Measurable is a concreate criteria for the further
measurement process. Achievable is related with
how the objectives are going to be achieving, and if
they are realistic with the current state of the system.
Relevant objectives represent believes of what the
authorities want to achieve and the use of the local
resources. Finally, Time frame helps to prioritize the
objectives, resources and work. Having clear
objectives allows a proper implementation of the
methodology and project evaluation process.
4.2 Step 2. Identify Target Groups
In order to measure the effects of mobility projects
in an effective way (in this case, less use of
resources), the early identification of the target
group is a good start. Target groups are defined as
the group of people that have similar needs and
travel patterns but often different ways to approach
the information. The identification consists in a
careful description that includes the location,
common characteristics, and if possible, how they
can be approached.
4.3 Step 3. Identify Variables
The primary goal of step three is to identify the
variables that describe the objectives of the project.
These variables should be well-documented and
easily-obtainable, so they will reflect the energy
use/carbon emission levels changes. As an
illustration, if one of the objectives is to increase the
use of PT, one variable can be the average number
of passengers per bus.
A way to start is by determining all energy
resources: electricity, biofuels such as ethanol,
biodiesel and biogas, hydrogen, and conventional
fuels like gasoline, diesel and natural gas, by having
in mind the objectives previously describe on step 1.
By identifying the energy sources, the tracking of
the transport system components that consume more
energy is easier and the variables will describe them.
4.4 Step 4. Energy Evaluation
After having the list of variables that are relevant for
measuring energy use /carbon emission levels and
the energy resources of the transport system, the
next step is to use all the information from previous
steps to perform the energy evaluation. This
evaluation consists of three steps: Energy Revision,
Performance Indicators and Baseline.
4.4.1 Energy Revision
The energy revision has three stages: 1) current
usage and energy consumption of the system
including its past and present, and all the energy
sources from step 3. With this information it is
possible to 2) identify points with high energy
consumption, which can be reduced by changing the
habits of the target groups. As a consequence, this
step will give to authorities the potential 3)
improvements in the energy consumption
performance of the transport system. The potential
improvements could be prioritizing based on the
characteristics of each city.
4.4.2 Performance Indicators
Using the system information and the knowledge
acquired in the energy revision and previous steps,
authorities can choose a group of indicators that
reflect the energy efficiency levels. These indicators
includes Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and
Affecting Parameters. The KPIs should be
associated with the objectives and target groups of
the mobility project. The affecting parameters reflect
the environment in which the project will be
materialized. The way they affect the system is by
increasing or decreasing the energy
consumption/carbon footprint values. A set of KPIs
and affecting parameters for energy efficiency
assessment in transport sector were describe for this
methodology through a literature review (M.
Fernanda Mantilla R. et al., n.d.); Mantilla R. et al.,
n.d). Cities can consult these documents or stablish
their own parameters.
4.4.3 Baseline
The second output of the energy evaluation is the
baseline. The baseline predicts the behaviour of the
KPIs based on the historical information, so it is a
quantitative reference of the objectives. In the
implementation step, KPIs must be checked
regularly and compared to the baseline that is
calculated here. The Baseline period is used for
obtaining the equation that shows how the system
behaves and the next stage is the expected
behaviour. In this stage the baseline value is
compared with the measured value during the
implementation to keep in track the energy savings.
4.5 Step 5. Set Targets
Based on the overall mobility project objectives,
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