviews. From the analysis of the KB on the
Web and the Google Ranking of many Web sites,
we chose a list of some suitable and representative
ones, so considering their popularity and reliability
(Pani et al., 2013).
The taxonomy we created allowed for a
definition of the reference knowledge which could
then be managed as an actual usable knowledge,
fostered by all the information existing on the
selected Web sites.
We chose to validate the resulting taxonomy by
verifying how the KMS allowed to make the
acquired knowledge usable and accessible to the
systems compliant with the Ontology of Wines. We
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validated the taxonomy by analyzing the content in
other Web sites of Italian wine reviews, underlining
how, in this case as in the previously described ones,
the collected information could be represented and
managed on the KMS through some simple mapping
rules.
A further, interesting development could be the
creation of repositories, able to collect the
information previously classified and, through an ad-
hoc system, they would be presented to the final user
in a structured and customized way, depending on
the requests, and possibly developing a graphic
interface which could be able to draw as well as to
arouse the curiosity of the user.
4 INDUSTRIAL EXPLOITATION
A very interesting example of industrial exploitation
still under development regards the results of the
research on ontologies in UGCs. The ontology
contains all specifications to create a multimedia
content management system able to manage
information from UGCs as georeferenced
multimedia contents.
The platform can manage UGCs, making them
usable in an aggregated way. In fact, it is possible to
use the ontology as a basis on which a system can be
created, which will allow to search and classify
multimedia content with a semantic reference given
by the ontology, making data usable.
The ontology was particularly apt to make order
in a wide and complex knowledge field such as the
one pertaining to descriptive metadata used for
multimedia content. In this context we can find a
large number of different standards, some
proprietary, some even with no regulation at all,
which makes things difficult to people who want to
work in that field. Tackling the issue of mapping
made light on how working in this field would be
much more efficient and convenient if one could
refer to shared standards instead of proprietary ones,
as it usually happens.
The project sets some specific extractors to be
developed for each UGC source in order to power
the platform. The extractors would follow the dates
of the ontology, and implement mapping rules
defined at the semantic level, and so would be able
to retrieve the contents from UGC repositories and
transform the information associated to them into
manageable information in the platform.
Thanks to the modelled concepts, the platform
would thus offer to users the opportunity to use the
contents coming from various sources, already
gathered, aggregated and geocoded.
The use of such contents could be possible
through an application capable of showing
aggregated data either by type and by location. Were
the use of the contents to be performed with a
smartphone or a tablet device, it could be extremely
strategic to show them as Points of Interest (POI)
located near the user, exploiting georeferenced
information and the Global Positioning System
(GPS) function of the devices.
The results of this research are the basis of a
software platform allowing different customers
(content producers, public administration,
communication companies, public service suppliers,
etc.) to develop added-value services based on
georeferenced multimedia contents.
The users of such services could interact with the
platform using the data which are already there, as
well as show their preferences and adding their own
contents. The platform is based on an enabling
technology which gives the proponents the
opportunity to enter an emerging, highly innovative
and not yet covered market, that is the one of UGC-
based georeferenced contents. They would have a
solid starting ground for a complete, articulated and
definitely wider business solution offer.
The platform itself is the vital element, on which
a number of solutions can be defined depending on
the contents the client has, which would be
distributed according to their own business models.
The reasons behind this project are connected to
a business opportunity born from many factors,
among which the widespread mobile information
devices such as smartphones and tablets that have
mapping features (Google Maps). Users who are
interested in receiving information on the places
they are in, thanks to the UGC, could receive
information that are much richer than the traditional
POI present in the current systems.
5 CONCLUSIONS
Through our studies, we could see how a mixed-
iterative approach made of TD and BU analyses of a
knowledge domain could be efficient when
formalizing knowledge.
Our approach to Knowledge Management is a
simple process of applying a systematic analysis to
capture, structure and manage knowledge. Our real
goal was to make interesting knowledge available
for sharing and reuse, and we focused our attention
on interesting information on the knowledge domain
which had to be represented.
AnApproachtoMultimediaContentManagement
269
In all the case studies we used, we studied a
process to identify existing formalizations and
knowledge sources within the domain, paying
attention to multimedia objects. Valuable knowledge
was represented into explicit form through
formalization and codification of information, in
order to maximise the availability of knowledge.
At the end of these analyses we defined a
formalization, in form of ontologies, taxonomies,
metadata schemas, able to represent the knowledge
of interest for the domain.
As a final remark, we can notice how such a
process could lead to many different solutions for
formalization. We used ontologies, taxonomies and
metadata schemas to formalize knowledge. The
concept of metadata is clearly vital, also because it is
easy to represent for operational purposes. In fact,
metadata are very suited to being represented
through different standards (RDF, OWL, etc.), and
managed with many tools (DataBase, KMS, CMS,
etc.).
A mixed approach, already proposed in the
literature, means surely a demanding manual
analysis work, but some Knowledge Engineering
activity is necessary to represent knowledge. As
regards the TD phase, the number of formalizations
coming from ontologies, taxonomies and existing
standards allow an articulated structuring of
knowledge. Such representations are unlikely to
represent the same knowledge we wanted to
represent for our purposes: for this reason, they are
very useful in a TD analysis but cannot be used as-
is to represent our knowledge of interest.
At the same time, basic knowledge is seldom
natively structured; it usually contains a large
amount of information that can be extracted from it,
formalized, then used and enclosed in a
representation of knowledge. In particular, contents
on the Internet can be a source of raw knowledge
where some information can be acquired. Such
information could then be formalized and acquire a
remarkable value. An example of that may be the
studies on UGCs and on the reviews of Italian wines
that can be found on the Web. In fact, even Semantic
Web tools proved unsatisfactory in managing this
kind of issue.
Another important example could be the analysis
of the information contained in multimedia objects
pertaining to the ASAS and the construction process,
where the sheer quantity of available resources and
rich information would have been very difficult to
manage without a formalization. The formalizations
made it possible for domain experts to locate the
truly useful information in the operational context
and classify them, with the purpose of managing and
sharing them through a simple KMS like DSpace.
The most important result we achieved with our
studies was the opportunity to make this disparate
knowledge available and manageable. In the current
market, exploiting existing knowledge is a
mainstream business, but in order to exploit it, one
must be able to manage it first.
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