Development and Application of GIS-based Information System of

Landslide Hazard Map Induced by Earthquakes and Rainfall in

Korea

Han-Saem Kim

and Choong-Ki Chung

Earthquake Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Keywords: Information System, Landslide Hazard Map, GIS, Earthquake, Rainfall.

Abstract: Securing the slope stability for earthquake and rainfall by analysing the behaviour of slope structure is one

of the most important parts in landslide disaster preparation, especially in Korea including many mountain

areas. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on securing the slope stability for earthquake and

rainfall in Korea. Therefore, the systematic research on factors affecting the slope stability and evaluation

method of slope stability considering earthquake and rainfall induced factors should be needed. In this

study, integrated information system of landslide hazard map during earthquake and rainfall was developed.

The developed system built, within the frame of GIS, consists of a database (DB) containing all site

information and processed data in the system in the standard data formats, and the system software

performing various functions to manage and utilize the data in the database. The system software is

functionally divided into an input module, earthquake-induced landslide assessment module, rainfall-

induced landslide assessment module, and hazard mapping module. Study area is Cheonggye Mountain and

Deogyu Mountain in Korea, and landslide hazard map is constructed by using amplification factor obtained

from geometrical characteristics of slope and Severity Level linked with rainfall datasets based on the

developed system.

1 INTRODUCTION

Landslides are one of the most damaging natural

hazards in mountainous terrains with heavy

torrential rainfall as is in the case of Korea. Debris

flow damage includes losses in human life,

destruction of various facilities, damages to roads,

pipelines, and vehicles (Jakob and Hungr, 2005).

Mostly, post-event repair processes and works have

been only executed after debris-flow occurrences.

Recently, there has been an increase in both the

number of occurrences and costs for

countermeasures of debris-flows in Korea. In order

to sufficiently manage infrastructure from debris

flow occurrences, a method or system to assess the

hazard of debris flows during certain rainfall events

in a regional scale was needed.

Meanwhile, seismically triggered landslides are

one of the most damaging hazards associated with

earthquakes. They can not only cause the damage to

lives and structures directly, but also cease the

operation of the whole social systems by making the

roads and/or lifelines useless. For these reasons,

securing the slope stability for earthquake by

analysing the behaviour of slope structure is one of

the most important parts in earthquake preparation,

especially in Korea including many mountain areas.

However, there is still a lack of systematic research

on securing the slope stability for earthquake in

Korea. In this research, the systematic research on

factors affecting the slope stability for earthquake

and evaluation method of slope stability considering

earthquake induced factors should be needed.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

technologies could provide a powerful tool to model

the landslide hazards for their spatial analysis and

prediction (Mukhlisin et al., 2010). This is because

the collection, manipulation and analysis of the

environmental data on landslide hazard can be

accomplished much more efficiently and cost

effectively (Carrara and Guzzetti, 1999; Guzzetti et

al., 1999; Ghafoori and Lashkaripour, 2009;

Mukhlisin et al., 2010). Many GIS-based analysis

Kim, H-S. and Chung, C-K.

Development and Application of GIS-based Information System of Landslide Hazard Map Induced by Earthquakes and Rainfall in Korea.

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management (GISTAM 2016), pages 227-234

ISBN: 978-989-758-188-5

227

models and quantitative prediction models of

landslide hazard have been proposed since the

beginning of GIS application in geo-hazards

research in the late 1980s (Carrara, 1983; Carrara et

al., 1991, 1995, 1999; Jade and Sarkar, 1993; Chung

et al., 1995, Chung and Fabbri, 1998, 1999, 2001).

In this study, integrated information system of

landslide hazard map during earthquake was

developed. The developed system built, within the

frame of GIS, consists of a database (DB) containing

all site information and processed data in the system

in the standard data formats, and the system software

performing various functions to manage and utilize

the data in the database. The system software is

functionally divided into an input module,

earthquake-induced landslide assessment module,

rainfall-induced landslide assessment module, and

hazard mapping module. For the earthquake-induced

landslide hazard, study area was Cheonggae

Mountain in Korea, and two-dimensional landslide

hazard map for dynamic factor of safety and

Newmark displacement was constructed by using

amplification factor obtained from geometrical

characteristics of slope based on the developed

system. And the rainfall-induced landslide hazard

module was applied on three expressway sections in

Korea; the Deogyu Mountain area of the Daejun-

Jinju Expressway. The reliability of the assessment

method was investigated by comparing actual

debris-flow occurrence and non-occurrence cases.

2 FRAMEWORK FOR

LANDSLIDE HAZARD

ASSESSMENT INDUCED BY

MULTI-SOURCE

2.1 Methodologies for Landslide

Hazard Assessment during

Earthquake

To evaluate the site-specific landslide hazard during

earthquake for macro-zonation of Korea (over 4 km

unit area), the digital map contained topography

layer (having digital elevation model) are usually

utilized as the backbone datasets (Kim, 2014). In

this study the, the systematic procedure for

earthquake-induced landslide hazard assessment

using digital map was newly proposed to develop

the digital information system (Figure 1).

For the processing of spatial analysis based on

ArcGIS, digital map (1:5,000 scales) provided by the

National Geographic Information Institute of Korea

was used. Of the entities within the digital map, only

the topography layers (type of polyline) entities were

extracted and used. With the elevation layers,

triangulated irregular network (TIN) was used for

construction of 2D continuous elevation and slope

DEM (type of raster). According to the algorithm of

TIN, TIN is a vector-based representation of the

physical land surface or sea bottom, made up of

irregularly distributed nodes and lines (Booth, 2000;

Shekhar and Xiong, 2008). The vertices of each

triangle are sample data points having three-

dimensional coordinates. These sample points are

linked with lines to form Delaunay triangles

(Shekhar and Xiong, 2008). The TINs are used to

store and display surface models of target area.

Linked with the DEM obtained from algorithm of

spatial analysis, landslide hazard during earthquake

can be simply estimated through the dynamic factor

of safety and the Newmark displacement derived

horizontal amplification factors for flexible slope

with inclined bedrock (Lee et al., 2014).

Figure 1: Systematic procedure architecture for landslide

hazard assessment during earthquakes.

To evaluate the seismic stability of a landslide,

both the pseudo-static method and the Newmark

sliding block method (1965) are most often used

simultaneously. In both methods, the target area is

assumed to have an infinite slope. To obtain the

factor of safety of the slope in a static condition, a

relatively simple limit-equilibrium model of an

infinite slope in material having both friction and

cohesive strength can be used. The factor of safety

(FS) in static conditions is as follows:













sin

1









tan 

tan 

(1)

The pseudo-static method for seismic slope stability

is based on assumptions of the limit equilibrium and

GISTAM 2016 - 2nd International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management

228

is still the most popular method in geotechnical

engineering practice. The pseudo-static analysis

provides an index of stability (the factor of safety)

but no information concerning deformations

associated with slope failure. Because the

serviceability of a slope after an earthquake is

controlled by deformations, analyses that predict

slope displacements provide a more useful

indication of the seismic slope stability (Kramer,

1996; Yin 2014). Newmark's method (1965) is a

landslide model to determine the cumulative

displacement of a landslide as a rigid-plastic block

that slides on an inclined plane.

2.2 Methodologies for Landslide

Hazard Assessment during Rainfall

For the processing of attributes included in the KEC

method, a systematic sequence using the software

ArcGIS 10.1 was newly proposed (Figure. 2).

Various ArcGIS tools such as the [Spatial Analyst

Tools] and the [Analysis Tools] were used for a

quantitative and objective assessment of the

attributes.

Figure 2: Systematic procedure architecture for landslide

hazard assessment during rainfall.

For the processing of watershed slope and valley

slope datasets, DEMs provided by NGII of Korea

were used. Numerical maps with the highest

resolution were those of 1:1,000 scales. However,

1:1,000 scale numerical maps were only provided

for major urban areas. Because numerical maps of

the highest resolution provided for the whole Korean

Peninsula were those of 1:5,000 scales, numerical

maps with the scale of 1:5,000 were implemented in

the attribute processing for the Susceptibility Value.

Of the entities within the DEMs, only the

polyline entities having to elevation value were

extracted from numerical map and used for

construction of DEM. Because the system focuses

on the debris flow hazard assessment of expressway

facilities, the expressway layers were selected. For

the processing of slopes in the surround area of

expressway, elevation layers were also selected.

With the elevation layers of DEMs, elevation and

slope raster with the smallest cell sizes possible were

obtained. Because the minimum cell size that could

be considered with 1:5,000 DEMs were 5 meters,

raster with cell sizes of 5 by 5 meters were

processed. Based on the elevation raster, the flow

direction data sets were computed. The [Flow

Direction] tool creates a raster of flow direction

from each cell to its steepest downslope neighbour

(Olivera et al., 2002). From the flow direction raster,

the flow accumulation datasets were obtained. The

[Flow Accumulation] tool creates a raster of

accumulated flow into each cell. With a flow

accumulation grid, valleys may be defined through

the use of flow accumulation value (Olivera et al.,

2002). For a more accurate visualization of valley

areas, the properties of the flow accumulation grids

were altered in various ways. Through trial and

error, along with comparison with the actual field

investigations, the standard deviation of 0.1 was

concluded to visualize the valleys in the most

appropriate and realistic way.

After setting a pour point (output point) on the

route of the assessed expressway, the flow direction

and pour point were taken into consideration to

obtain the watershed. The [Watershed] indicates the

drainage areas contributing flow from the land

surface to the water system. Through the [Extract by

Mask] tool, the slopes of the cell in the watershed

area were obtained. Through the histogram in the

raster properties, the values for attributes of mean

watershed slope and area percentage of watershed

with slopes over 35° were acquired.

2.3 System Program

Based on the design schema described above, the

system structure consisting of a database and three

modules was established, as shown in Figure 2. The

spatial database using GIS platform is the backbone

of the developed system. It stores not only primary

collected field data such digital map, and topography

layer, rainfall datasets but also secondary processed

data obtained from the application of the modules of

the system. An input module provides an effective

way to store and arrange all collected field data in

Development and Application of GIS-based Information System of Landslide Hazard Map Induced by Earthquakes and Rainfall in Korea

229

the DB according to standard data formats (Figure

3). In the earthquake-induced landslide assessment

module, spatial analysis algorithm using digital map

and landslide hazard estimation algorithm are

designed as functional program language for

automatically systematic procedure (Figure 1). The

debris flow framework has four functional phases

with the database based on proposed schematic

sequence of debris flow hazard assessment (Figure

2). The hazard mapping module provides visual

functions such as 2D plane views, and 3D views

together with tabular formats in real-time.

With system software installed in a client PC,

connected to the server by network, a user manages

and utilizes the information in the DB. The system

software focuses on user friendly functions and real-

time applications. In particular, field data can be

entered into the DB very simply. Once stored in the

DB, all data can be utilized without difficulty in

each module of the system software.

Figure 3: Composition of framework for landslide hazard

assessment during earthquakes and rainfall.

Microsoft SQL Server was chose for the

GDBMS (Geospatial DataBase Management System)

of the developed system because of the robustness

and scalability of its GDBMS. Residing on the DB

server, the GDB contains information on all seven

classes: three primary collected field data and four

processed data. The data was standardized by

accompanies by establishing a relation between

geographic locations and other attribute information.

The primary classes of the data model and relations

between these classes are shown in Figure 4.

DB is the basic data format for GISs to refer to

attribute information, and to correlate and analyse

various datasets spatially. DB of the developed

system was established based on a two-dimensional

coordinate system. Sub-areas for a wide target area

are generally used in fields to promote the efficiently

of site-specific landslide hazard management. Also,

a digital map can be used as basic topographical

information of the system because it offers an easy

way to construct topographical information for a

target area. And topography layer (polyline) and

digital terrain model (raster) are extracted from

digital map to construct the DEM having numerical

spatial information.

Earthquake-induced landslide hazard information

consists of DEM information contained spatial

analysis results and hazard parameters. Spatial

analysis results contain the slope DEM, and soil

thickness DEM. And the hazard information

(dynamic factor of safety, Newmark displacement)

are automatically determined and stored in to

database with DEM.

Rainfall-induced landslide hazard information is

constructed according to the three phases. The first

phase, linked with the digital numerical map and

DEM, the watershed DEM and valley layer are

extracted using ArcGIS desktop program and input

system DB. And second phase, the susceptibility

value and venerability value for target route are

constructed into DB combined with geospatial

information. And the third phase, to transmit the

reliable rainfall monitoring data for target route from

the widely distributed meteorological observatory

server in real-time basis, the routes completed site

investigation for debris flow hazard were grouped

into the same datasets focusing on the adjacent

rainfall station in certain area. In addition, the

rainfall value for debris flow hazard assessment are

automatically computed based on monitoring

criterion with rainfall recurrence periods for road

design in Korea as soon as input rainfall monitoring

data to DB. Finally, following rainfall threshold

level for debris flow hazard (from KEC method),

severity levels composed of safe, caution, and

danger are determined as map symbol at target route

in real-time and alarmed as sound signal and

message window to notify the hazard status.

Figure 4: Database schema.

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Management of input or analysis results data is

the fundamental and indispensable function to run

the system software based on the DB. Therefore,

prior to input of attribute information, landslide

hazard information must be inputted in the DB.

Management of data is performed in the independent

window form according to the database structure.

Based on the management module, sub-modules are

combined using management program with

automated linking procedure: input module,

earthquake-induced landslide assessment module,

rainfall-induced landslide assessment module and

hazard mapping module.

The main management program has various

functions: menu (), visualization tool (), layer

content (), map view (), set-up window of

earthquake scenario (), spatial coordinate content

(). From the menu, when users select the menu

function, the related sub-modules can be

implemented as sharing database. And site

information inputted from input modules and

landslide hazards estimated proposed assessment

framework are visualized on the map view, which

display the 2D spatial distribution of the satellite

map.

Project information and topographic information

of site information are managed in a same window

form, because this information generally is used to

identify locations of attribute information spatially.

Also, digital or satellite map are directly converted

into topographic information. Considering the

efficiency of data management, input of geographic

information for sub-area information and attribute

information was designed to be performed in input

window forms for attribute information. Geographic

information for attribute information is used to

display locations of attribute information on

topographic map, that is, background map. The

window forms for management of geographic

information for target site are shown Figure4.

Even though the earthquake and rainfall events

are rapidly occurred at wide region, site-specific

earthquake-induced landslide hazard assessment,

which is established by considering the

amplification factor obtained from geometrical

characteristics of slope. And these methods are not

simply applied at various site conditions, as

providing possible landslide hazard in every

instance. Therefore the wizard functions for

sequential earthquake-induced landslide hazard

assessment are developed in the integrated system.

And the wizard functions upon were arranged at left-

side of window form (). Users want to see desired

information in the DB in user-friendly and

functional manner. The output of attribute

information, which is provided by graphic user

interface (GUI), can be displayed in a tabular form

and graphic form. Tabular forms are generally used

to input, edit and view information in the DB, and

graphic forms provide intuitive views of the spatial

relationship between attributive information.

Figure 5: Main management program of integrated

information system.

The hazard mapping module displays all

attributive information in the database by using

tables and graphics according to its characteristics

either, on screen or as a document. Also, all data in

DB can be output as a chart or a graphic. The

graphic functions display interpolated data with field

data over an arbitrary domain at same time. All of

the charts, graphs and drawings can then be printed.

Especially, the debris flow hazard can be visualized

and forecasted as 2D maps overlain by satellite

images as a background maps. And the severity level

can be determined using zonation criteria in real-

time.

In this proposed framework, the computer-based

method for real-time assessment of spatial debris

flow hazard was embedded based on a stand-alone

system developed using Microsoft Visual BASIC,

the Esri ArcGIS developer tool (Esri, 2006; Lee and

Wong, 2001). The ArcGIS developer tool was

mainly used for development of the database,

evaluation of the results, and spatial visualization.

3 SYSTEMATIC FIELD

APPLICATION

3.1 Simulation Conditions

In this research, to validate the applicability and

effectiveness of the integrated landslide hazard

Development and Application of GIS-based Information System of Landslide Hazard Map Induced by Earthquakes and Rainfall in Korea

231

assessment system based on GIS, the systematic

field application was performed. For the earthquake-

induced hazard, Cheonggae Mountain in Korea is

selected as the target area, and the GIS technique is

used to construct a hazard map. Using the developed

system program, a pseudo-static analysis is used to

determine the factor of safety, and Newmark sliding

block analysis is used to determine the seismic

displacement. Figure 6 describes the satellite map

for target area.

(a) Cheonggye Mountain (b) Deogyu Mountain

Figure 6: Simulation tests conditions of earthquake

scenarios for the Cheonggye Mountain and rainfall

scenarios applied watershed analysis for the Deogyu

Mountain, Korea.

To construct a hazard map for a seismic

landslide, ArcGIS ver. 10.1, provided by

Environmental System Research Institute,

Inc.(ESRI), and a 1:5,000 digital map provided by

National Geographic Information Institute are used.

According to the soil survey of a site, the SPT-N

value from a standard penetration test is from 20 to

50. In this study, the soil survey information is

assumed to govern our entire target area, and the

SPT-N value of 35 is used to construct a hazard map.

From the SPT-N value, the internal friction angle of

40° is predicted by empirical correlation between N

and friction angle suggested by Meyerhof in 1956.

In this analysis, both c and S are assumed zero, and

γt is assumed to be 18 kN/m

in eq (1). Case of 0.14

g as peak ground acceleration (PGA) is used in this

analysis, and the information of the amplification

factor corresponding to the slope is used to evaluate

ac. And the Newmark displacement was calculated

using the representative empirical formula (proposed

by Ambraseys and Menu, 1988).

For rainfall-induced hazard, debris flows

occurred in the Deogyu Mountain area of the

Daejeon-Jinju Expressway in the summer of 2005

(312.0mm/day and 54.5mm/hr). All existing

watersheds in the test beds were analysed. Of all the

watersheds in the selected regions, the areas with

target structure (expressways) positioned on bridges

and tunnels, or near vast areas of fields were

excluded from the analysis due to their very low

likelihood of damage according to the condition of

debris-flow.

3.2 Landslide Hazard Map

3.2.1 Earthquake-induced Landslide

By using the slope DEM, soil depth, and internal

friction angle information, the factors of safety for

static and seismic slope stability are obtained. Figure

5 shows the results on the factor of safety under four

cases of different PGAs. The severity class of

dynamic factor of safety was categorized 3 levels

(‘Low’, ‘Moderate’, ‘High’). From Figure 7, the

factor of safety lower than 1 (‘High’ level) is

common in the four case for the Cheonggye

Mountain. And the area that has the distribution of

the factor of safety lower than 1 increases as the

PGA increase. In addition, the area that has the

distribution of the factor of safety higher than 2

decreases as the PGA increases.

Figure 7 shows the results of Newmark

displacement for each PGA event. The yield

acceleration is calculated, with factor of safety from

eq (1), and the Newmark displacement in each case

is calculated. And the severity class of Newmark

displacement was categorized 4 levels (‘Low’,

‘Moderate’, ‘High’, ‘Very high’). In case of 0.14g,

displacement more than 99% area is produced within

10mm because most of the factor of safety values in

each case is higher than 1, as shown in Figure 7(a),

and many factors are assumed or neglected in this

analysis. On the other hand, most of target area

(more than 85%) for PGA events (0.22g, 0.30g,

0.38g) was evaluated as ‘High’ level or ‘Very high’

level. Considering synthetically the dynamic factor

of safety and Newmark displacement, it is possible

that the Cheonggye Mountain can be damaged

‘High’ level (0<FS  1, displacement>50mm), in

condition of PGA event more than 0.22g.

3.2.2 Rainfall-induced Landslide

Applications of the rainfall-induced landslide hazard

assessment module show results which roughly

coincide with actual debris flow occurrences and

non-occurrences (Figure 8(a)). Occurrence cases are

roughly positioned in the upper right-hand side,

which indicate higher Susceptibility and

Vulnerability Values, whereas non-occurrence cases

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232

are located on the lower left side, with relatively

lower Susceptibility and Vulnerability Values.

Although this tendency may seem correct to some

extent, it does not always show flawless results. In

the hazard classes of C and D, both debris flow

occurrence and non-occurrence cases are mixed up,

not always indicating a result in which occurrences

have higher hazard classes, and non-occurrences

with lower classes. Figure 8(b) represented Severity

Level and Hazard Value for rainfall scenarios.

Among 17 pour point (or watershed), 6 danger

sections were predicted and 5 caution and 6 safe

sections were determined, in case of rainfall event

recorded as 312.0mm/day.

(a) Factor of safety (0.14g)

(b) Newmark displacement (0.14g)

Figure 7: Example of application results of earthquake-

induced landslide hazard.

(a) Susceptibility and Vulnerability Values of debris flow

occurrence and non-occurrence cases

(b) Severity Level and Hazard Value for rainfall scenarios

Figure 8: Application results of earthquake-induced

landslide hazard.

4 CONCLUSION AND

DISCUSSIONS

In this study, integrated information system of

landslide hazard map during earthquake and rainfall

was developed. The developed system built, within

the frame of GIS, consists of a database (DB), and

the system software performing assessment of

earthquake-induced and rainfall-induced landslide

hazard. The system software is functionally divided

into an input module, earthquake-induced landslide

hazard assessment module, rain-induced landslide

hazard assessment module, and hazard mapping

module. Study area is Cheonggae Mountain and

Deogyu Mountain in Korea, and two-dimensional

landslide hazard map for earthquake-induced

landslide parameters (dynamic factor of safety and

Newmark displacement) and rainfall-induced

landslide parameters (Severity Level and Hazard

Value) were constructed by using methodologies for

landslide hazard assessment during earthquake and

rainfall based on the developed system. And a

summary of the results is as follows.

(1) Developed program based on GIS is useful for

the construction of a landslide hazard map.

However, many factors for soil characteristics

are neglected or assumed specific values in this

analysis. Therefore, more exact data regarding

soil characteristics, such as cohesive strength,

internal friction, degree of saturation covering a

larger area, are required to construct a more

accurate seismic hazard map.

(2) Prediction of soil depth, yield acceleration and

seismic displacement, rainfall correlations

between hazard value using empirical equations

should be verified with actual field data to

construct a more accurate landslide hazard map

Development and Application of GIS-based Information System of Landslide Hazard Map Induced by Earthquakes and Rainfall in Korea

233

induced by multi-sources.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by the Basic Research

Project of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and

Mineral Resources (KIGAM) and Integrated

Research Institute of Construction and

Environmental Engineering in Seoul National

University.

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