A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi

Municipality as a Smart Settlement

Pınar Demirel Etli and Sevin Aksoylu

Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey

Keywords: Smart City, Regeneration, Remourban Project.

Abstract: In recent years strategies for urban regeneration have been developed due to the interurban competition and

growing awareness of the cities’ role as an impetus for innovation and regional economic growth. One of

the goal of these strategies is to implement initiatives to improve the quality of the environment operating in

a wide sense towards a smart growth. In Turkey, some municipalities also got off the ground the smart

settlement principles for the regeneration of the residential areas. This paper deals with a regeneration

model called as “Remourban- ” project to accelerate the smart urban transformation of Life Village Site of

Tepebasi Municipality in Eskisehir. The first part of the study contains definitions and content of urban

regeneration and smart city in the literature. In the second part, the approaches and objectives of the

Remourban project are given and evaluation of smart city attributes tested along with objective data of

Remourban Project. Although, the project has many criteria which are overlap the definition of smart cities,

it is not expected to classify in the same scope. Therefore, in order to be characterized as a smart city

improvement in the concluding section, opportunities and recommendations have been presented.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, many cities in the world have been

working on urban space in order to transform cities

into sustainable cities (Panuccio et al, 2015). In

general, urban regeneration is used for cities to

improve their competitiveness, productivity and

liveability. New concepts - such as liveable cities,

sustainable cities and smart cities have created a

wealth of opportunities for economic and social

growth. Planning offers the possibility to develop

and transform a city into a modern and attractive

city. Urban planning considers the smart growth

cities as the system of opportunities (Russo et al,

2014). Despite the fact that lots of articles and

researches have attempted to clarify the smart city, it

is still unclear in literature. Different approaches and

descriptions can be summarized as follows.

The terms "smart" and "intelligent" have become

part of the language of urbanization policy, referring

to the clever use of IT to improve the productivity of

a city’s essential infrastructure and services and to

reduce energy inputs and CO

outputs in response to

global climate change (Hodgkinson, 2011).

Smart cities represent a conceptual urban

development model based on the utilization of

human, collective and technological capital for the

enhancement of development and prosperity in

urban agglomeration. Smart cities are all urban

settlements that make a conscious effort to capitalize

on the new Information and Communications

Technology (ICT) landscape in a strategic way,

seeking to achieve prosperity, effectiveness and

competitiveness on multiple socio-economic levels

(Angelidou, 2014).

Smart Cities Workshop (2009), defines smart

city as a city that makes conscious effort to

innovatively employ ICTs in support of a more

inclusive, diverse and sustainable urban environment

(Stratigea, 2012).

A smart city as a high-tech intensive and

advanced city that connects people, information and

city elements using new technologies such as ICT

systems, in order to create a sustainable greener city,

a competitive and innovative commerce and an

increase in the quality of life with a straightforward

administration and maintenance system of the city

(Schaffers et al, 2012).

The aim of smart city development is the

provision of qualitative and innovative services to

the public, to the economic activities, and also to the

visitors of a city, together with the production of a

Etli, P. and Aksoylu, S.

A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement.

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS 2016), pages 86-93

ISBN: 978-989-758-184-7

safe, pleasant and inclusive urban environment

(Komninos, 2006).

Smart cities emerge not just as an innovative

modus operandi for future urban living but as a key

strategy to tackle poverty and inequality,

unemployment and energy management (Manville et

al, 2013).

While some papers discuss smart city in a

specific part, such as: smart transportation, mobility,

ICT, smart food or other, this paper deals with a case

study of ‘Smart city concept’ on a pilot settlement of

Eskisehir- Tepebasi District in a general approach.

These analyses are based on a hypothesis, as urban

regeneration can be used to provide an urban quality

and the establishment of the smart settlements .In

this scope, the purpose of this paper to suggest new

outlook for the Life Village Project as a smart

settlement.

2 URBAN REGENERATION

PROCESS AS A TOOL OF

SMART SETTLEMENT

The city, from a place of social life, has become a

space to be used to take advantage of the

infrastructure and services. This mentality has

generated degradation, disorder, waste, lack of

resources, poor services. In recent times, to solve

these issues strategies for urban regeneration have

been developed. The concept of urban regeneration

can be evaluated in a different ways depending on

the development levels of the countries (Aksoylu,

2012). In the most developed economies, the goal is

to promote a “return to the city”, revitalise the city

centre, restore activity in a fiercely competitive

international context, and implement initiatives to

improve the quality of the environment operating in

a wide sense towards a smart growth. In course of

time, urban regeneration has developed from the

renovation or rehabilitation of built environment to

rebuilding of the urban fabric, the renewal of the city

image or the urban economy and equity, public

participation and their professional and social

integration into a multi- functional context (UNEP,

2004).

By the 1980s, social concerns were replaced by

economic concerns and regeneration projects started

preparing the city for a new century (Gotham, 2001).

Urban regeneration can be described as, “a

comprehensive and integrated vision and action

which leads to the resolution of urban problems and

which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in

the economic, physical, social and environmental

condition of an area that has been subject to change”

(Roberts, 2000). As Gibson & Kocabas (2001)

states, urban regeneration is a holistic,

comprehensive and integrated approach that

embraces the three aims (the three e’s- economy,

equity and environment); maintaining economic

competitiveness, reducing inequality and protecting

and embracing the environment and that suggests a

new generation of partnerships for policy

development and delivery that includes innovative

configurations of public, private and NGO sectors in

more equal relationships.

Today, urban regeneration aims to address issues

that are associated with change in the economy and

employment, economic competitiveness, social

exclusion, community issues, vacant and

deteriorated sites in cities, new land and property

requirements, environmental quality and sustainable

development (Turok, 2004, Keles, 2003, Roberts,

2000). Depending on this, it is resulted in improving

the infrastructure of the urban areas which is a

prerequisite in the creative sector’s choice of

location. Regeneration projects can also introduce

new infrastructure such as new lines of

transportation, and digital infrastructure. As a result,

smart city is started to discuss in the cities.

3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A

SMART CITY

In association with economy or jobs smart city is

used to describe a city with a “smart” industry. That

implies especially industries in the fields of

information and communication technologies (ICT)

as well as other industries implying ICT in their

production processes. The term smart city is also

used regarding the education and qualification of its

inhabitants. A smart city has therefore smart

inhabitants in terms of their educational grade. In

other literature the term smart city is referred to the

relation between the city government administration

and its citizen. Smart city is furthermore used to

discuss the use of modern technology and cloud

systems in everyday urban life. This includes not

only ICT but also, and especially, modern transport

technologies. Logistics as well as new transport

systems as “smart” systems, which improve the

urban traffic and the inhabitants’ mobility. Moreover

various other aspects referring to life in a city are

mentioned in connection to the term Smart City like

safety, green, efficient & sustainable, energy etc

(Giffinger et al, 2007).

A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement

A smart city is a city well performing in a

forward-looking way in the six characteristics (smart

economy, smart people, smart governance, smart

mobility, smart environment, smart living) built on

the smart combination of endowments and activities

of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens

(Chourabi et al, 2012).

Smart City can describe with relationship

between several fields of activity such; technology,

industry, education, participation, energy and

environment. Using information and communication

integrated infrastructures transforms cities in

significant ways. IT infrastructure and applications

are keystones of the smart cities. However, the ICT

systems are necessary but not enough to make a

smart city. All technological systems need

collaboration and cooperation between local

governments, public and private actors and citizens.

4 CHARACTERISTICS OF

ESKISEHIR

In the scope of smart city actions, smart urban

regeneration projects aim to improve the quality of

urban life via upgrading of urban utilities. Eskisehir

Tepebasi Municipality The Life Village Project is

one of the few smart urban regeneration projects in

Turkey.

Eskisehir is a medium-sized city with a

population of 685.135 inhabitants in Turkey. It is

located in Central Anatolia between Capital Ankara

and Istanbul. Eskisehir city centre is divided into

two municipalities by Porsuk river. On the one side

there is the Odunpazari district and on the north-

west side there is the Tepebasi district. Since

Tepebasi district is at the centre of the city, it

represents nearly 40 % of the city’ population with

an approximately 320.000 inhabitants. Eskisehir is

among the provinces having the highest level of

urban and life quality. According to social and

economic development index which was prepared

based on the basic indicators of demographics,

urbanization, health, education and employment,

Eskisehir occupies 2

and 3

place within 81

provinces.

Density of Tepebasi district is 400-600 people

per hectare. In general, main environmental

problems of the Tepebasi district have been

identified as noise pollution, water pollution and

problems caused by the waste pollution.

Eskisehir is influenced by the continental climate

changes with very hot summers and very cold

winters. The temperature difference between day

and night also could be major. So it can be needed

much more energy for heating and cooling for the

buildings.

Figure 1: Location of Eskisehir.

Figure 2: Boundary of Tepebasi Municipality.

In recent years, depending on the globalization

wind and neo-liberal policies that enriched the new

elites who have new life styles, the housing capital

focused on these groups in 1990’s in Turkey. After

1999 earthquake in the country, the fear of possible

earthquake has also changed the housing preference

as from the high-rise apartment buildings to the

lower detached houses (Aksoylu, 2015). Eskisehir is

not exempt from this situation, many low rise houses

have been constructed on the gated communities and

on the Mass Housing Areas on Tepebasi District.

Additional to this, Energy Efficiency Law

inurement in 2007, the existing buildings and

industrial establishments have been started to be

revised and transformed to fulfil energy efficient

compact buildings (Law: Official Gazette, 2007).

After 2017 all buildings will mandatorily take an

Energy Identification Certificate. According to this

legislative regulation, new buildings that are

constructed since 2011 are taken Energy ID

Certificate in Turkey and also in Eskisehir.

SMARTGREENS 2016 - 5th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

Figure 3: Eskisehir Porsuk River, Tepebasi.

Nowadays, a residential building restoration in a

common European city is not a profitable business

itself. It is clear that if any energy renovation is

tackled modifying the building enveloping, it will be

necessary about 30 years to return the initial

investments through the energy savings reached. For

this reason, a business model based on building

energy renovation is not an attractive business

(Proposal of Remourban, 2014).

5 SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF LIFE VILLAGE OF

TEPEBASI DISTRICT

Life Village is a district of approximately 30,000 m

with a built area of just under 10,000 m

in the

North-West of the city of Eskisehir within the

jurisdiction of Tepebasi Municipality of Eskisehir.

There are 57 same type two storey dwellings,

386 inhabitants and a 560 m

social facility building

in the Area. The buildings were constructed for

residential use in 2007 however after ownership of

the buildings changes to Tepebasi Municipality, they

were transformed into Alzheimer patients and

elderly cares. Each dwelling has 174 m² conditioned

area consisting 3 bedrooms, 1 living room, kitchen,

bathroom, wc, storage etc. parking space and garden.

Some of the buildings were recently renovated to

satisfy the needs of the Alzheimer patients. The

ground floors are used as common areas like dining

room, activity room, recreation and TV rooms

Bedrooms and bathrooms are located on the upper

floors. Also there are clinic and rehabilitation rooms

in buildings. Health centre and administrative office

have office functions. The special workshop for

disabled citizens serves various purposes and

houses, offices as well. The rehabilitation centre is

home to social activities, workshops and conference

centre in 560 m

conditioned area in one storey

building.

Figure 4: Layout Plan of Life Village.

6 OBJECTIVE OF REMOURBAN

PROJECT FOR LIFE VILLAGE

RemoUrban (REgeneration MOdel for accelerating

the smart URBAN transformation) is a large scale

demonstration project, which aims to accelerate the

urban transformation towards the smart city concept

taking into account all aspects of sustainability, and

pretends that Valladolid, Nottingham and Eskisehir

will be a reference in Europe (and World Wide) with

respect to social progress, urban planning and

environmental regeneration. For achieve it, public

authorities and several industrial partners have

assumed the commitment to support and co-finance

the necessary actions that allow to validate a

powerful urban regeneration model for accelerating

the city transformation in a more sustainable urban

environment (Proposal of Remourban, 2014).

Remourban will address an intense activity

focused on searching applicable solutions for city

transformations. Some of the business models are a

good example of how the economies of scale can be

A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement

applied, increasing the intervention impact and with

the aim to make the investments more attractive than

these usually are. There are many examples of

interesting business models for heating systems,

specially at district level, where apart from using

renewable energy sources as biomass. These models

go towards energy services business model with

investment returns period less than 5 or 6 years

(Proposal of Remourban, 2014).

Remourban has set the objective of building a

"Sustainable Urban Regeneration Model" that aims

to transform existing cities into more sustainable and

smarter places to live and work. The urban

renovation strategy is focused on the citizens,

because the people live in the city is the most

affected by the improvements and alterations.

Figure 5: REMOURBAN main concept (Proposal of

Remourban, 2014).

The point is improving the current conditions of

a city in order to achieve energy efficient

neighbourhood and more sustainable urban

transport. Remourban, thus, will have as major

challenges those that enhance the key indicators of

environment, reduction of emissions, transport

efficiency, access to the city information and citizen

engagement. It is commonly avowed that for

achieving it, it is necessary combining improvement

strategies in the energy, mobility and ICT sectors.

The model is designed to propose holistic

integrated approaches, jointly in the energy and

mobility sectors with the ICT potentiality. The

project vision aims to achieve higher economic,

social and environmental benefits for cities to

improve sustainability where it is possible to get

better results (Proposal of Remourban, 2014).

According to the Report of audits in the Tepebasi

demo site, the initial task aims to develop a baseline

in the fields of buildings and district energy supply,

Figure 6: Buildings modelling in demo site.

city transportation, suitable urban infrastructure,

existing urban plans for promoting low energy

districts and sustainable mobility, public

procurement procedures, regulations and normative

approaches and existing actions for citizens’

engagement as well as recommendations for further

improvement (Demir et al, 2015).

6.1 Efficient Energy Use

In order to analyse energy use, thermal comfort and

health&well-being in the buildings, measurement

equipments were installed in selected buildings.

These equipments measure outside temperature,

outside humidity, inside temperature, inside

humidity, indoor air quality, temperature of boiler

distribution lines (outgoing-return). Thus, the

improvement of energy use will be developed for all

buildings in demo site.

The demonstration aims at the reduction of 85%

in the energy consumption per capita, and a 79% of

the CO

emissions. The dwellings will be retrofitted

in order to achieve a reduction in the building

consumption higher than 53%. A district

heating/cooling facility based on biomass and water

sourced heat pump will be installed for the targeted

district, together with solar thermal facilities for

DHW, with a reduction of CO

emissions of 79%

PV facility of 100 kWp will be deployed on the roof

of the central social building as BIPV and also a 50

kWp tracker PV installation, with a total electricity

production of 25 kWh/m

yr.

Each dwelling was designed with individual gas

fired boiler with 24 kW capacity to provide heating

and DHW (Domestic Hot Water) for the users. The

buildings were planned and built for residential use

however after ownership of the buildings changes to

Tepebasi Municipality. Major changes were done to

turn these buildings into Alzheimer patients and

elderly cares. Due to the different purpose of use

expected in the buildings, it is necessary to improve

energy systems to manage different energy demand

SMARTGREENS 2016 - 5th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

Table 1: Smart energy solutions in demo site.

Smart

Energy&

Environment

Success

Factors

Action Description Tepebasi Applications

Attractivity of

Natural

Conditions

District scale retrofitting

9.110 m

district retrofitting

57 dwellings

400 residents

%60 energy savings

Pollution

Air quality/Weather/Noise/Waste

management and Encourage to using

of EV for low carbon emission

Air quality and waste management

system. EV using for public transport and

encourage for e-bike

Environmental

Protection

Transforming the energy chain

Use of cleaner vehicle

Use of electric or hybrid technologies

for clean transport

Micro grid: renewables, storage, demand

side management.

Integrated bike rental system

& Free parking EV, 50 e-bikes, 4 e-Buses

& minibuses, 7 EHV

Sustainable

Resource

Management

Electricity distributed generation

Renewable heating and cooling

Greenhouse gas emissions reduction

Shift to a new and more sustainable

energy scenario.

PV panel on roofs (100 kWp) & Energy

monitoring and control.

Water sourced heat pump for H&C and

Biomass heating plant. Solar thermal for

Domestic Hot Water. Thermal and

photovoltaic solar energy using

profiles and meter and control individual dwellings

to avoid energy inefficiencies.

Figure 7: Buildings and car parks in demo site.

Figure 8: Buildings and car parks in demo site.

Although relatively newly built, the district

building stock consists of inefficiently constructed

buildings in energy consumption terms.

Also the

comfort conditions are extremely low and the

heating costs are quite high zone. Energy

performance of buildings in the district are energy-

inefficient and poorly insulated type mass housing,

typical of TOKI construction, highly inconsiderate

of the climactic.

6.2 Smart Mobility Solutions

City on Cloud ICT city management platform will

be developed that will put together all energy and

mobility data and more than 3.000 variables will be

gathered and stored. The study is an integrated

transport system consisting of buses, trams,

minibuses, cycling and walking networks. 4 buses

and 7 hybrid cars will be utilized in the project in

addition to a 50 e-bike rental system. The study area

covered 72 planning zones and a conventional four-

step transportation model was calibrated with the

travel data collected from 7,000 households.

Transportation model intended to improve

pedestrian system continuity in the existing central

business district of the city, and extended the system

into new streets. The bikeway elements of the

transportation master plan consisted of an

enhancement of the bicycle paths within the city.

The intent of the plan was to improve the continuity

of the bikeway system throughout the city, linking.

All of the technologies purpose is accelerating

the transformation of the city in urban areas into

smarter places of advanced social progress and

environmental regeneration.

A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement

Table 2: Smart mobility solutions in demo site.

Smart

Mobility

Success Factors Action Description Tepebasi Applications

Local

Accessibility

Pedestrian and bicycle network

Connecting transport modes, nodes and

mobility services

Multi-modal travel

Logistics supply chain inside the city

8 km bicycle route with

pedestrian road

Ticketing, Smartcard, Smart

Debit Card

ICT

Infrastructure

Charging infrastructure for electric and hybrid

vehicles

Open data alliances

Responsive and integrated mobility services

Monitoring Tools for Energy

Computer-based systems to automatically

monitor and control the main facilities,

devices and services

Mobile ITS* (location-based route / travel

information + traffic light systems)

ICT integrated waste management and

lighting systems and sensors

5 e-bike & 2EV charging

stations

Smart Phone App. Mobility:

info. interface to bike system

Advanced monitoring and

energy performance viewing

ICT platform

Energy monitoring and control

system (automatic control,

occupancy control, CO2

sensors, comfort controllers)

Sustainable,

Innovative and

Safe Transport

System

Collective transport, clean logistics, sharing of

goods vehicles and distribution infrastructure

Integrated bike rental system

Free parking EV

Travel info kiosks

It is planned to connect the life village demo site

to internet by using point-to-point wireless

connection. Also there is a fiber optical connection

project in life village to connect 16 places to each

other.

7 CONCLUSIONS

In the twenty-first century, the challenges faced by

cities and their residents will be unlike any we have

faced even before. Technology is becoming more

powerful and offers newfound assurance for the

future of cities such as; more efficient resource

usage, greater connectivity between people and city,

and more comprehensive opportunity for all. By this

way the cities transform more quickly. Remourban

project guides as a smart city initiative and set a

course to overcome some of those challenges by the

actions given the study.

This paper presents a regeneration model to

accelerate the smart urban transformation of Life

Village Site in Eskisehir.

Remourban project focuses

on these three main areas; mobility, district and

other urban infrastructures. Also Remourban

demonstration evaluates the cities with a schematic

vision about the scope by these indicators:

 Sustainable mobility: green transport shift,

city logistics and urban transport.

 Low energy districts: district energy

auditing, retrofitting and renewable

integration.

 Integrated infrastructures: information

platforms and smart grid.

 Non-technical actions: citizen engagement,

communication, urban planning, etc.

Even if as a regional smart urban regeneration

project the “Remourban” meets the expectations for

local improvements, it is not expected to fulfil each

single component of smart city initiatives.

Additional to targets that have been achieved in the

presented project, below items can be assessed as

“open to improve” in the scope of smart settlement.

 For smarter governance; project may

embrace citizen participation in planning,

decision making and organisation,

encourage people to participate the

information portal and give feedback for

the decisions by government.

 For smarter people; project may focus on

enhance the level of qualification by

improve the opportunity of having access to

education and training.

 For smarter living; project may focus to

increase the capacity of cultural facilities,

enhance the health conditions and

individual safety, improve education

facilities and support the cultural activities

etc.

SMARTGREENS 2016 - 5th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems

Recently, smart cities have become a major

factor for economic activities and inviting

governments to embark on new long-term vision and

ideologies for sustainable development based on

renewable energy and technology. Therefore, the

municipalities need to set goals to accelerate smart

transformations of the cities for their future

sustainability, the establishment of a transport

system that favours people over automobile and a

lively city through its environmentally friendly

approach.

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A Critical Outlook to Remourban Project of Eskisehir Tepebasi Municipality as a Smart Settlement