NoSQL Storage for Configurable Information System

The Conceptual Model

Sergey Kucherov, Yuri Rogozov and Alexander Sviridov

Department of System Analysis and Telecommunications, Southern Federal University,

44 Nekrasovsky St., Taganrog, Russian Federation

Keywords: Data Storage, NoSQL, Configurable Information System.

Abstract: A basis for creation of configurable information systems and data warehousing for them is the using of a

single form of representation - base abstraction for action synthesis. The base abstraction for action

synthesis (BAfAS) involves a description of information system as an user's activity, rather than as

individual components. Configurable information system's data storage should be focused on storage not

isolated facts, but on types of user actions. Implementation of these action types in turn will lead to obtain

facts. Purpose of the paper is to propose the model of configurable information system's storage, which is

adequate to a model of the system and the conceptual model of storage described with NoSQL-technologies.

1 INTRODUCTION

Be advised that papers in a technically unsuitable

form will be returned for retyping. After returned the

manuscript must be appropriately modified. The

transition to a new generation of information

systems (IS) (Rogozov and Degtyarev, 2014a) -

configurable IS (CoIS) (Garcia and Goldszmidt,

2007), differ both in architecture (Rogozov and

Degtyarev, 2013) and the principles of operation

(Sviridov, 2014), causes the appearance of another

data storing principles and ways of its

implementation (Kucherov, Rogozov and Sviridov,

2014).

Setting aside technical and methodological

features of development processes an IS can be

considered as a reflection of user actions performed

using other means, but with the same result

(Rogozov, 2013). We considered classical

approaches to a design of flexible software systems

(Rossi, Guevara and Enciso, 2010), and formulated

the following abstract scheme of an IS design

process from the "main abstraction" (Rogozov,

Sviridov and Belikov, 2013) viewpoint (Fig. 1).

Initial state of a domain is a performing certain

actions by user. First step in transition to an

information system is describing user actions in the

form of business process model that is fixing his

actions.

Figure 1: Abstract scheme of the classical IS design

process.

Depending on design concepts representation of

business processes can vary, but in any case there is

the first step to avoiding the usual to an user "action"

abstraction. Next step is representation of a business

process as a set of abstractions describing an

information system, which is capable to performing

the process. Usually, the set abstractions at the

modelling stage is the structural (IDEF, DFD) or

object (UML) model. At the design and

implementation stage abstractions are interface,

business logic and data, which is absolutely not

comparable with user's "action" abstraction. Despite

the fact that as a result we change user action

(performed manually) to end-user action (performed

by an information system), the form of presentation

varies significantly. This variety creates a lot of

problems, and the main problem is misunderstanding

between an user and a developer. The reasons are

lies in application of classical analysis methods to

nonclassical problem for them (Lazarev, Rogozov

and Sviridov, 2014).

In our opinion, the only abstraction that can

279

Kucherov S., Rogozov Y. and Sviridov A..

NoSQL Storage for Conﬁgurable Information System - The Conceptual Model.

DOI: 10.5220/0005499802790287

In Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Data Management Technologies and Applications (DATA-2015), pages 279-287

ISBN: 978-989-758-103-8

 2015 SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda.)

represent IS in adequate to a domain and to an user

form is the base abstraction for action synthesis

(BAfAS) (Rogozov, 2014a). BAfAS is the fixed set

of characteristics with variable content (Rogozov

and Sviridov, 2014a). Changing content determines

the assignment of actions, while the fixed structure

of an action representation (characteristics: element,

function, tool, result) allows to use one abstraction

throughout the process of creating an IS - from a

study of subject area, prior to an implementation and

an operation of the system (Rogozov and Sviridov,

2014b). This, in turn, will require different methods

of system analysis and synthesis based on the

"action" abstraction. The paper introduces the

concept of configurable information system's storage

based on the "action" abstraction and NoSQL

technologies.

Configurable information system should

primarily provide the flexibility to customizing,

extending and changing functionality with minimal

effort (Kucherov, 2013). In this context, there is

necessity to shift from the traditional IS partitioning

to "interface", "business logic" and "data" to a

common base abstraction (Rogozov, 2014b). Base

abstraction should be the unified way of an IS

representation. For many years there was the

problem of misunderstanding between developer and

end-user (Kucherov, Lipko and Shevchenko, 2014),

caused by substitution of concepts in the

implementation of the system: the end-user requires

automation of specific actions or his entire activity,

while the developer operates mentioned above

aspects - "interface", "business logic", "data"

(Kucherov, 2013).

BAfAS allows to simulate the user activity, but

not parts of an information system, reproducing the

user's actions (as it does a lot of existing

methodologies). This is the principally new

viewpoint on information systems (Rogozov, 2013).

To describe an end-user's activity BAfAS uses a

simple set of characteristics - elements, functions,

tools and results. Regardless of the detalization level

this set stays fixed and represents the shape. Filling

the BAfAS shape with content (specification of

elements, functions, etc.) is a process of construction

an action. Actions could form the activity by general

characteristics, by binding through "result =

element" or by nesting in each other.

The task different from data storing is arising

(Kucherov, Samoylov and Grischenko, 2014). There

is necessity to storage of action types, filling content

and implementation of which will allow to obtain

traditional data facts (i.e. stored named values).

Action types and actions (as a reflection of the user

work with information system), always consist of a

fixed set of characteristics and have enhanced

binding possibilities (Kucherov, Sviridov and

Belousova, 2014) laid down in the BAfAS. The set

of stored action types and actions is not simply the

result of the user work with IS, but also the IS

configuration. Filling the structure of action type

with content is the process of configuring an IS.

Performing of action and remembering this process

is a reflection of the user work with IS. The

configurable information system's storage should

have the next number of new properties:

 Shifting the focus in storage: key aspect is

action type (reflects configuration of the IS)

and the action itself (lead to obtain the fact),

not some fact taken separately (result of action);

 Expansion of the connection's significance

between stored objects. In the classical

approach the relationship between instances of

stored data objects means their mutual

affiliation. In the case of storing actions

connection determines the sequence of steps in

automated end-user activity.

The possibility of using widespread data storage

technologies for obtaining of the above properties

requires analysis. In the paper we represent CoIS

storage concept that are based on the BAfAS and

NoSQL-technologies. The action storing model and

requirements to CoIS storage is formulated in the

first section. The second section presents the results

of data storage technologies analysis in case of their

application to solve described problem. The third

section describes a conceptual model of CoIS

storage.

2 THE MODEL OF ACTION

REPRESENTATION IN

CONFIGURABLE

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The data model (the most close in meaning term)

includes three aspects (Codd, 1981) - data structure,

data manipulation rules and tools to ensure integrity.

At the stage of formulating action storage

conception in CoIS we will focus on the structural

aspect. The use of classical approaches for creating

configurable information systems invariably leads to

complication turnkey solutions from a technical

point of view (Shaw and Garian, 1996.). Despite the

apparent simplicity of operation configurable

systems, their support without the involvement of

technical experts is difficult.

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Figure 2: Action type "calculation of the monthly wage of an employee".

One reason for the complexity of created

solutions is no single view (abstraction) on an IS.

Consequence of this is multiple interfaces to make

an adequate state of system components (e.g., ORM-

layer, resulting a relational database adequate to the

object model). The system should be presented in a

unified manner to resolve this issue. This manner

could be a base abstraction, which is a reflection of

user's actions. Base abstraction should be used to

present both logic of interaction with user, stored

action results and configuration of the system itself.

The actions that can be performed, but does not

include values of characteristics represent the system

configuration. Actions that have been performed

with certain values of characteristics - represent the

result of user work with the information system

(Rogozov, 2013).

Consequently, the model of action representation

in configurable information system, being adequate

to unified BAfAS model, should use the action as a

basic storage unit. From the structural aspect in the

model of action representation can be distinguished:

action type, action (performed), constant.

Action type is a reflection of the user's work unit,

expressed by:

 used elements:

 applied functions;

 tool that regulates rules of applying functions to

elements;

 the result that can be obtained by performing the

action.

Result corresponds to the purpose of action

implementation. It should be noted that the action

type has only specified the expected outcome in the

form of performing goals, while the value of the

result appears after the action implementation.

Action type is the basic unit of storage and

representation in configurable information system.

An example of the user's action type can be

"calculation of the monthly wage of an employee"

(Fig. 2).

As elements the action type uses information on

number of days worked (which in turn is the result

of Action type "counting the number of days

worked) and information about the cost of one

working day (which is the constant - action type

with non-specified elements, functions, and tools,

but with specified result value). As functions the

action type uses the mathematical operator

"multiplication". The tool in this case is a

multiplication rule, included in one of the system

modules.

In case of representing a system as actions erased

a clear separation on the "data", "business logic" and

"interface". The IS model becomes more adequate to

picture of the real world. Described action type can

be repeatedly reproduced to calculation of the

monthly wage. In such context, the action type is

much like the concept of the function in a

programming language, but unlike function the

action is not a fragment of code which access data

and GUI across multiple interfaces. Action is

independent stored element, which can be

configured and used as a source of values.

Action is a result of performing the action type at

any point in time, containing specific values of all

characteristics, including the value of result (Fig. 3).

In the context of above described example, the

action can be a particular employee wages for a

particular month. BAfAS will allow to store not only

the wage value, but also its production process. This

largely enhances the warehousing possibilities in

terms of maintaining the integrity and historicity

changes.

Constant is a special case of the action type,

which does not have the content of elements,

functions and tools, the combination of which

allowed us to obtain the result value (Fig. 2).

NoSQLStorageforConfigurableInformationSystem-TheConceptualModel

281

Figure 3: Action "particular employee wages for a particular month".

From structural viewpoint the model of action

representation in configurable information system

differs from the currently known data models and

requires alternative ways to implement. More in

detail the differences are presented in the next

section.

3 ANALYSIS OF THE

APPLICABILITY FOR

EXISTING STORAGE

TECHNOLOGIES

In order to evaluate the applicability of existing

storage technologies for configurable information

system we denote key requirements dictated by the

model of action representation (Rogozov, Kucherov

and Komendantov, 2014):

 Fixed structure of action representation.

Regardless of the action content, it must always

be presented in four characteristics - elements,

functions, tools and results.

 Any of action characteristics actions may have

no content or the content may be presented by a

plurality of elements with different types;

 As the value type for each of characteristics

(except the result) may be action results or a

whole action. Herewith in particular action can

be used as single types, and various

combinations thereof.

The basic storage unit should meet these

requirements, because in the other case it will again

cause a problem complicating the system (Rogozov,

Sviridov and Grischenko, 2014), and may also

exhibit negative performance (Grishchenko and

Rogozov, 2014).

Table 1: Results of analysis.

Requirement

Relational

technology

Object-oriented

technology

Fixed structure

Unavailable. The

structure of

relationship is

determined at the

time of its setting

on domains, the

number of which

can be arbitrary

Available. Class is

always represented by

the name, attributes and

methods

Multiple values

characteristics

Unavailable.

Relation instance

contains one value

of each domain

Partially available. Class

instance is characterized

by a specific attribute

values. The problem can

be solved by complex

data types

The multiplicity

of values types

for a single

characteristic

Unavailable. Each

domain is a

separate data type

Partially available. Class

attribute has a specific

value type. The problem

can be solved by

complex data types

From the many created for today data storage

technologies clearly the declared basic storage unit

only have two - relational and object-oriented. In the

first case the basic storage unit is a relation that

allows to group and record the individual facts. In

the second case, the basic storage unit is a class that

contains a set of attributes and operations. Results of

analysis mentioned above data storage technologies

from the viewpoint of BAfAS implementation are

shown in Table 1.

None of the submitted data storage technology is

not able to meet the requirements. This is a

consequence of the narrow focus and it affects the

final form of the base storage unit (Kucherov,

Rogozov and Borisova, 2014).

To meet the model requirements configurable

information system's storage technology can be

obtained in one of two ways:

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 development of its own storage technology

which has adequate representation in the form of

action;

 use of existing storage technologies, allowing to

independently define the base storage unit

structure.

First method is more efficient in terms of the final

result, second method has fewer risks and deadlines.

As part of the study is expected to first carry out

optimization and testing of the model on existing

technologies, and then go on to create their own

technology.

For today there is a whole class of models and

data storage technologies, combined by the term

NoSQL (Sadalage and Pramod, 2012). These

solutions include next types: family of columns,

key-value, document-oriented etc. Because

information systems are focused on factual

information storage, document-oriented ways of

presenting information is not applicable, in addition,

they require additional processing after extraction of

information (document) from the storage. Actions

have a clear structure and themselves, in turn, form a

complex structure - user activity. Therefore, the key-

value technology is not applicable too, since storage

is not natively focused on associated data objects.

Mentioned requirements are met by column family-

based types of NoSQL storage.

NoSQL storages oriented to work with families

of columns have different ways of presenting data

(McCreary and Kelly, 2013). Of greatest interest are

so-called schema-free systems (Tweed and George,

2010), wherein the base storage unit has no

deterministic structure of representation. The unit

structure can be initially set in the adequate to

configurable information system form. Such systems

use basically principles laid down in the hierarchical

and network data models - each data object is a

sparse hierarchical tree of elements. Next, consider

the conceptual model of the configurable

information system's storage based on NoSQL-

technology.

4 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF

THE CONFIGURABLE

INFORMATION SYSTEM'S

STORAGE

Both action types and actions must meet BAfAS

requirements. In this connection, convenient to

introduce the storage concept as a multi-layered

storing system of actions. (Fig. 4). The base of the

storage (also the basic storage unit and the first

layer) is an BAfAS, consisting of four characteristics

- elements, functions, tools and results.).

User work with the system at moment C...

IS Configuration layer

action

User work with the system at moment B

action

User work with the system at moment A

action type

action

Timestamp t

element function tool result

BAfAS

Action types

Actions

Figure 4: Conceptual model of the configurable

information system's storage.

The next layer is the system configuration,

expressed by action types. Each action type is the

result of applying the basic abstraction to non-

automated user activity. Action type contains

elements, functions and tools, which implementation

will lead to obtain the target result. Every action

type can be repeatedly reproduced thereby will be

memorized actions reflecting the user work with the

system.

The system configuration representing by

connected action types (base layer) are created once

at the configuring stage. During the IS operation we

are building up the layers reflecting results of a

different action types in variable contexts (secondary

layer). Each secondary layer is a result of action

types implementation fixed at a certain point in time.

Horizontal upbuilding of the base layer occurs

during system configuration by adding new action

type. Vertical upbuilding occurs in IS operation (in

new times we perform action types from the base

layer). Multi-layered character of the storage is a

consequence of using the unified abstraction in the

process of creating and operating the system. Next

consider models of action type, action and constant

taking into account the NoSQL technology.

Fig. 5 shows the model of BAfAS representation

in NoSQL configurable information system's

storage.

Action type is formed through the common

pattern (base abstraction for action synthesis), which

includes the name of the action, and a list of four

characteristics with their constituent components.

Result in the description of action type is degenerate,

since the action is described, but not yet implemented.

NoSQLStorageforConfigurableInformationSystem-TheConceptualModel

283

Figure 5: Model of BAfAS representation in NoSQL configurable information system's storage.

Due to schema-free technology the number of

components and their types can be determined

dynamically.

Action, in contrast to an action type, has values

of characteristics. Each value is accompanied by a

time-stamped obtaining or assignment. Action also

store the result of its implementation, and the

timestamp of result value is considered as the

moment of action implementation. Constants are a

particular example of an action type, because they

are recorded at the configuration stage. They have

degenerated characteristics of elements, tools and

functions and contain only the result with the

timestamp.

As we seen in Fig. 5, each base storage unit is a

named tree that describes the user action. Inside a

node may be hierarchy describing the embedding of

actions at each other and allowing to describe

complex user activities.

Described above components are basic

components of the conceptual model of the

configurable information system's storage. Storage

itself is done at the expense of hierarchical trees

constructing. Next, the example from of the first part

shows the general concept of the storage (Fig. 6).

Storage is logically divided into two aspects -

configuration and operation.

 The configuration aspect is those components

that can be reused for the reproduction of user

activity. This includes action types that reflect

the user's work. They comprise the

specification of characteristics (elements,

functions and tools), but they do not contain

specific values. Also the configuration aspect

include constants, as they contain pre-defined

during configuration values and do not reflect

the user's work.

 The operational aspect is action types from a

configuration aspect, supplemented by value

of specified characteristics and

implementation results. Thus the operational

aspect represents the actions performed by the

user within information system. Each

characteristic's value is accompanied by a

timestamp. The action implementation time is

determined by the result's timestamp.

Drawing an analogy with object-oriented and

relational technologies it can be said that the action

type (by destination) is like a class (entity), and the

action is like an object (entity instance). However,

unlike entities and classes the action storage model

has significantly greater opportunities:

 it is more dynamic;

 it has more semantics than the current data

models;

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User work with the system

Information system configuration

Calculation of the

monthly wage

Results

Elements

Days worked

Rate of payment

Functions

Tools

Multiplying rule

9500

15.09.2014 21:06:00

15.09.2014 21:05:00

Counting of days

worked

Result

Elements

Days in the month

Days off

Truancies

Functions

Tools

Subtraction rule

01.09.2014 15:00:00

Days in the month

«Subtract»

Days off

«Subtract»

Truancies

01.01.2008 10:00:00

01.09.2014 15:00:00

«Subtract»

«-»

01.01.2008 10:00:00

The value of the

base rate of pay for

one day

Result

Tools

Functions

Elements

500

21.04.2012 10:37:00

“Multiply”

«*»

01.01.2008 10:00:00

Days worked

«Multiply»

Rate of payment

01.01.2008 10:00:00

Figure 6: Example of filling NoSQL storage of configurable information system.

 it is more adequate to picture of the real world.

Main ideological difference of the proposed

storage is that it is not based on a set of separated

actions, but on BAfAS, which allows to receive

various types of user actions for further

reproduction.

 The proposed storage allows the use of different

types of characteristic's values, thereby building

a sequence of action types, the implementation of

which leads to a result (data fact). By using

BAfAS we met requirements of the action

representation model in configurable information

system, and also the conditions for its

implementation without additional funds to bring

an adequate form (interfaces). The possibility of

"growth" at the expense of schema-free allows

unlimited detalization of actions. It also allow to

describe complex activities.

5 MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

The paper proposed the base abstraction of action

synthesis (BAfAS) and conceptual model of

configurable information system's storage. The

model focused not on the storage of certain facts, but

on storage of action for their preparation.

Representation of configurable information

system, storing of its configuration and its operating

results as a set of actions will eliminate currently

existing problems, such as: growth of the technical

complexity with enhancing flexibility,

misunderstanding between end-user and developer,

extraction requirements, etc.

BAfAS allows to bring the storage to a new level

- data semantics, their occurrence are clearly

documented in a readable form for an user. This in

turn has a positive effect on both the modeling

process, and the process of operation and

improvement of the system by end-user.

The model of action representation in

configurable information system and storage model

proposed in this paper have the following

advantages:

 Storing data in an adequate form to information

system model;

 Eliminate the need for additional mechanisms

of transformation and interfaces between the

storage and information system.

The use of NoSQL technologies, in turn, will

allow to realize high-performance solutions devoid

of drawbacks structure-independent databases

(Kucherov, Samoylov, 2014; Kucherov, Sviridov,

2014).

NoSQLStorageforConfigurableInformationSystem-TheConceptualModel

285

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research is performed within the government

mandate № 0110021005901621. Theme № 213.01-

11/2014-17 "Development of methods for data

storage creation in configurable information systems

and mechanisms for their implementation".

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