Cloud Computing Financial and Cost Analysis: A Case Study of

Saudi Government Agencies

Mohammed Mreea, Kumudu Munasinghe and Dharmendra Sharma

Faculty of Education,Science,Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia

Keywords: Cloud Computing, Return on Investment (ROI), Total Cost Ownership (TCO), Data Centre Variable Cost

(DCVC), Data Centre Fixed Cost (DCFC).

Abstract: Cloud computing is an innovation in world technology. It is used to provide organization services as a

utility service through internet and the innovative uptake of cloud for improved effectiveness and efficiency.

There is an absence of academic studies about the financial feasibility and implementation cost government

agencies to take up the cloud by government agencies. This paper seeks to identify the cloud computing

financial indicators and implementation cost variables which are relevant to public organizations. The

proposed model consists of Saudi case study findings based on analysis of evidence from Saudi government

organizations. Random samples from different categories of professionals in Saudi Arabia participated in

the questionnaire to extract and confirm the financial indicators and implementation cost variables. The

results indicate a return on investment (ROI) and total cost ownership (TCO) are the main financial

indicators to study cloud adoption. Also, data centre variables and fixed cost parameters play a main role in

calculating the cloud implementation cost.

1 INTRODUCTION

Improving the public sector’s services is one of the

top priorities for many governments and

organizations. Most of the transactional systems in

government agencies in the Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia are not fully operable because the idea of

applying and implementing government services is

not practical and a large budget is needed to

implement agency services such as email. Thus,

cloud computing and its elastic commercial model of

information technology possession, such as data

storage or providing computing power on the

mandate, promises to provide assistance and many

rewards for governments and organizations.

There are financial benefits for Saudi public

organizations if they decide to adopt cloud

computing. First, reducing capital investment is the

transformation which spent on IT infrastructure

“capital expenditure “to operational expenditure

(Herbert and Erickson 2009). Second, costs are

reduced costs as infrastructure maintenance costs are

Lower and more efficient than traditional computing

(McDonald, MacDonald et al. 2010). Third,

decreased energy consumption due to moving IT

infrastructure to cloud providers, can leading to

greener organizations. Fourth, decrease in physical

space requirements leading to reduced real estate

expenses. Finally, it enables organizations to create

on-demand pricing models for their products.

However, there are no studies until now about

the feasibility of adopting cloud computing in Saudi

Arabia. Thus, it is necessary to study the feasibility

of adopting cloud computing and the cost of

implementing in Saudi Arabia public sector. This

paper will focus to identify financial indicators

attributes and variables cost of implementation.

2 ADVANCES IN CLOUD

COMPUTING

2.1 Cloud Computing

Cloud computing (CC) has been defined in a variety

of ways. It can be explained as a system that enables

resource sharing management by using fewer

resources and efforts (Wen and Chen 2010). Alharbi

asserts that CC facilitates changing software,

Mreea M., Munasinghe K. and Sharma D.

Cloud Computing Financial and Cost Analysis: A Case Study of Saudi Government Agencies.

DOI: 10.5220/0006300804590466

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science (CLOSER 2017), pages 459-466

ISBN: 978-989-758-243-1

459

infrastructure, and platforms and allows them to be

offered as services to users (Ahuja, Yang et al.

2009). The US National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) defined CC as “a model for

enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a

share pool of configurable computing resources

(e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and

services) that can be rapidly provisioned and

released with minimal management afford or service

provider interaction”(Mell and Grance 2010). Figure

1 represents the NIST cloud computing concept

schema. Industries such as banking and health care

are moving towards cloud technology because it

increases efficiency and provides accessibility

through any portable device(Morgan and Conboy

2013). The lack of resources in some countries can

be handled using cloud technology (Misra and

Mondal 2011) since because it costs less than

traditional infrastructure installations, CC allows

higher user accessibility. Cloud computing delivers

many benefits to organizations. The biggest of these

are high elasticity and huge cost reserves due to the

on-demand provision of services and its charging

model (Bhisikar 2011). Cloud computing also

provides an extensive range of advantages such as

increased flexibility, access anywhere, elastic

scalability, pay-as-you-go charging, simplicity and

distributed data centers.

Figure 1: NIST cloud computing concept schema (Alharbi

et al. 2015).

2.2 Cloud Computing Platforms

Industry investigators have made strong forecasts on

how Cloud technology will change the industry.

Buyya et al. (2009) recognized Cloud technology as

one of the noticeable innovation patterns (Buyya,

Yeo et al. 2009). As the assuming business shifts to

giving Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as

a Service (SaaS) for ventures and buyers to access

on interest paying little attention to area and time,

there will be a growth in the quantity of Cloud

stages accessible. As of late, a few modern

associations have started creating and exploring

innovations and bases for Cloud Computing. There

are many of providers for cloud platforms. For

example Amazon, Microsoft, Sun network, Aneka,

HP, Oracle, Citrix, and Scaleway. In this area, we

explore famous and oldest Cloud platforms.

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

(Amazon, 2016) offers Machine Image (AMI)

having the libraries, applications, information and

related design settings or select from a library of all

around accessible AMIs. It has a virtual environment

that allows a user to run Linux-based applications.

The user can consider his needs to transfer to this

platform by choosing AMIs.

Google App Engine (Google, 2016) allows a user

to run web applications by utilizing the Python

programming language. Google App Engine also

supports Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)

for the Google Accounts, data store, and picture

control and email administrations. Additionally,

Google App Engine gives an online Administration

Console for the user to deal with the user running

web applications dynamically.

Microsoft Azure (azure, 2016) intends to

provide a coordinated improvement, facilitating, and

control Cloud figuring environment so that product

designers can without much of a stretch, make, have

overseen and scale both The Web and non-web

applications through Microsoft server farms. To

accomplish this point, Microsoft Azure backings a

far-reaching accumulation of restrictive

improvement apparatuses and conventions which

comprise Live Services, Microsoft.NET Services,

Microsoft SharePoint Services, Microsoft SQL

Services, and Microsoft client relationship

management CRM Services. Microsoft Azure

additionally bolsters Web APIs, for example, SOAP

and REST to permit programming engineers to

interface between Microsoft or non-Microsoft

instruments and advances.

Aneka is being supported through Manjra soft, is

a.NET-based administration (Chu, Nadiminti et al.

2007). It is planned to bolster different application

models and security arrangements. To create an

Aneka Cloud, the administration provider just needs

to configure Aneka platform, facilitating necessary

administrations on each selected desktop PC. The

motivation behind the Aneka platform is to in state

administrations and operates as a private point for

communication with whatever remains of the Aneka

Cloud. Aneka gives service level agreement SLA

with full support to help the client to indicate quietly

CLOSER 2017 - 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science

460

of services QoS prerequisites. Finally, the client can

to arrange and correspond on the QoS necessities to

be given by the administration provider (Venugopal,

Buyya et al. 2006).access the Aneka Cloud remotely

through the Gridbus website. The Gridbus is an

intermediary to allow the client to arrange and

correspond on the QoS necessities to be given by the

administration provider (Venugopal, Buyya et al.

2006).

2.3 Cloud Computing Adoption in

Saudi Government

According to International Data Corporation (2016),

Saudi Arabia individuals, private and small

organizations invested on cloud services about $50.4

million in 2014. And they expect to reach $77.4

million in 2016. Most of their requirements were

email, communication and collaboration, and

content management. However, government entities

are the biggest resistors to adopt cloud (IDC 2016).

Because there is no visible plan to implement any

cloud computing solutions in the government sector

due to the overly bureaucratic structure of the

multiple sectors and layers of the existing

government machinery. The major push and

initiative from someone in a position of authority or

a member of the royal family is a prerequisite before

the Saudi government would take a strategy to

discover the essential benefits offered by cloud

computing solutions to stakeholders. Also, the lake

of awareness and security issues other reasons for

this resistance.

Cloud computing is still in its beginning stages,

There is a few studies conduct in the Saudi context.

Chanchary and Islam (2011) observed a

phenomenon of striking inefficiency in Saudi Arabia

during their research on existing e-government

systems. They recommended that incorporating a

software-as-a-service (SaaS) layer would greatly

improve e-governance efficiency and help users in

their decision-making processes. They suggested

that this additional layer would facilitate better

access to information. The study concluded with the

assertion that this integration would help improve

any e-government services provided. Moreover, the

technology acceptance model (TAM) proposed by

Alharbi (2012) can be used to assess acceptance

levels in an organization. A study found that the

acceptance rates for cloud computing were highly

dependent on users’ ages, attitudes, jobs and

educational backgrounds (Alharbi 2012). Yamin

(2013) completed a survey of cloud computing

awareness in Saudi Arabia from an organization

level view. The study showed that cloud

technologies will be a new trend for Saudi’s

organizations. Alkahter (2014) was identifying the

factors with the most influence on the intention of

private organizations in Saudi Arabia to adopt cloud

services. This study found that the factors of

reliability, complexity, availability, privacy and

others had a significant impact on the decision to

adopt cloud computing.

By critiquing the previous studies, there was the

absence of theoretical and empirical studies

concerning the adoption in government sector in the

developing countries specify in Saudi Arabia. Public

organizations’ business initiatives are different and

more complex than a private organization.

Researchers have emphasized the need for an

increased focus on how organizations adopt

innovations (Mohammed and Ibrahim 2014). Some

researchers recommended applying theoretical

models and empirical studies for cloud adoption

decisions because there is a shortage of research in

this area (Mohammed and Ibrahim 2014).

Furthermore, no study to date has investigated and

analysed the financial data to invest in cloud

computing implementation. Thus, more financial

data analytics is important to contribute to the

research.

2.4 Proposed Financial Cloud

Computing Model for Saudi

Government

The author addresses the need to find the main

financial indicators and implementation cost

variables which impact on the organization to adopt

the cloudbased on survey analyses. The author

conducted one case of participants’ who responded

to the survey to clarify their responses.

2.4.1 Case Study

I analyzed one of the Saudi government

organization’s stories regarding the adoption of

cloud services. This organization is a part of the

education and training sector in Saudi Arabia. They

have recently implemented the cloud email service

package of Google “Google Apps Suite.” This

organization manages about 32 faculties over the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They have more than

1000 staff. I interviewed an IT lecture’s who was

working as an IT senior in this organization’s data

center to clarify his survey responses. He told me

Cloud Computing Financial and Cost Analysis: A Case Study of Saudi Government Agencies

461

about their obstacles in providing email services to

all the staff in this organization. The main obstacles

were: availability, they could not guarantee the

availability of email service. Also, this service

remained offline for a long time until they fixed it.

The reasons behind that were that had no qualified

people to manage it, shortages in support contracts

and lack of financial resources. Sometimes, they had

asked IT academic staff to work with them as IT

supports staff to help them.

Also, they faced many issues with security

patches and limitations in storage. Finally, they

faced an issue with data centre space and the growth

in a number of servers. This negatively impacted on

the environment and space. Moreover, the increasing

maintenance and upgrade costs were too high for the

organization.

Based on these issues and the increasing demand

for email services of organizational staff, the

organization thought seriously about adopting a

cloud to provide this service to its employees. This

decision required costs to implement such as

hardware and software platforms, licenses, and

storage and network devices. Also, they paid for

additional services such as consultation and

migration services and maintenance contracts. But

the return on the investment in the long term was

better than the current situation.

After adopting the email service via the cloud,

they noted the difference between in-house email

and cloud email. They achieved many benefits:

efficiency in their services; availability 24/7, greater

mailbox size, and good security management with

advanced hardware. Also, they gained many of the

financial benefits. For example, decrees in TCO and

ongoing support cost compared with in-house

solution. Maintenance and development costs

decreased.Also, increase on ROI percentage. They

also gained competitive support via qualified people

from the provider and saved the organization space

to use as its training centers for students. Also, by

transferring this headache to qualified providers

simplified their business model and saved the

organization budget. Finally, by decreasing the

number of servers, the organization contributed to a

cleaner environment.

2.4.2 Analysis of Case Studies

A closer look at the case study from a financial

angle, the decision to adopt Google’s cloud

computing services through a cloud provider was a

result of major organizational changes to help them

face financial and growth challenges. Thus, the

organization fixed the challenges by migrating their

services to the cloud. This impacted financially on

the organization budget.

The key points that can be understood from this

case study are the following:

 - Cloud computing is an optimal option when

the budget is not going well in the organization

 - The organization achieved some of the

financial indicators such as ROI, TCO.

 - There was a positive ROI of adopting

Google’s cloud computing services.

 - The TCO for organization data center

decreased. This impacted on ongoing support

cost for the data center.

 - The hardware requirements such as servers

can be simply configured and adjusted to meet

the organization's growth and demand under

the cloud computing model. And cloud

providers can provide hardware platform

services with least amount of management

overhead.

 - The cloud computing facilitates "pay per use"

capability to organizations. This lead to the

organization having the flexibility to use

appropriate bandwidth based on their

objectives.

 - The Software requirements such as email can

be scale up or down in relation to the current

demand by applications hosted on the cloud

platforms.

 - Cloud computing can support decreasing

variable and fixed infrastructure costs

significantly. Thus, the saving cost is one of

key tipping point parameters to adopt cloud.

 - The organization decision to adopt cloud

Leeds to reducing the creating a new data

centers. This impacted positively on saving

fixed costs.

 - The organization decision to implement cloud

needs a specific budget. But the return on the

investment in the long term was better than

their previous situation.

 - It can conclude some of their data center

implementation costs such as hardware and

software platforms, licenses, storage, network

devices, consultation and migration services

and maintenance contracts (SLA).

 Finally, it can conclude the following

equations to calculate data center fixed and

variable implementation costs.

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DCVCost= DCVCost1+ ……..+DCVCost n

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462



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DCFCost= DCFCost1+…...+ DCFCost n

The previous equations can help the organization

to calculate any cloud services cost in both

approaches private and public cloud. If the

organization decide to implement private cloud to

provide any service, then it should be responsible for

the whole cost for different delivery models such as

infrastructure, platform, and software to make this

service workable. Thus, in this case, the cost will be

expensive.

However, the public cloud will be cheap, and the

organization can only pay based on its usability.

Also, the previous equation can help to calculate this

cost.

Based on above case study analysis, figure 2

clears proposed a model for financial indicators and

data centre implementation cost.

Figure 2: Proposed model.

3 VALIDATING THE CASE

STUDIES FINDINGS

The authors continued to validate the proposed

models. They have investigated several research

methods to complete this. They have decided the

survey method is the good instrument to achieve it.

They have produced a comprehensive survey. The

questions are formatted to use a five-point Likert

scale to gather participant’s inputs, which ranged

from 1 (strongly disagree) to 1 (strongly agree). The

survey consists of 46 questions. The collected data

was analyzed by SPSS via regression model.

This study was conducted decision makers,

information technology (IT) managers and experts at

government organizations in Saudi Arabia. The

objective of this survey was to validate and improve

the proposed financial model. Most of the

participants in this survey were heads of IT

department and IT managers. Therefore, they had

the capability to recognize the future trends and

current situation of their organizations.

4 DATA RESULTS AND

ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Reliability

The test of measurement model will include the

estimation of internal consistency and the

convergent and discriminant validity of the

instrument items. Cronbach's alpha coefficient,

whose value ranges from zero (unreliable) to one

(perfectly reliable), is used to examine the reliability

of the survey instrument (Hair et al. 2006). The

Cronbach's alpha value in this survey is 0.738. Thus,

the survey data is reliable and optimum.

4.2 Results

A one-way between-groups analysis of variance

(ANOVA) was conducted to explore the Saudi

organization's adoption cloud situation of financial

indicators and cloud data center implementation

cost. Table 2 presents comparisons mean value of

financial indicators and cloud data center

implementation cost factors according to

organizations situations of adopting cloud. There

was not a statistically significant difference at the

p<.05 level for the three groups.

Table 1: ANOVA one way test.

Cloud Computing Financial and Cost Analysis: A Case Study of Saudi Government Agencies

463

Regression model in table2 explains the financial

indicators influence the cloud adoption in Saudi

Arabia. Thus, TCO and ongoing support cost

indicators are significant with ROI in cloud

computing adoption decision. According to the

regression results, TCO and ongoing support cost

have a positive linear relationship with ROI.

Table 2: ROI model.

Also, table 3 explains the overall model. Thus,

the overall model for ROI is significant with TCO

and Ongoing Support Cost.

Table 3: ANOVA analysis.

Moreover, regression model in table 4 explains

the implementation cost to adopt cloud in Saudi

Arabia. Thus, data centre variable cost and fixed

costs are significant. Also, they are significant with

TCO financial parameter in cloud computing

adoption. According to the regression results, data

centre variable cost has a positive linear relationship

with TCO.

Table 4: TCO model.

Also, table 5 explains the overall model. Thus, the

overall model for TCO is significant with data centre

variable and fixed cost.

Table 5: ANOVA analysis.

5 DSCUSSION

Peiris et al. (2010) proposed cost equation to

calculate the cloud data centre implementation cost.

They calculated email service cost for the in-house

model and cloud model for the small and medium

organization in Australia. The output from that

calculation used as tipping point parameter to

compare between in-house model and cloud model

cost and to select the best model for the

organization. This paper agrees with previous work

cost equation. But this paper adds value for previous

work by linking the data centre cost to an

appropriate financial indicator (TCO) and represent

this relationship by following equation TCO=

1.156+0.017FC+0.698VC.The earlier study ignored

that. TCO is an important parameter to calculate

direct and indirect costs. This parameter will give

decision makers full vision about a different type of

costs for this solution.

Moreover, the previous work ignored to link data

centre cost to the return on investment (ROI)

financial parameter. This will help decision makers

to decide about their situation to invest in a cloud or

not.

The previous equations can help the organization

to calculate any cloud services cost in both

approaches private and public cloud. If the

organization decide to implement private cloud to

provide any service, then it should be responsible for

the whole cost for different delivery models such as

infrastructure, platform, and software to make this

service workable. However, the cost of

implementing this approach will be high.

However, the cost of public cloud may be cheap,

and the organization can only pay based on its

usability. Also, the previous equation can help to

calculate that cost.

CLOSER 2017 - 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science

464

Related to the previous tables, ANOVA one-way

test confirmed there was not a statistically

significant difference between comparisons of

financial indicators and cloud data center

implementation cost factors mean value according to

organizations situations of adopting cloud. Thus, the

participants from different organizations situations

which adopted some cloud services or planned for

the next three years or do not think about cloud

agreed about the financial indicators and cloud data

center implementation play the main role to adopt

cloud. Also, they agreed about financial benefits of

adopting cloud.

The Regression model confirmed the relationship

between financial indicators ROI, TCO and ongoing

support cost to predict the feasibility of cloud

adoption in Saudi Arabia, public organizations. Most

of the participants confirmed that cloud model will

control the expenditures and improve the long return

on investment (ROI).

Also, the regression model confirmed the

relationship between TCO and data center

implementation costs. The data center

implementation cost consist of variable and fixed

cost. Cloud computing model can help the

organization to reduce the implementation cost

(Craig, Frazier et al. 2009, Rastogi 2010, Sharma,

Sharma et al. 2011, Bansal, Sharma et al. 2012,

Rosli, Yeow et al. 2012, Alshomrani and Qamar

2013, Bellamy 2013, Zwattendorfer and Tauber

2013).

The cloud computing facilitates "pay per use"

capability to organizations. This leads to the

organization having the flexibility to use

appropriate bandwidth based on their objectives.

VC and FC play the main role when implementing

cloud data center costs. For example, If VC and FC

are high then that negatively impact on TCO. Thus,

that will also impact negatively on ROI.

6 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that cloud computing technology

has many financial benefits for any organization.

The authors explored a case study from Saudi

government organizations and their experience to

implement cloud to provide their services to their

staff. This paper proposed and validated a financial

model to adopt and implement cloud in Saudi

Arabia. The financial indicators (ROI and TCO) can

help decision makers to measure the cost and

outcome of cloud adoption. This study used

regression method to predict ROI and TCO values.

There is a limitation in this paper. The authors could

not reach to quantitative financial information about

these organizations due to the Saudi government

policy to disclose financial information. Future

works will integrate this model with my previous

models to give the public organizations in Saudi

Arabia comprehensive view to adopt cloud. Also,

more investigation is needed to define cloud system

in Saudi Arabia to contribute more measurements.

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