Internet of Things Controlled Home Objects for the Elderly

Research Dawadi, Zeeshan Asghar and Petri Pulli

Department of Information Processing Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Keywords:

Systematic Literature Review, Internet of Things, Visualization, Elderly Assistance, Caretaker, Remote

Assistance, Assisted Living.

Abstract:

The number of elderly people suffering from physical or cognitive difﬁculty is increasing continuously. El-

derly people prefer to live in their familiar environment where they can easily perform different activities of

their daily life which is also good for their mental and physical well-being. Internet of Things is a mecha-

nism through which any objects can be monitored, controlled, and manipulated. In order to develop efﬁcient

application for the elderly living at home independently, the researcher should be aware of the home objects

as well as of the living environment. This study uses systematic literature review to determine applications

developed to assist elderly people inside their home. A total of 25 primary studies are identiﬁed. With the

analysis of those studies, important and relevant objects in the daily life of the elderly are identiﬁed. Using the

results from the review, a new scenario of home environment is visualized. The visualization is expected to

provide caretakers with a better view of the living condition of the elderly and position and state of the home

objects. This new home scenario is expected to offer a secure and easy living environment for the elderly,

where Internet of Things can be used to control all the frequently used home objects by the elderly.

1 INTRODUCTION

Internet of Things (IOT) is a developing phenomenon

in the ﬁeld of technological advancement as well as in

research domain (Atzori et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013).

The main principle of IOT is continuous monitor and

control of everyday objects or things over the inter-

net. The thing in IOT has no limitation and can be

any objects that are used in day to day life (Bassi

and Horn, 2008). The thing can be any living or

non-living object; from electronic devices to foods,

clothes and furniture we use in our daily life, from

animals like cow, dog, cats, and rats, to plants and

trees (Madakam et al., 2015). An object or thing has

its own unique identity, which allows communication

between not only humans, but also between objects

(Madakam et al., 2015). With availability of continu-

ous internet connection, all the connected objects can

be monitored regularly through an interconnected net-

work.

Over 7% of the world population are over 65 years

of age and the number is expected to increase 20% by

the year 2050 (Morris et al., 2013). Also, by 2035, the

number of people affected by dementia is expected to

double. Hence there is requirement of policies and

resources to meet the need of the aging population

as well as of those suffering from dementia. Elderly

can live longer and safer if they stayed in their own

home environment (Bassi and Horn, 2008). Their

friends and family also feel secure to have them in

their own house in comparison to hospitals and care

homes (Arcelus et al., 2007). Hospitals and health-

care centres may not be able to provide services to all

who require (Arcelus et al., 2007). Smart homes can

provide automation of domestic tasks, easier commu-

nication, higher security, and are adaptive to modern

human needs as well as social needs (Morris et al.,

2013; L

e et al., 2012).

The aim of technological advancement for elderly

is to provide them a sense of independence even if

they are physically or cognitively incapable. Avoid-

ing diseases and encouraging healthy living is also a

prime concern (Tran, 2002). Everyday activities that

are easy to accomplish can be problematic as people

get older. Simple tasks like brushing teeth, turning the

tap off, switching TV off or on, and taking medicines

can get tougher with age (Morris et al., 2013). IOT is

a step forward in helping elderly complete these activ-

ities without physical presence of a caretaker, which

also helps to minimize their expenses (Arcelus et al.,

2007). IOT will also help one caretaker to moni-

tor and assist multiple elderly patients from a remote

location. With IOT, caretakers have the freedom to

244

Dawadi R., Asghar Z. and Pulli P.

Internet of Things Controlled Home Objects for the Elderly.

DOI: 10.5220/0006109802440251

In Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2017), pages 244-251

ISBN: 978-989-758-213-4

manipulate the home objects themselves and control

them.

Above mentioned concerns motivated us to con-

duct a study to ﬁnd different IOT based applications

targeted for the elderly people living alone. Moreover,

the goal of the study is to determine different kinds

of home objects dealt in those applications. Figure 1

shows the overall idea of the study. This study is ben-

eﬁcial for those researchers and developers who are

using IOT for the care and well-being of the elderly.

The paper is structured as follows: section 2 presents

an overview of previous studies. Section 3 explains

the research method carried out for the study, and sec-

tion 4 presents the ﬁndings of the study, limitation of

the study, and scope for future research. Section 5

concludes the paper highlighting the main contribu-

tion of our work.

Figure 1: Overview of the study.

2 RELATED STUDIES

This section discusses about IOT and its all-round ef-

fectiveness. Furthermore, it accentuates some studies

that highlights importance of IOT based applications

for the elderly.

2.1 Internet of Things

IOT shows us a world where anything can be con-

nected to any other thing. With embodiment of sen-

sors and actuators in various physical objects, rang-

ing from roadways to pacemakers, an object can both

sense the environment and communicate. Informa-

tion about the objects can be retrieved faster with IOT

and people can make wise decisions quickly (Bassi

and Horn, 2008). IOT enables inter-connectivity of

different objects through a global infrastructure, in-

ternet (Madakam et al., 2015). IOT have been used

successfully in various ﬁelds such as assisted living,

e-health, domotics, enhanced learning, surveillance,

environment monitoring, health monitoring, critical

infrastructure monitoring, etc. (Atzori et al., 2010;

Gubbi et al., 2013).

The main strength behind IOT is that using inter-

connected devices, it can have high impact on several

aspects of our everyday life (Atzori et al., 2010). Con-

sidering the increasing number of research on IOT

in recent years (Stankovic, 2014), it can be expected

that IOT will play a greater role in our daily lives

in upcoming years. IOT can help in digitalization

of day to day activities, providing security in build-

ings, and decreasing the energy consumption of de-

vices. IOT is not an independent system, but it can

be regarded as a critical, integrated infrastructure by

the use of which many applications and services can

operate (Stankovic, 2014).

2.2 IOT and Elderly

As people grow older, their social circle and fre-

quency of communication decreases on a regular ba-

sis. It can be caused by loss of family members or

friends, diminishing eyesight or hearing ability, cog-

nitive impairment, memory loss, etc. (Touhy and Jett,

2013). Moreover, their relatives and family members

live far from them. It leads to a sense of isolation that

may impact mental as well as physical health (Var-

doulakis et al., 2012; Williams et al., 2014). The

loss of physical as well as cognitive abilities affects

their day to day activities and they require assistance

in completing their daily tasks.

The introduction of IOT in the life of elderly peo-

ple can help monitoring of chronic illness, on de-

mand provision of fresh food, sending alarms and

reminders, and enabling communication with family,

friends or health care professionals (Dohr et al., 2010)

as depicted in ﬁgure 2. Reminders of stove or iron

left on, alerts at front door about visitors or intruders

at home, etc. can be helpful for physically and cog-

nitively disabled elderly people (L

e et al., 2012), but

with IOT this service can be improved since required

action can be taken by the caretaker remotely.

A caretaker can assist an elderly in completing

tasks inside as well as outside their home environment

for instance, guiding the elderly citizens to directions

where they need to go (Firouzian et al., 2015). The

concerns about privacy and security arise when we

consider helping elderly in their home environment.

Video monitoring is often regarded as an invasion to

privacy by the elderly (Arcelus et al., 2007; Beunk,

Internet of Things Controlled Home Objects for the Elderly

245

Figure 2: IOT and elderly, based on (Gubbi et al., 2013).

2015). To ease this concern, Old Birds, a web applica-

tion prototype was implemented (Korvala and Raap-

pana, 2015). It is run by a game engine that was

originally built for remote care giving (Pulli et al.,

2012). The elderly and their surrounding environment

are presented in gaming avatars, which helps to mini-

mize the concerns of privacy, as shown in ﬁgure 3.

Figure 3: Old Birds simulation environment, (Firouzian and

Nissinen, 2013).

Currently, one of the main challenges for IOT sys-

tem designers is to design a system that can help el-

derly in everyday activities as well as be supported

by health care workers (Bassi and Horn, 2008). This

rapid shift of the need of medical services for in-house

care (Lee et al., 2013) provides the developers of IOT

based applications with a new and productive area to

deal with. Daily monitoring is enhanced by IOT thus

increasing the quality of life and health of elderly peo-

ple (Tran, 2002; Yang et al., 2014).

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This section explains the research method utilized in

this study. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was

selected as a research method, which is a means of

identifying, evaluating, and interpreting all research

relevant to the particular area of interest or research

question (Kitchenham, 2004). SLR can be used

to verify or contradict any research hypothesis and

can also lead to new research activities (Kitchenham,

2004; Biolchini et al., 2005).

The steps followed in the SLR were based on the

guidelines for conducting a SLR (Kitchenham, 2004;

Kitchenham and Charters, 2007). SLR, in general, is

more time consuming than other traditional reviews

and provides information about the effects of some

phenomenon across a wide range of settings and em-

pirical methods (Kitchenham, 2004). The ﬁrst step in

SLR is the formation of the research protocol. After

a research area or a topic is ﬁnalized, it is necessary

to create a review protocol that consists of research

questions, inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality as-

sessment criteria, keywords used to search literature,

steps for reviewing the literature, and designated syn-

thesis of the ﬁndings (Kitchenham, 2004; Biolchini

et al., 2005).

The following two research questions were se-

lected for the study:

• RQ1: What are the different areas inside the house

where IOT can be applied for the elderly?

• RQ2: What kind of home objects necessary for

the elderly are controlled by IOT based applica-

tions?

The inclusion and exclusion criteria used for the

review are presented in table 1. Along with those,

following quality assessment criteria were created to

select the primary studies that were as relevant to the

research questions as possible:

1. Is the application discussed in paper targeted to

old people living alone?

2. How much is IOT discussed as part of everyday

life for the user?

3. Was the application an experiment, controlled ob-

servation study, observation study without control

groups or just theoretical?

4. Does the study clarify the problems faced during

implementation?

5. Does the study provide details of the objects con-

trolled by the applications?

6. Does the study is concentrated in daily activities

inside the home or outside.The labels consists of

sequential numbers?

HEALTHINF 2017 - 10th International Conference on Health Informatics

246

Table 1: Inclusion and Exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria

• it covers the areas

of both IOT and el-

derly citizens

• at least one home

’thing’ is con-

trolled remotely

• focus on elderly or

elderly people with

dementia

• it is a journal (peer

reviewed), confer-

ence article, chap-

ters from a book or

a doctoral disserta-

tion

• it is about IOT fo-

cused on all age

group

• it is not in English

• it is a presentation

• it is a technical re-

port

• it presents an in-

complete project

• it is theoretical in-

formation only

• it covers IOT but

not elderly assis-

tance

• it covers elderly

assistance but not

IOT

The use of inclusion and exclusion criteria along

with the quality assessment criteria was completed

following the steps shown in ﬁgure 4.

Figure 4: Steps to select primary studies.

4 RESULTS

This section discusses the ﬁndings of the SLR and re-

lates the data to the research questions. Limitations

of the study and scope for extending the research are

also pointed out.

4.1 Findings

A total of 229 papers were identiﬁed in ﬁve differ-

ent databases; Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct,

Web of Science, and ProQuest. Following the steps

presented in ﬁgure 4, a total of 25 papers were iden-

tiﬁed as the ﬁnal selection of primary studies, which

makes around 11% of the initial collection of papers.

Among the 25 studies, 15 were conference proceed-

ings paper, 8 were journal articles and 2 were mono-

graphs. Each of the studies explained applications

that were developed to assist the elderly, make their

life easier,improve their health, and take care of them

in emergencies.

It was observed that most of the applications fo-

cused on the health aspect of the elderly.Body sensors

were the most implemented sensors with applications

in 11 of the 25 papers utilising it. Ambient sensors

were second, with fall detection a common area of

concern as well. Applications also dealt with provid-

ing proper medication to the elderly and maintaining

a healthy lifestyle like guiding them in exercising. Ta-

ble 2 lists the areas of the focus for the study and the

number of paper that dealt with that area.

Table 2: Areas of Concern.

Areas of Concern Number of

Papers

Kitchen 7

Health Care 22

Dining room 1

Living room 6

Bedroom 4

Bathroom 3

Shopping 1

Social connection 2

Security 4

Training and gatherings 1

Job Search 1

Exploration 1

Study room 1

Table 3 lists all the home objects that were iden-

tiﬁed in the applications dealt in the primary studies.

There were some studies that did not clearly indicate

the objects controlled by the application, as they were

denoted as smart objects or as devices in the house,

and have been excluded.

4.2 Visualization

Most of the time, caretakers may not know the en-

vironment of the elderly well enough (Ikeda et al.,

2011). With visualization of IOT objects, a caretaker

Internet of Things Controlled Home Objects for the Elderly

247

Table 3: Home objects used in IOT applications.

Objects Corresponding Paper

Kettle (Brereton et al., 2015)

Mobile phone (Dohr et al., 2010; Fortino et al., 2015; Gomes et al., 2015; Tang et al.,

2015; Laranjo et al., 2013; Panicker and Kumar, 2015)

Blood Pressure meter (Dohr et al., 2010)

Body sensors (Fortino et al., 2015; Gomes et al., 2015; Guo and Bai, 2014; Dagale et al.,

2015; Liang, 2016; Panicker and Kumar, 2015; Savola et al., 2015; Zgheib

et al., 2015; Raad et al., 2015; Sung and Chang, 2014; Chen et al., 2015)

Ambient sensors (Gomes et al., 2015; Luo et al., 2012; Boric-Lubecke et al., 2014; Wu et al.,

2013; Savola et al., 2015; Zgheib et al., 2015; Rusu et al., 2015)

Gas (Gomes et al., 2015; Lee, 2015; Cunha and Fuks, 2015)

Lights (Gomes et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2015; Cunha and Fuks, 2015; Neßelrath

et al., 2011; Zgheib et al., 2015; Rusu et al., 2015)

Exhaust (Smoke) (Gomes et al., 2015; Lee, 2015)

TV (Konstantinidis et al., 2015; Lee, 2015; Wu et al., 2013; Neßelrath et al.,

2011)

Medicine bottle/drawer (Laranjo et al., 2013; Cunha and Fuks, 2015; Neßelrath et al., 2011; Sohn

et al., 2015)

Tablets (Laranjo et al., 2013)

Camera (Lee, 2015; Rusu et al., 2015; Sohn et al., 2015)

Food drawer (Lee, 2015)

Chair/ Sofa (Liang, 2016; Wu et al., 2013; Zgheib et al., 2015)

Bed (Liang, 2016; L

opez-de Ipi

na et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2013; Zgheib et al.,

2015)

Temperature sensor (Cunha and Fuks, 2015; Rusu et al., 2015; Sung and Chang, 2014; Chen

et al., 2015)

Humidity sensor (Cunha and Fuks, 2015; Chen et al., 2015)

Infrared sensors (Cunha and Fuks, 2015)

Noise sensors (Cunha and Fuks, 2015)

Shoes (Wu et al., 2013)

Door (Wu et al., 2013; Savola et al., 2015; Rusu et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2015)

Oven/Microwave (Wu et al., 2013; Neßelrath et al., 2011)

Electricity meter (Tang et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2013)

Kitchen Surface (Neßelrath et al., 2011)

Fridge (Neßelrath et al., 2011)

Dishwasher (Neßelrath et al., 2011)

AC (Neßelrath et al., 2011)

Switches (Zgheib et al., 2015)

Window (Rusu et al., 2015)

PC (Sohn et al., 2015)

Weight scale (Sung and Chang, 2014)

can know the status of the objects continuously and

determine the changes in the state of the object due

to any activity of the elderly. With such visualization,

presence of camera is also redundant which will en-

courage old people to accept the technology as they

regard technology, mainly video surveillance, as an

intrusion to their privacy (Arcelus et al., 2007).

Visualization is a method to infer new knowl-

edge from collected information to get a comprehen-

sive view of the space of interest (Gershon and Eick,

1997). The home objects from table 3 were thus uti-

lized to vision a scenario in the day of an elderly per-

son. This visualization is intended to showcase an el-

derly person in different areas of the house and show

different IOT enabled home objects that they have

to deal with for their daily activities. The areas of

the house where elderly require assistance from the

caretakers were selected as: bedroom, living room,

kitchen, dining room, and bathroom.

The visualization will help the caretaker to deter-

HEALTHINF 2017 - 10th International Conference on Health Informatics

248

Figure 5: Visualization of different areas of the house.

mine the location of the elderly in the house and ob-

serve their actions. The caretaker can monitor the in-

take of medicine by analyzing weight of the medicine

pill bottle, and provide notiﬁcations via smart phone

or TV to take the medicine when necessary. Also, am-

bient sensors are enabled across all the rooms of the

house to determine sudden emergencies like falling

down. Wearable sensors will help to continuously

monitor the state of health of the elderly and take ac-

tion in case of sudden bodily changes. The home ob-

jects that are controlled by the above mentioned sce-

nario are listed in table 4.

Table 4: Home objects in the visualized scenario.

Bed Lamp Mobile

Pill Bottle Door/Windows Chair

Stove Dishwasher Sink

Kettle Fridge TV

Food Cabinet Table Sofa

4.3 Limitation and Future Scope

The main focus of the study is limited within the

perimeters of the house of the elderly. The research

can be extended by including the applications that are

designed to assist elderly people outside their home.

Since areas for use of IOT is quite large, future re-

search can be done by including applications that have

been designed not just for the elderly but for people

of all age group. This will help to determine various

other areas of concerns and home objects.

The data from SLR indicates that application de-

velopers consider health care as the major area of con-

cern. For future applications, not just health care,

but other aspects such as security can be integrated

into the existing system, as shown in the visualiza-

tion section. Also, there is a need of an IOT appli-

cation that helps not only assisting when necessary

but also constantly monitoring different parameters of

their health. For e.g. a caretaker can monitor stress

level or heart beat rate of an elderly while giving them

instructions on how to cook a meal. The data from

SLR and our visualization ideas both can be utilized

to create a simulation of the home environment of the

elderly.

The inclusion of scientiﬁc studies only in the re-

view process leaves out many newspaper articles,

electronic sources and other archives. It can be possi-

ble that all the IOT enabled applications designed for

the elderly might not have been discussed in scien-

tiﬁc literature. Future researchers are encouraged to

include other sources as well, to broaden the range of

application search.

5 CONCLUSION

The main contribution of this study is to provide the

information about existing applications for the elderly

in the context of their areas of concern and home ob-

jects controlled by them. The aim is also to visualize

a new scenario of IOT enabled home environment for

the elderly. Existing research have either focused on

IOT, or some particular areas like health care or so-

cializing. The visualization scenario integrates differ-

ent areas of concern for the elderly and provide some

data for the researchers as well as developers.

This study dealt with in-house environment only.

Since elderly people spend most of their time inside

their house, it is necessary to know about the objects

they use regularly in order to create an autonomous

environment for them. The data from SLR can be fur-

ther utilized to develop new applications to improve

quality of life and health of the elderly inside their

home environment. These applications can help to

assist elderly in their daily activities through techno-

logical assistance and also monitor them regularly.

The study also presents a 3D visualization of a

safe and secure living environment across different ar-

eas of the house including the home objects. This can

be utilized by application developers as a baseline to

develop IOT based applications for the elderly. The

visualized scenario is helpful for caretakers in moni-

toring and assisting the elderly.

Internet of Things Controlled Home Objects for the Elderly

249

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