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with the use of IODA architecture. Documents
created in this architecture are mobile, executable,
intelligent and interactive.
For example, IODA documents can be used in
the process of reviewing scientific papers. A review
of a paper would be a document, which is a
computer agent with the purpose of being filled up
by reviews. First, the document creates copies of
itself. Different copies are intended for different
reviewers. Then, documents send themselves to
reviewers with the request to input information
concerned with the review. Documents may use e-
mail boxes to approach reviewers.
Functionality supporting the reviewer can be also
embedded in the reviewed paper. For example,
equations integrated with scripts which perform
calculations. Reviewers can verify themselves
results presented in reviewed papers with the use of
such scripts. The review in the form of an IODA
document, after being completed be reviewers, sends
itself back to the editor. Then, reviews from
different reviewers merges into one IODA
document, which is a complete set of reviews. This
is only a sample scenario of using IODA documents.
The architecture of IODA documents is general and
it applies to multiple processes that are concerned
with using digital documents.
2.1 Layers in IODA Documents
An IDOA document consists of three layers. It has a
data layer, information layer and knowledge layer.
An IODA document does not have a specific format.
In fact, such a document can consist of many files in
different formats. However, every document has a
spine. A spine binds together layers of document and
files which comprise of an IODA document. The
spine is implemented as an XML file.
2.1.1 Data Layer
The data layer of IDOA document consists of binary
files. In particular, it contains files in JPG, PDF,
DOC and other popular formats. Data layer also
contain scripts, executable files or source code. Data
layer makes an IODA document executable. Apart
from the data in graphic or textural form, it provides
files which can be executed by a user of IODA
document. The IODA architecture also accepts
running external applications or services available
on the internet.
2.1.2 Information Layer
The information layer associates data available in
files which consist of data layer. In the information
layer, there are markings which combine fragments
of graphic and textural files with executable content.
For example, an equation in a PDF file can be
matched with a script which calculates this equation.
All these associates are implemented in XML format
in the spine of a document. Thus, there is no need to
modify files such as PDF or JPG to associate an
executable content with some part of the file.
2.1.3 Knowledge Layer
The knowledge layer binds different parts of files
containing text, graphic and the other data, which is
intended to be used by a user of a document. The
knowledge layer contains semantic links between
fragments of document files included in an IODA
document. A link can also refer to another IODA
document. Moreover, in the knowledge layer, a user
may store personal information such as annotations
and notes. The knowledge layer can also log user’s
interaction with the document. In general, the
knowledge layer stores additional information
related to a user without modifying the basic
structure of the document defined in the data layer
and the information layer.
2.2 The IODA Functionality
There are four features of documents in IODA
architecture. These documents are executable,
mobile, interactive and intelligent. The main feature
of an IODA document is that it is executable.
Excitability of a document lays in its ability to run
scripts and binary files included in the data layer of a
document. Users can execute scripts and binary files
in an IODA document by selecting some words, a
fragment of an image or other visible part of a
document. IODA documents contain data and
information in two different formats. A document
has a graphical form which can be for example
printed or viewed by a user. However, parts of
documents such as equations, charts, tables,
algorithms and other data are also provided in the
form of scripts and binary files included in data layer
of an IODA document.
The mobility of an IODA document is its ability
to migrate through the internet. IODA documents
implement MIND architecture for the document
migration (Godlewska and Wiszniewski, 2010),
(Godlewska, 2010). A document has a workflow,
which specifies what users should receive the
document. There can also be an alternative
workflow in case for example, some users who are
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