![](bg5.png)
• Description logics is ”unnatural” from a knowl-
edge engineering point of view by enforcing cop-
ula form (c
0
ISA c
00
) As an alternative to our natu-
ral logic approach, (de Azevedo, 2014) generates
internal description logic representations.
• We wish to distinguish definitional (analytic) and
empirical (synthetic) facts.
• We prefer CWA in favour of classical negation
e.g. for class disjointness.
• Our natural logic comes with a semantic graph
form facilitating computational pathfinding and
intensional querying.
5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
We have advocated use of natural logic embedded in
clausal logic for ontology structured knowledge bases
as an alternative to the prevailing use of description
logic dialects and derivatives. Our approach differs
from description logic approaches primarily in that
it recognizes and supports the role of the main verb
in knowledge base assertions. Moreover, the two
level set-up affords an intensional view in which class
terms appear in query answers.
We are in the process of building a prototype sys-
tem as a test bed for domain specifications within
selected bio- and medico-domains for ascertaining
whether this is a viable approach meeting the desider-
ata in the introduction. The DATALOG level in a scal-
ing up of the prototype may readily be realized by
appealing to state-of-the-art relational database tech-
nology offering efficient access to massive data.
An open issue in knowledge bases is the handling
of denials. The use of CWA seems appealing since it
departures with classes being born disjoint in accor-
dance with scientific practice in classification. More-
over, it opens for means of dealing with exceptions in
the non-monotonic fashion.
REFERENCES
Andreasen, T. and Fischer Nilsson, J. (2004) Grammatical
Specification of Domain Ontologies. Data & Knowl-
edge Engineering, vol: 48, issue: 2, pages: 221-230.
Andreasen, T., Bulskov, H., Fischer Nilsson, J., Jensen, P.
A., Lassen, T. (2013). Conceptual Pathway Querying
of Natural Logic Knowledge Bases from Text Bases.
In 10th international conference on Flexible Query
Answering Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidel-
berg, pages 1-12.
Andreasen, T., Bulskov, H., Fischer Nilsson, J., Jensen, P.
A. (2014a). Computing Pathways in Bio-Models De-
rived from Bio-Science Text Sources. In IWBBIO In-
ternational Work-Conference on Bioinformatics and
Biomedical Engineering, Proceedings, Granada April
7-9, 2014, ISBN 84-15814-84-9, pages 217-226.
Andreasen, T., Bulskov, H., Fischer Nilsson, J., Anker
Jensen, P. (2014b). Computing Conceptual Pathways
in Bio-Medical Text Models. In Foundations of Intelli-
gent Systems - 19th International Symposium, ISMIS
2014, Roskilde, Denmark, June 28-30.
de Azevedo, R. R., Freitas, F., Rocha, R. Menezes, J. A.,
Pereira, L. F. A. (2014). Generating Description Logic
AL C from Text in Natural Language In proceedings
of Foundations of Intelligent Systems - 21th Interna-
tional Symposium, ISMIS 2014, Roskilde, Denmark,
June 25-27.
van Benthem, J.(1986). Essays in Logical Semantics, Stud-
ies in Linguistics and Philosophy, Vol. 29, D. Reidel
Publishing Company.
van Benthem, J. (2011). Natural Logic, Past And Future,
Workshop on Natural Logic, Proof Theory, and
Computational Semantics 2011, CSLI Stanford.
http://www.stanford.edu/∼icard/logic&language/
index.html
Fischer Nilsson, J. (2011). Querying class-relationship
logic in a metalogic framework. In Proceedings of the
9th international conference on Flexible Query An-
swering Systems (FQAS’11), Henning Christiansen,
H., De Tr
´
e, G., Yazici, A., Zadrozny, S., and An-
dreasen, T. (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidel-
berg (2011) 96-107
Grosof, B. N. G., Horrocks, I., Volz, R., and Decker,
S. (2003): Description Logic Programs: Combining
Logic Programs with Description Logic. In Proceed-
ings of the 12th international conference on World
Wide Web (WWW ’03). ACM, New York, NY, USA,
pages 48-57.
MacCartney, B. and Manning, C. (2009): An Extended
Model of Natural Logic. In Bunt, H., Petukhova, V.,
and Wubben, S., (eds), Proceedings of the 8th IWCS,
Tilburg, pages 140-156.
Muskens, R. (2011). Towards Logics that Model Natu-
ral Reasoning, Program Description Research pro-
gram in Natural Logic, http://lyrawww.uvt.nl/˜
rmuskens/natural/
Sanchez Valencia, V. (2004). The Algebra of Logic, in Gab-
bay, D. M. & Woods, J. (eds.). Handbook of the His-
tory of Logic, Vol. 3 The Rise of Modern Logic: From
Leibniz to Frege, Elsevier.
Smith, B. and Rosse, C. (2004). The Role of Foundational
Relations in the Aligment of Biomedical Ontologies,
MEDINFO 2004, M. Fieschi et al..
Sowa, J. F. (ed.). (1991). Principles of Semantic Networks,
Morgan Kaufmann.
Sowa, J. F. (2000). Knowledge Representation, Logi-
cal, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations,
Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.
ACaseforEmbeddedNaturalLogicforOntologicalKnowledgeBases
427