Interactive Mobile Data Visualization for Second Screen

Kerstin Blumenstein

IC\M/T - Institute of Creative\Media/Technologies, St. Poelten University of Applied Sciences,

Matthias Corvinus-Straße 15, St. Poelten, Austria

Faculty of Informatics, Vienna University of Technology, Erzherzog-Johann-Platz 1/180, Vienna, Austria

ABSTRACT

Traditional medial content was consumed with one

device at a time. With the increasing simultaneous

usage of several different devices like smartphone,

tablet, and connected TV new approaches for media

consumption are conceivable. One speciﬁc instance is

a Second Screen scenario where users complement in-

formation from unidirectional media broadcasts (i.e.

TV) with additional facts from a secondary Internet

connected source (e.g. smartphone or tablet). How-

ever Second Screen applications are still in its infancy

and very little is known on how to properly design

them. The focus in the thesis will be on the role of

data visualizations and how it can be used in Sec-

ond Screen application for both sides: for the viewer,

allowing interactive access to additional, visual, and

personalized information that is not included in the

broadcast TV content; but also for the TV stations,

in order to get richer data about their audience by

providing a direct backchannel. By answering the

research questions the complete process of design-

ing and developing interactive data visualization in

the context of Second Screen applications for mobile

touch devices will be investigated. In addition to sev-

eral state-of-the-art reports a tested framework, which

includes all relevant parts of a Second Screen applica-

tion (e.g. content creation, synchronization, different

types of visualization), and guidelines for designing

and developing mobile data visualization for Second

Screen applications, which are synchronized with the

broadcast, will be developed.

Keywords. Interactive Data Visualization, Mobile

Device, Second Screen.

1 RESEARCH PROBLEM

Smartphone, tablet and connected TV have revolu-

tionized the way we access the Internet. We not

only use several different devices throughout the day,

we increasingly use them simultaneously. In 2013

more than half of Germanys Internet users regu-

larly used more than one device at the same time

(United Internet Media and InteractiveMedia CCP

GmbH, 2013; SevenOne Media, 2013). A survey,

conducted by Microsoft in the US, Australia, Brazil,

Canada, and the UK, found that 57% of the par-

ticipants used multiscreen settings for investigative

spider-webbing (Micorosft Advertising, 2013) the si-

multaneous, information- and discovery driven activ-

ity related to TV-broadcasted information. That type

of multiscreen setting, where users complement in-

formation from unidirectional media broadcasts (i.e.

TV) with additional facts from a secondary Internet

connected source (e.g. smartphone or tablet) is the

relevant scenario for the thesis. It is called Second

Screen (2S).

Surveys show that 2S applications have rele-

vance (United Internet Media and InteractiveMedia

CCP GmbH, 2013; SevenOne Media, 2013; Mi-

corosft Advertising, 2013). Often numbers, data, and

graphics are used in broadcasts. Because of limited

time, editors have to reduce those data and cannot give

an extended description of the content. Interactive

data visualization can help here to provide an easy to

understand detailed description of the content (Ward

et al., 2010). Therefor, integrating data visualization

in a 2S application seems to be a promising approach.

Target devices for 2S applications are mainly lap-

top, smartphone and tablet (United Internet Media

and InteractiveMedia CCP GmbH, 2013). Because of

increasing sales ﬁgures for tablets and smartphones

and decreasing sales ﬁgures for laptops, which are

projected by IDC (2014) until 2018, the focus in this

research will be on mobile touch devices like tablet

and smartphone.

There are several research activities on data visu-

alization for mobile devices and a very limited num-

ber of projects for the usage of data visualization

within a 2S application (see section 3). Those 2S

projects are only documented technically but there is

currently no systematical research.

Blumenstein K..

Interactive Mobile Data Visualization for Second Screen.

 2015 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)

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Figure 1: Overview of a Second Screen scenario.

Figure 1 shows an overview of a 2S application

scenario. In a basic setting, a broadcast is running

on a TV set. It could also be a laptop or a computer,

where a recorded broadcast is on air. The 2S appli-

cation with data visualization runs on tablet or smart-

phone and is synchronized with the TV (e.g. via au-

dio synchronization). A 2S application communicates

via the Internet with a server to receive and send data.

The server could also provide a feedback channel to

the TV station via the Internet. In doing so, broadcast-

ers or producers could beneﬁt by using 2S application

e.g. for collecting user data or to integrate data in a

live program.

In the following, two possible scenarios for inte-

grating data visualization in a 2S application will be

described:

1. A documentary on wildlife is called “Killer

Whales - Fins of Change” (Wallis, 2014). It is

about the movement of killer whales to northern

regions. Data visualization within a 2S applica-

tion can provide a map view where you can fol-

low the killer whales to the Arctic. Interaction

with the map could offer the user additional infor-

mation e.g. geographical data about the affected

countries as well as distribution and population of

whales.

2. In a news program unemployment ﬁgures are a

regular topic. Data visualization about unemploy-

ment ﬁgures could offer the user within a 2S ap-

plication an easy to use overview about the count

of the last years e.g. ﬁlterable by month, year and

other relevant data. That visualization is reusable

and will grow with every month it is used.

Major challenges of 2S settings that include inter-

active data visualization on mobile devices are:

• User Interaction and Usability for Touch In-

put: One of the main advantages but also prob-

lems of touch devices is the usage of ﬁngers. The

users cannot use their ﬁngers in such an accu-

rate way they would do with a mouse as the ele-

ments are smaller than the ﬁnger (fat ﬁnger prob-

lem) (Wigdor et al., 2007). In addition the ﬁngers

occlude the element itself while tapping on the el-

ement (occlusion problem) (Wigdor et al., 2007).

Because of these facts, visualization should have

an optimized user experience for touch usage.

• Possibility for Synchronizing Visualization

with Broadcasts: An interesting part of 2S ap-

plications is the option of synchronizing the addi-

tional content with the broadcast. The visualiza-

tion should show the relevantdata synchronizedto

the broadcast. It is also a challenge for this study

to ﬁnd a way to synchronize the interactive visual-

ization in a way that is visible but not distracting.

A main problem is to get the users attention at the

right time on the right screen (TV or tablet/ smart-

phone).

InteractiveMobileDataVisualizationforSecondScreen

• Additional Value for Broadcaster (or Pro-

ducer) and User: By interacting with visualiza-

tions, users are not only actively engaging with

the exploration environment to gain insights for

themselves, but also generating usage data that

can be beneﬁcial in other ways. First, such usage

data could be an additional value for broadcast-

ers (e.g. collecting data about usage) to inﬂuence

a live broadcast for example. Second, other users

could beneﬁt from collective usage data for exam-

ple by being pointed to interesting other parts of

the visualization.

2 OUTLINE OF OBJECTIVES

The goal of this research is to study interactive data

visualization methods on mobile touch devices in the

context of 2S applications. This leads to the following

main research question:

• How can interactive data visualization in the con-

text of a Second Screen application be designed

and developed for mobile touch devices?

To achieve this goal the following sub research

questions will be answered:

2.1 Technical Questions

• Which touch gestures can be used for interacting

with data visualization?

• Which types of data visualization can best be used

for Second Screen applications related to scenar-

ios, which are chosen?

• Which libraries and frameworks are most suited

for developing interactive data visualization for

mobile touch devices?

• How can a framework be created which includes

all relevant parts of a Second Screen application

(e.g. content creation, synchronization, different

types of visualization)?

2.2 Conceptual Questions

• How should the interaction of the visualization be

designed in order to be visible but not distracting

if the app is synchronized with the unidirectional

media broadcast?

• Which advantages and disadvantages do Second

Screen applications have over traditional (unsyn-

chronized) knowledge sources like Wikipedia or

Google?

• How can content preparation process be supported

in the context of 2S scenarios?

• How can guidelines for creating Second Screen

applications with interactive data visualisation be

drafted?

3 STATE OF THE ART

During the last four years Natural User Interfaces

(NUIs) have become relevant for developing data vi-

sualizations (Reiterer, 2010; Kasik, 2011). Pike et al.

(2009) also point out the need for improved options

of interactions. Chittaro (2006) summarizes “[...] vi-

sualization applications developed for desktop com-

puters do not scale well to mobile devices.” Elmqvist

et al. (2011) demand the concept of ﬂuid interfaces.

Fluid interface lets users touch and manipulate ele-

ments directly instead of interacting indirectly with

the user interface.

Isenberg and Isenberg (2013) recently published

a survey article for visualization on interactive sur-

faces. They have systematically analysed 100 inter-

active systems and tools for small and big displays.

The overview shows that most research projects work

with Multi Touch Table top devices. Smartphones are

only used in 6% of the analysed research projects al-

though smartphones are disseminated widely.

There are some relevant research projects of data

visualization on mobile devices but not related to Sec-

ond Screen applications. For example the visualiza-

tion type treemap is used by the project PRISMA

Mobile (de Jesus Nascimento da Silva Junior et al.,

2012) and Pinheiro et al. (2008) on mobile devices.

PRISMA Mobile is an android based information vi-

sualization tool for tablets (de Jesus Nascimento da

Silva Junior et al., 2012). It also uses zoom (e.g.

with pinch gesture), ﬁlters and details-on-demand.

The tourism information analysis tool for mobile

phones by Pinheiro et al. (2008) is a JavaME based

tool, which shows hierarchical data. In addition to

treemaps the tool uses georeferenced maps and ﬁlters.

Paul et al. (2012) implement the visualization type

Overview and Detail in their work. That project im-

plements an Electronic Health Record (EHR), which

shows medical reports and images on small displays

of mobile devices. They use fragmentationalgorithms

to achieve their aim.

There is also some ﬁrst research about using touch

gestures in data visualization on mobile devices. Baur

et al. (2012) presented TouchWave (touchable stacked

graphs). They wanted to create a visualization, which

has kinetic manipulations and integrated interaction

without complex gestures. Two case studies were im-

VISIGRAPP2015-DoctoralConsortium

plemented but no user tests were conducted. Drucker

et al. (2013) compared a non touch-centric WIMP

(window, icon, menus and pointer) interface and a

touch-centric ﬂuid interface on tablet through a user

test with 17 participants. Results show users prefer

the ﬂuid interface. Touch gestures were not the main

focus on that research but the survey shows that touch

interfaces are relevant for tablet users.

Willett et al. (2014) did research about user-

elicited selection gestures on a non-mobile device

(32” multi-touch display). They found a strong pref-

erence for simple one-hand gestures, which is also im-

portant to know for implementing data visualization

for mobile devices.

Regarding research activities with 2S appli-

cations, the 2S is used, for example, for giv-

ing additional information e.g. in the projects

IntoNow (Castillo et al., 2013) and Story Map (Mur-

ray et al., 2012). Story Map includes data visual-

ization. A character map of the current episode is

shown. It is designed as a web app, which runs on

two screens (a large browser-equipped screen and a

smaller handheld device). The devices are time syn-

chronized. So the character map can auto update

the graph of all characters and relationships in real

time. IntoNow (Castillo et al., 2013) uses the mi-

crophone of the Second Screen device to synchronize

with the TV via audio-ﬁngerprinting. If the ﬁnger-

print matches with a broadcast in the database, the

application shows the name of the program as well as

links to multiple online services.

Another facet is using the 2S for social interac-

tions. FanFeeds (Basapur et al., 2012) and Bubble-

TV (Huron et al., 2013a) are examples here. FanFeeds

allows authoring and consumption of secondary con-

tent around broadcasts. Users can generate secondary

content for their own social circle. Tests of FanFeeds

show that only a few persons are frequent content cre-

ators. The majority just consume “feed.” Huron et al.

(2013a) used in Bubble TV a live visualization of TV

viewers’ tweets that are integrated as a background

for a French TV show. As a result of that project they

introduced the new design metaphor Visual Sedimen-

tation (Huron et al., 2013b).

Moreover, 2S approaches are often only described

and not tested (Castillo et al., 2013; Murray et al.,

2012). Classical user interface design for non touch

devices follows the eight golden rules of interface de-

sign (Shneiderman and Plaisant, 2010). For designing

visualization there is for example the Visual Informa-

tion Seeking Mantra (Shneiderman, 1996). Addition-

ally there are still no relevant ﬁndings for NUIs in

data visualization (Lee et al., 2012). Because of that

guidelines or best practices for interactive data visual-

izations in the context of Second Screen applications

are currently not available (Lee et al., 2012).

4 METHODOLOGY

“Visual representations of objects are often

misinterpreted, either because they do not

match our perceptual system, or they were

intended to be misinterpreted.” (Ward et al.,

2010)

Therefore, visualizations have to be developed and

tested in the context of speciﬁc tasks, users, and appli-

cation domains (van Wijk, 2006; Munzner, 2009). To

use visual methods effectively one has to plan profes-

sionally (e.g. with user and task analysis) and eval-

uate empirically (e.g. with usability testing) (Lam

et al., 2012; Miksch and Aigner, 2014).

At the beginning, a desk research will be con-

ducted, which includes extensive literature and web

research. Topics like relevantdata visualization types,

touch gestures, data visualization libraries, and meth-

ods for synchronization will be researched, analysed,

and evaluated to get a detailed state-of-the-art analy-

ses. Evaluation is based on structured criteria.

To implement fully functional prototypes of 2S

applications with interactive data visualization the

study at hand uses the goal-oriented design pro-

cess (Cooper et al., 2007) and experimental prototyp-

ing with user-centered design. It will be an iterative

process. To decide which concrete scenarios will be

developed, possible facets of usage for data visual-

ization in 2S applications will be found as part of re-

search. Two conceivable facets are

• offering additional information, and

• user integration (especially - but not exclusively

- interesting for live broadcast to provide a feed-

back channel).

The actual number of implemented prototypes de-

pends on found facets. Currently three tested proto-

types are expected.

Concepts for visualization and interaction design

will be evaluated based on mock-ups with qualitative

user tests. Mock-ups will be improved by the re-

sults of the user tests and implemented as fully func-

tional prototypes. To improve these prototypes us-

ability tests will be conducted. Used methods will

be eye tracking, audio-visual observation, and semi-

structured interviews (Lazar et al., 2010).

At the end there will be a qualitative acceptance

test to evaluate the prototypes and obtain information

on the additional value of such applications. Ques-

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Figure 2: Overview of Second Screen Framework.

tions that need to be answered in that test are for ex-

ample:

• Will the offer be understood, accepted, and used

by the audience?

• How many steps of interaction can users handle

while watching TV without being distracted?

• Will users be too distracted by 2S application?

• Which advantages and disadvantages do 2S ap-

plications have over traditional (unsynchronized)

knowledge sources like Wikipedia or Google?

Tasks like ﬁnding the whale population in 2012

suitable for example in scenario 1 (see section 1) will

help to ﬁnd results for those questions.

Another interesting aspect concerns the prepara-

tory work which is necessary for publishing a 2S ap-

plication with data visualization. A concept will be

developed and tested with experts of that ﬁeld (e.g.

broadcaster and producer).

5 EXPECTED OUTCOME

By answering the research questions (see section 2)

the complete process of designing and developing in-

teractive data visualization in the context of 2S appli-

cations for mobile touch devices will be investigated.

The systematic processing of existing work will

be documented in detailed state-of-the-art reports for

relevant data visualization types, touch gestures, visu-

alization libraries and frameworks, as well as methods

for synchronization.

Afterwards relevant data visualization types, visu-

alization libraries and frameworks, as well as methods

for synchronization will be evaluated and tested based

on structured criteria. As a result evaluation reports

will be created.

To reach the overall goal, an overviewof facets for

integrating data visualization in 2S application will be

worked out. Building on that overview, concrete sce-

narios and concepts of data visualization for 2S appli-

cations have to be developed.

Furthermore mock-ups and fully functional pro-

totypes of tested data visualization within 2S appli-

cations of three broadcast genres (e.g. politics, sci-

ences, geographic) are expected. In addition to the

development process (see section 4) reports of usabil-

ity tests and an acceptance test will be conducted. In

addition to the report of the acceptance test, which

includes information about advantages and disadvan-

tages of 2S applications over traditional (unsynchro-

nized) knowledgesources like Wikipedia or Google, a

technical comparison of visualization prototypes and

traditional (unsynchronized) knowledge sources will

be conducted and summarized.

VISIGRAPP2015-DoctoralConsortium

A concept for preparation process for data visual-

ization in context of 2S scenarios will be created and

tested. As result of a test with expert of that ﬁeld (e.g.

broadcaster and producer) there will be a report.

Finally a tested framework, which includes all rel-

evant parts of a Second Screen application (e.g. con-

tent creation, synchronization, different types of visu-

alization), and guidelines for designing and develop-

ing mobile data visualization for Second Screen appli-

cations, which are synchronized with the broadcast,

will complete the thesis.

6 STAGE OF THE RESEARCH

Before I started my doctoral studies in computer sci-

ence in January 2014, I had the chance to do research

in a project where we developed an online concept for

a science magazine including a concept for a 2S ap-

plication without focussing on data visualization as a

ﬁrst step.

In summer 2014 a next step was to develop a

functional prototype for a second screen framework

with basic audio synchronization. Figure 2 shows an

overview of the 2S framework. We developed a back-

end where TV producers and editors can deﬁne the

2S content and a 2S application that runs on iOS de-

vices. The synchronisation between smartphone and

TV works with audio ﬁngerprinting.

Currently I work on a detailed state-of-the-art

analysis for mobile interactive data visualization. Lit-

erature will be researched and evaluated based on

structured criteria.

At the moment I also prepare a proposal for get-

ting a research grant for this project together with col-

leagues.

6.1 Next Steps

A next step will be to determine data visualization

types for mobile touch usage. Therefor I have to get

an overview of relevant visualization types and eval-

uate them for mobile touch usage. The selection is

based on the chosen 2S scenarios. In addition a sur-

vey on touch gestures in context of the determined

visualization types is necessary. It is important to

know which gestures can be used with different visu-

alization types on mobile touch devices. To complete

the basic survey on data visualization for mobile de-

vices visualization libraries and frameworks have to

be evaluated whether they can be used for developing

data visualization for mobile touch devices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many thanks to Wolfgang Aigner for being my thesis

advisor and supporting me in getting a funding for

this project as well as Grischa Schmiedl for pushing

me in doing my doctoral studies and offering critical

feedback.

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